49. National Hispanic Medical Association, November 22, 2016, Docket No. FDA-2014-D-0055.

50. National Medical Association, October 17, 2016, Docket No. FDA-2014-D-0055.

51. S. Gottlieb, US Food and Drug Administration, “Reducing the Burden of Chronic Disease,” March 29, 2018, https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Speeches/ucm603057.htm (accessed August 17, 2018).

52. H. B. Evich, “Trump Push to Finish Obama Crackdown on Salt Prompts Stealth Lobbying,” Politico, April 12, 2019, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/12/fda-sodium-targets-lobbying-1341016.

53. L. MacCleery, quoted in Evich, “Trump Push to Finish Obama Crackdown on Salt.”

54. IOM Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake Meeting, March 30, 2009.

55. M. Taylor, interview with the author, September 12, 2018; email to the author, November 6, 2018.

56. M. Taylor, emails to the author, November 6, 2019.

57. M. Landa, interviews with the author, September 27, 2018, and February 15, 2020.

58. H.R. 244, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 766, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/244 (accessed September 15, 2019).

59. J. Fasano, email to Philip C. Spiller (FDA staffers), July 22, 2013.

60. M. Landa, interview with the author, September 27, 2018.

61. S. Kass, telephone call with the author, November 11, 2019.

62. M. Poos, email to P. Trumbo (both are FDA staff members), July 22, 2013.

63. S. Kass, telephone call with the author, November 11, 2019.

64. M. Hamburg, email to the author, October 29, 2019.

65. S. Kass, telephone call with the author, November 11, 2019.

66. S. Kass, telephone call with the author, November 11, 2019.

67. US Department of Agriculture, “National School Lunch Program,” August 20, 2019, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/child-nutrition-programs/national-school-lunch-program.aspx (accessed October 30, 2019); US Department of Agriculture, “School Breakfast Program,” August 20, 2019, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/child-nutrition-programs/school-breakfast-program/ (accessed October 30, 2019).

68. Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture, “Fact Sheet: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act School Meals Implementation,” June 1, 2017, https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2014/009814 (accessed October 27, 2018), act is available at https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ296/PLAW-111publ296.pdf (accessed October 29, 2018).

69. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, “Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs; Final Rule,” Federal Register 77, no. 17 (January 26, 2012): 4088–4167.

70. H. B. Evich, “Food Giants Call Truce with Michelle Obama,” Politico, September 2, 2015, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/michelle-obama-food-giants-school-lunch-truce-213246.

71. “Better Food, Better Communities,” https://www.schwanscompany.com/social-responsibility/health-and-wellness.htm (accessed April 8, 2019).

72. School Nutrition Association, “Who We Are,” https://schoolnutrition.org/AboutSchoolMeals/WhoWeAre/ (accessed October 27, 2018).

73. R. Kogan, “Rollback of Nutrition Standards Not Supported by Evidence,” Health Affairs Blog, https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20190312.130704/full/ (accessed November 10, 2019).

74. L. Foley, “Pizza and French Fry Lobbyists also Speak for Lunch Ladies?” AgMag, June 10, 2014, https://www.ewg.org/agmag/2014/06/pizza-and-french-fry-lobbyists-also-speak-lunch-ladies (accessed March 10, 2020).

75. School Nutrition Association, 2018 SNA patrons, https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/Membership/Industry_Membership/2018-Patron-List.pdf (accessed October 27, 2018).

76. H. B. Evich, “Food Giants Call Truce with Michelle Obama,” Politico, September 2, 2015, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/michelle-obama-food-giants-school-lunch-truce-213246 (accessed October 27, 2018).

77. N. Confessore, “How School Lunch Became the Latest Political Battleground,” New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/magazine/how-school-lunch-became-the-latest-political-battleground.html.

78. School Nutrition Association, IRS Form 990 for the year ending July 31, 2016, https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2017/840/445/2017-840445578-0f7dd983-9O.pdf (accessed March 10, 2020).

