Notes

Introduction

1 “Dr. Fell’s Election,” New York Times, November 10, 1994; “The Sea Change,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, November 14-20, 1994.

2 See, for example, John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Post-War American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); Daniel Yergin, The Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977); and Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York: Knopf, 1984).

3 Among many negative studies of the Reagan years, see Sidney Blumenthal, Our Long National Daydream: A Political Pageant of the Reagan Era (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), and Haynes B. Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991).

Chapter 1: “Had Enough?”

1 Congress and the Great Issues 1945-1995, ed. Ronald D. Elving (Washington, D.C: Congressional Quarterly, 1996), p. xi.

2 Ibid., p. x.

3 James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 62.

4 Ibid., p. 43.

5 Joseph Stalin, “New Five Year Plan for Russia,” address delivered over Radio Moscow, February 9, 1946, Vital Speeches of the Day, March 1, 1946.

6 Walter LaFeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1980, 4th ed. (New York: Knopf, 1980), p. 39; John L. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), pp. 299-302.

7 Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., ed., with the collaboration of Joe Alex Morris, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), pp. 246-248.

8 Ibid., p. 250.

9 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 1:488.

10 Robert W. Merry, “Robert A. Taft: A Study in the Accumulation of Legislative Power,” in First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century, ed. Richard A. Baker and Roger H. Davidson (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1991), p. 172.

11 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:505.

12 Patterson, Grand Expectations, p. 139.

13 Ibid., p. 182.

14 Merry, “Robert A. Taft,” p. 164.

15 Caroline Thomas Harnsberger, A Man of Courage: Robert A. Taft (Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1952), p. 7.

16 Robert A. Taft, speech before the Young Republican Club of Lawrence County, Ohio, April 4, 1936, Robert A. Taft Papers, Library of Congress.

17 Russell Kirk and James McClellan, The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft (New York: Fleet Press, 1967), p. 62.

18 James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), p. 332.

19 Kirk and McClellan, The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft, pp. 68, 100, 133, 135.

20 Robert A. Taft speech to the Maine Republican Convention, March 31, 1950, reprinted in Congressional Record, April 4, 1950, p. A2532.

21 Kirk and McClellan, The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft, p. 194.

22 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 330.

23 The following description is based in large part on Caroline Thomas Harsberger’s frequently insightful biography, A Man of Courage: Robert A. Taft.

24 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 306; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:493.

25 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 307; see also Merry, “Robert A. Taft,” p. 176.

26 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 307.

27 Merry, “Robert A. Taft,” p. 176.

28 Ibid.

29 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 312.

30 Ibid., p. 313.

31 Joseph C. Goulden, The Best Years, 1945-1950 (New York: Atheneum, 1976), p. 226.

32 Ibid.

33 Ralph B. Levering, The Public and American Foreign Policy, 1