79. B. E. Siegel, “More Strife Emerges within School Nutrition Association,” The Lunch Tray (blog), April 2, 2015, https://www.thelunchtray.com/more-strife-emerges-within-school-nutrition-association/ (accessed October 29, 2018); “CFPB Hears Higher Ed Concerns—Muzzling Arizona Educators?—Lunchroom Spat Gets Ugly,” Politico, March 30, 2015, https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-education/2015/03/cfpb-hears-higher-ed-concerns-muzzling-arizona-educators-lunchroom-spat-gets-ugly-212543.

80. B. E. Siegel, “House Committee Approves Healthy School Meals Waiver; 19 Past Presidents Break with School Nutrition Association,” The Lunch Tray (blog), May 30, 2014. https://www.thelunchtray.com/house-committee-approves-healthy-school-meals-waiver-19-past-presidents-break-school-nutrition-association/ (accessed October 29, 2018).

81. R. Nixon, “Nutrition Group Lobbies against Healthier School Meals It Sought, Citing Cost, New York Times, July 1, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/us/nutrition-group-lobbies-against-healthier-school-meals-it-sought-citing-cost.html.

82. H.R. 244, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 766, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/244 (accessed September 15, 2019).

83. School Nutrition Association, “Model Lobbying Letter to Senators,” March 3, 2015.

84. Letter from 14 trade associations to USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue, December 7, 2017.

85. US Department of Agriculture, “Child Nutrition Programs: Flexibilities for Milk, Whole Grains, and Sodium Requirements,” Fed. Reg. 63775, December 12, 2018, https://thefederalregister.org/83-FR/Issue-238 (accessed February 18, 2019).

86. US Department of Agriculture, “Responding to the needs of local schools, USDA publishes school meals final rule,” December 6, 2018, https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2018/12/06/responding-needs-local-schools-usda-publishes-school-meals-final (accessed December 10, 2018).

87. US Department of Agriculture, “Ag Secretary Perdue Moves to Make School Meals Great Again,” press release, May 1, 2017, https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2017/05/01/ag-secretary-perdue-moves-make-school-meals-great-again (accessed May 4, 2019).

88. School Nutrition Association, USDA School Meal Rule Strikes a Healthy Balance, December 6, 2018, https://schoolnutrition.org/news-publications/press-releases/2018/usda-school-meal-rule-strikes-a-healthy-balance/ (accessed November 10, 2019).

89. Center for Science in the Public Interest, Press release, “CSPI and Healthy School Food Maryland Sue to Stop USDA’s Weakening of Nutrition Standards for School Meals,” April 3, 2019, https://cspinet.org/news/cspi-healthy-school-food-maryland-sue-usda-school-meals (accessed February 16, 2020).

90. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, “School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study, Summary of Findings,” April 2019, https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/SNMCS_Summary-Findings.pdf (accessed May 4, 2019).

91. New York State Attorney General, “Attorney General James and Multistate Coalition Sue Trump Administration for Gutting Key Nutritional Standards for School Meals,” April 3, 2019, https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2019/attorney-general-james-and-multistate-coalition-sue-trump-administration-gutting (accessed February 25, 2020).

92. New York State Attorney General, “Attorney General James and Multistate Coalition Sue Trump Administration for Gutting Key Nutritional Standards for School Meals,” press release, April 3, 2019, https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/attorney-general-james-and-multistate-coalition-sue-trump-administration-gutting-key (accessed April 6, 2019).

93. L. E. Green and S. Piccoli, “Trump Administration Sued Over Rollback of School Lunch Standards,” New York Times, April 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/us/politics/trump-school-lunch-standards.html.

94. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “Federal Court Strikes Down Trump Administration School Nutrition Rollbacks,” April 13, 2020, https://cspinet.org/news/federal-court-strikes-down-trump-administration-school-nutrition-rollbacks-20200413 (accessed April 25, 2020); opinion, Case 8:19-cv-01004-GLS, https://cspinet.org/sites/ default/files/CSPI_v_USDA (accessed April 25, 2020).

95. C. Choi, “Court throws out Trump rollback of school nutrition rules,” Washington Post, April 14, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/court-vacates-trumps-rollback-of-school-nutrition-rules/2020/04/14/d3a5d794-7e78-11ea-84c2-0792d8591911_story.html.

96. “USDA Secretary Perdue Speaks at the SNA Conference,” YouTube (video), March 9, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj8n81jCZtg&feature=youtu.be (accessed March 10, 2020).

97. Campbell’s Foodservice website, “K–12 Schools,” https://www.campbellsfoodservice.com/solutions/solutions-by-segment/k-12-schools/ (accessed February 18, 2019).

98. T. Yarmon, telephone interview with the author, November 20, 2019.

99. P. Muntner, R. M. Carey, S. Gidding, et al., “Potential US Population Impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA High Blood Pressure Guideline,” Circulation 137, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 109–118.

100. City Council, City of Philadelphia, Bill 180001-A, September 12, 2018, https://phila.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=3320175&GUID=6D36BD24-B801-45D9-8247-68408BB6AA31&FullText=1 (accessed October 11, 2019).

101. City Council, City of Philadelphia, “Councilwoman Reynolds Brown Introduces Legislation Requiring Sodium Warning Labels to Be Included on All Chain Restaurant Menus,” January 25, 2018, http://phlcouncil.com/councilwoman-reynolds-brown-introduces-legislation-requiring-sodium-warning-labels-included-chain-restaurant-menus/ (accessed August 7, 2019).

102. National Restaurant Association, “Sodium Mandate Not a Done Deal . . . Yet,” February 29, 2016, https://www.restaurant.org/News-Research/News/Sodium-mandate-not-a-done-deal-yet (accessed September 23, 2018).

103. A. Amador, National Restaurant Association, quoted in M. Shelby, “Judge Rules for Sodium Labeling in New York City,” February 26, 2016, https://www.theshelbyreport.com/2016/02/26/judge-rules-for-sodium-labeling-in-new-york-city/ (accessed January 23, 2020).

104. C. Ramey, “Appeals Court Upholds NYC’s Salt Warnings for Menus,” Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/appeals-court-upholds-nycs-salt-warnings-for-menus-1486767177.

105. R. Nasr, “Panera CEO: I Favor Sodium Warnings on Menus,” CNBC, June 16, 2015, http://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/16/panera-ceo-i-favor-sodium-warnings-on-menus.html (accessed August 16, 2018).

106. Panera Bread, “Panera Responsibility Report 2015–2016,” https://www.panerabread.com/panerabread/documents/press/2017/panera-bread-csr-2015-2016.pdf (accessed April 8, 2019).

107. L. Hooper, C. Bartlett, S. G. Davey, et al., “Advice to Reduce Dietary Salt for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2004), https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/12704/1/Hooper_et_al-2004-The_Cochrane_library.pdf.

108. M. Zalot, “Initiative Targets Health Disparities by Reducing Salt in Takeout Food,” Temple University, October 16, 2018, https://news.temple.edu/news/2018-10-16/center-asian-health-chinese-takeout-sodium-reduce-hypertension (accessed November 21, 2018).

109. G. X. Ma, S. Shive, Y. Zhang, et al., “Evaluation of a Healthy Chinese Take-Out Sodium-Reduction Initiative in Philadelphia Low-Income Communities and Neighborhoods,” Public Health Reports 133, no. 4 (July–August 2018): 472–480.

110. Walmart, “Our Commitments,” https://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/hunger-nutrition/our-commitments (accessed November 11, 2019).

111. Walmart, “Providing Access to Affordable, Sustainable and Healthier Food,” 2017, https://corporate.walmart.com/2016grr/enhancing-sustainability/providing-access-to-affordable-healthy-food (accessed November 11, 2019).

112. S. Kass, telephone interview with the author, November 11, 2019.

113. C. D. Rehm, J. L. Peñalvo, A. Afshin, et al., “Dietary Intake among US Adults, 1999–2012,” JAMA 315, no. 23 (2016): 2542–2553.

114. J. K. C. Ahuja, Y. Li, D. B. Haytowitz, et al., “Assessing Changes in Sodium Content of Selected Popular Commercially Processed and Restaurant Foods: Results from the USDA: CDC Sentinel Foods Surveillance Program,” Nutrients 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2019).

115. J. M. Poti, E. K. Dunford, and B. M. Popkin, “Sodium Reduction in US Households’ Packaged Food and Beverage Purchases, 2000 to 2014,” JAMA Internal Medicine 177, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 986–994.

116. M. A. McCrory, A. G. Harbaugh, S. Appeadu, et al., “Fast-food Offerings in the United States in 1986, 1991, and 2016 Show Large Increases in Food Variety, Portion Size, Dietary Energy, and Selected Micronutrients,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119, no. 6 (June 2019): 923–933.

117. J. A. Wolfson, A. J. Moran, M. P. Jarlenski, et al., “Trends in Sodium Content of Menu Items in Large Chain Restaurants in the US,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54, no.1 (January 2018): 28–36.

118. Culinary Institute of America, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, “Menus of Change: 2019 Annual Report,” http://www.menusofchange.org/images/uploads/pdf/2019MOC_AnnualReport.pdf (accessed October 8, 2019).

119. Culinary Institute of America, “Technique of the Quarter—Developing Healthy Recipes and Menus,” https://www.ciachef.edu/uploadedFiles/Pages/Admissions_and_Financial_Aid/Educators/Educational_Materials/Technique_of_the_Quarter/techniques-healthy-cooking.pdf (accessed September 13, 2018).

120. Schnucks.com, November 8, 2019.

121. S. Girgis, B. Neal, and J. A. Prescott, “One-Quarter Reduction in the Salt Content of Bread Can Be Made without Detection,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (2003): 616–620.

122. M. Mitchell, N. P. Brunton, and M. G. Wilkinson, “Current Salt Reduction Strategies and Their Effect on Sensory Acceptability: A Study with Reduced Salt Ready-Meals,” European Food Research and Technology (2011): 1–11.

123. R. Jaenke, F. Barzi, E. McMahon, et al., “Consumer Acceptance of Reformulated Food Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Salt-Reduced Foods,” Critical Review of Food Science and Nutrition 57, no 16 (2017): 3357–3372.

124. M. Breslin, interview with the author, January 3, 2019.

125. Healthy Meals R&D Collaborative, “HMC Success Stories,” http://www.ciahealthymenus.com/success-stories/ (accessed December 20, 2018).

126. E. Watson, “Cheese Trial Next after Bakers Slash Salt with ‘Micro’ Particles,” Food Manufacture, August 11, 2010, https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Article/2010/08/11/Cheese-trial-next-after-bakers-slash-salt-with-micro-particles (accessed August 20, 2018).

127. Healthy Meals R&D Collaborative, “HMC Success Stories,” http://www.ciahealthymenus.com/success-stories/ (accessed December 20, 2018).

128. L. Roberson and N. Bomm, “Partnering for Success . . . Reducing Sodium in Hospital Settings,” June 8, 2016, http://dialogue4health.org/uploads/resources/Roberson_060816.pdf (accessed December 21, 2018).

129. Roberson and Bomm, “Partnering for Success.”

130. I. Brat and M. T. Tamman, “Food Makers Quietly Cut Down on Salt,” Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2010, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703585704574650562683895666.

131. T. Robinson, “Reducing Salt in Canned Foods,” in Reducing Salt in Foods: Practical Strategies, ed. D. Kilcast and F. Angus (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007); H.J. Heinz Foods UK Ltd., https://www.heinz.co.uk/Products (accessed September 27, 2018).

132. P. Verduin, email to the author, November 9, 2019.

133. C. Lyles, Revolution Foods, interview with the author, December 17, 2018.

134. “Inmates Improve Health on the Inside,” http://placemattersoregon.com/my-place/ (accessed April 22, 2019).

135. “Improving Health on $2.55 a Day,” Oregon Department of Corrections, Oregon Health Authority, http://placemattersoregon.com/what-the-experts-say/ (accessed April 22, 2019).

136. L. Thorsten, interview with the author, August 14, 2019.

137. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Progress toward the 1990 Objectives for Improved Nutrition,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 37, no. 31 (1988): 475–479, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001076.htm (accessed August 15, 2019).

138. Campbell Soup Co., “Campbell Announces Major Step Forward in Sodium Reduction; Adds 48 Reformulated Soups to Its Lower Sodium Portfolio,” press release, February 18, 2008, https://www.campbellsoupcompany.com/newsroom/press-releases/campbell-announces-major-step-forward-in-sodium-reduction-adds-48-reformulated-soups-to-its-lower-sodium-portfolio/ (accessed August 20, 2018).

139. C. Scott-Thomas, “Campbell’s to Add Back Sodium to Combat Soup Sales Slump,” FoodNavigator, July 12, 2011, https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2011/07/13/Campbell-s-to-add-back-sodium-to-combat-soup-sales-slump.

140. Campbell Soup Co., consumer information telephone call, April 9, 2019.

141. D. G. Liem, F. Miremadi, E. H. Zandstra, et al., “Health Labelling Can Influence Taste Perception and Use of Table Salt for Reduced-Sodium Products,” Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 12 (December 2012): 2340–2347, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/health-labelling-can-influence-taste-perception-and-use-of-table-salt-for-reducedsodium-products/7F53B33A202D529FB11F330708997CC3.

142. J. Anthony, “Progress in Sodium Reduction by the Food Industry,” YouTube (video), July 19, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch (accessed December 27, 2018).

143. D. G. Liem, “Infants’ and Children’s Salt Taste Perception and Liking: A Review,” Nutrients 9, no. 9 (2017): 1011.

144. R. D. Mattes, “The Taste for Salt in Humans,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (suppl.) (1997): 692S–697S.

145. S. D. Munger, “The Mechanisms of Salty and Sour Tastes,” chapter 16 in Chemosensory Transduction: The Detection of Odors, Tastes, and Other Chemostimuli (New York: Academic Press, 2016), 287–297.

146. J. Cafasso, “The Facts about Lithium Toxicity,” Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/lithium-toxicity (accessed November 29, 2019).

147. J. H. Tudor, Hypertension: Community Control of High Blood Pressure, 3rd ed. (London: CRC Press, 2004).

148. F. W. Lowenstein, “Blood-Pressure in Relation to Age and Sex in the Tropics and Subtropics,” Lancet 277 (February 18, 1961): 389–392; B. Jansson, “Sodium: In ‘NO!’ Potassium: ‘Yes!’” (unpublished), chapter 2 in Human Diet before Modern Times, 1977, https://thepaleodiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Jansson-Chapter-2.pdf (accessed November 15, 2018).

149. NuTek Food Science, Comment to Docket No. FDA-2014-D-0055, October 17, 2016, (https://www.regulations.gov/document (accessed June 7, 2019).

150. “Soup and Steel Tariffs,” Seeking Alphaα (blog), March 5, 2018, https://seekingalpha.com/article/4153129-soup-steel-tariffs (accessed January 12, 2019).

151. B. Boor, interview with the author, February 20, 2019.

152. US Food and Drug Administration, Docket ID: FDA-2016-P-1826 2016, https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=50&so=DESC&sb=commentDueDate&po=0&dct=PS&D=FDA-2016-P-1826 (accessed November 10, 2018).

153. Salt Institute, Comment to US Food and Drug Administration, August 19, 2016, http://saltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Citizen-Petition-from-NuTek.pdf (accessed November 10, 2018).

154. US Food and Drug Administration, “Draft Guidance for Industry: the Use of an Alternate Name for Potassium Chloride in Food Labeling,” May 2019, https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/draft-guidance-industry-use-alternate-name-potassium-chloride-food-labeling (accessed June 18, 2019).

155. Author’s calculations based on the Label Insight database of ingredients and nutrient contents, February 2019.

156. US Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR 184.1622, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1622 (accessed November 9, 2018).

157. C. Farrand, G. MacGregor, N. R. C. Campbell, et al., “Potential Use of Salt Substitutes to Reduce Blood Pressure,” Journal of Clinical Hypertension 21, no. 3 (2019): 350–354.

158. L. D’Elia, C. Iannotta, P. Sabino, et al., “Potassium-Rich Diet and Risk of Stroke: Updated Meta-analysis,” Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 24, no. 6 (2019): 585–587.

159. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2019), https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium (accessed April 11, 2019).

160. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults,” 2014, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/eating-nutrition/nutrition-advanced-chronic-kidney-disease-adults (accessed November 5, 2018); United States Renal Data System. “Chapter 1: CKD in the General Population,” (download slides or data), https://www.usrds.org/2018/view/v1_01.aspx (accessed November 9, 2018).

161. M. Marklund, G. Singh, R. C. Greer, et al., “Estimated Population-wide Benefits and Risks in China of Lowering Sodium Through Potassium-enriched Salt Substitution: Modelling Study,” BMJ 369 (2020), http://dx.doi.org/10.1136 bmj.m824.

162. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, “SACN Statement on Potassium-Based Sodium Replacers: Assessment of the Benefits of Increased Potassium Intakes to Health,” 2017, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/660249/SACN_-_Potassium-based_sodium_replacers.pdf (accessed November 30, 2018).

163. Institute of Medicine, Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010), appendix D, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50965/ (accessed December 20, 2018).

164. Senomyx, Inc., “Flavor Focus: Savory,” https://web.archive.org/web/20181229073424/http://www.senomyx.com/flavor-focus/savory (accessed April 26, 2020).

Chapter 10

1. F. J. He, H. C. Brinsden, and G. A. MacGregor, “Salt Reduction in the United Kingdom: A Successful Experiment in Public Health,” Journal of Human Hypertension 28 (2014): 345–352.

2. G. A. MacGregor, interview with the author, October 15, 2019.

3. IOM (Institute of Medicine), Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010).

4. Public Health England, “Salt Targets 2017: Progress Report—A Report on the Food Industry’s Progress towards Meeting the 2017 Salt Targets,” December 2018, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/765571/Salt_targets_2017_progress_report.pdf (accessed October 11, 2019).

Chapter 11

1. N. D. L. Fisher, “For the Good of Your Heart: Keep Holding the Salt,” Harvard Health Blog, July 11, 2016, https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/good-heart-keep-holding-salt-201607119952 (accessed November 1, 2019).

2. American Heart Association, “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update,” Circulation 139 (2019): e56–e528m, http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659; R. S. Vasan, A. Beiser, S. Seshadri, et al., “Residual Lifetime Risk for Developing Hypertension in Middle-Aged Women and Men: the Framingham Heart Study,” JAMA 287 (2002): 1003–1010.

3. US Food and Drug Administration, “Sodium: Look at the Label,” https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/UCM315630.pdf (accessed August 19, 2018).

4. Source for box 10.1: US Food and Drug Administration, “Sodium in Your Diet,” June 2018, https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/UCM315471.pdf (accessed October 9, 2019).

5. S. Wadyka, “Must Love Pasta,” Consumer Reports (January 2019): 20–25.

6. T. Elfassy, S. Yi, D. Eisenhower, et al., “Use of Sodium Information on the Nutrition Facts Label in New York City Adults with Hypertension,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 115 (2015): 278–283.

7. Sources for box 11.2: “All salt is kosher”: J. Feldman, “So What Exactly Is Kosher Salt, Since Salt Is Already Kosher to Begin With?” Huffington Post, March 21, 2016, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-kosher-salt_n_56e978a5e4b0860f99db20b5. “Drain and rinse salted canned vegetables and other foods”: American Heart Association, “How to Reduce Sodium,” May 23, 2018, https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sodium/how-to-reduce-sodium (accessed February 24, 2019).

8. G. K. Beauchamp, Press conference for 2010 Institute of Medicine report on lowering sodium intakes, April 20, 2010, http://www.nationalacademies.org/podcast/042110SodiumStrategies.mp3. Link no longer active.

9. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, scientific report, 2005, https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/report/ (accessed April 14, 2019); G. K. Beauchamp, M. Bertino, and K. Engelman, “Modification of Salt Taste,” Annals of Internal Medicine 98 (May 1983): 763–769.

10. US Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Agriculture, “Dietary Guidelines for Americans,” 2005, http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter8.htm.

11. G. K. Beauchamp, M. Bertino, and K. Engelman, “Failure to Compensate Decreased Dietary Sodium with Increased Table Salt Usage,” JAMA 258, no. 22 (1987): 3275–3278.

12. E. Heil, “Is the Best Burger at a Butcher in W. Va?,” Washington Post, November 6, 2019.

13. A. Maloney, “For a Crunchy Crust, Cook Your Next Pizza in Blazing-Hot Cast Iron,” Washington Post, February 12, 2020.

14. S. Nosrat, “How to Make Perfect Sweet Potatoes Every Time,” New York Times, June 11, 2019.

15. E. F. Crown, “Cooking,” JAMA 244 (1980): 2355.

16. C. Claiborne, “Tips from an Ex-Addict,” Time, March 15, 1982.

17. Survey conducted from October 1–3, 2013, and sponsored by Klinge Foods Ltd., maker of LoSalt reduced-sodium salt substitute.

18. Cargill, “Sea Salts,” https://www.cargill.com/food-beverage/na/cargill-sea-salts (accessed October 19, 2019); Discovery Communications produced an excellent video on how salt is obtained from underground mines and seawater and how salt is used. “How Stuff Works: Salt,” YouTube (video), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI5qV-kvLeg (accessed January 3, 2019); you also could visit the Kansas Underground Salt Museum in person or online: http://underkansas.org/ (accessed February 21, 2019).

19. Harvard School of Public Health, Culinary Institute of America, “Tasting Success with Cutting Salt,” 2010, https://www.health.harvard.edu/PDFs/tasting-success-with-cutting-salt.pdf (accessed October 10, 2019).

20. S. Drake and M. Drake, “Comparison of Salty Taste and Time Intensity of Sea and Land Salts from Around the World,” Journal of Sensory Studies 26 (2011): 25–34.

21. “Sorting Out Sea Salt,” Cook’s Illustrated, https://www.cooksillustrated.com/how_tos/5470-sorting-out-sea-salt?incode=MCSCD00L0&ref=new_search_experience_3 (accessed February 26, 2020).

22. Saltwell AB, “Saltwell Is a Sea Salt with Naturally Reduced Sodium,” http://www.saltwellsalt.com/products (accessed September 17, 2018).

23. Alsiano, “A/S. Salona—the Low-Sodium Sea Salt,” June 23, 2015, https://www.alsiano.com/News/Show/Salona-natural-sodium-reduction.aspx?Action=1&currentPage=9&M=NewsV2&PID=11945 (accessed November 9, 2019).

24. Alsiano, “Salona—Natural Sodium Reduction,” June 23, 2015, http://www.alsiano.com/News/Show/Salona-natural-sodium-reduction.aspx?Action=1&currentPage=11&M=NewsV2&PID=11945 (accessed August 19, 2018).

Epilogue

1. M. Warner, “The War Over Salt, It’s the Food Industry vs. an Army of Medical Experts,” New York Times, September 13, 2008.

2. National High Blood Pressure Education Program, “Implementing Recommendations for Dietary Salt Reduction,” NIH publication no. 55–728N, November 1996, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/resources/heart/hbp_salt.pdf (accessed November 10, 2019).

3. L. J. Appel, interview with the author, November 25, 2019.

4. “Jeremiah Stamler,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Stamler (accessed October 26, 2019).

5. J. Stamler and P. Elliott, “Commentary: Evidence on Salt and Blood Pressure is Consistent and Persuasive,” International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (2002): 316–319.

6. H. Waxman, The Waxman Report (New York: Twelve/Hachette Book Group, 2009).

7. Waxman, The Waxman Report.

8. J. Morris, “Ford Spent $40 Million to Reshape Asbestos Science,” February 16, 2016, https://www.publicintegrity.org/2016/02/16/19297/ford-spent-40-million-reshape-asbestos-science (accessed November 12, 2018).

9. D. Michaels, Doubt Is Their Product (Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

10. S. Cuozzo, “The Nanny State’s War on Salt Won’t Make Us Healthier,” New York Post, December 6, 2015, https://nypost.com/2015/12/06/the-nanny-states-war-on-salt-wont-make-us-healthier/ (accessed February 19, 2020).

11. Center for Consumer Freedom website, www.consumerfreedom.com.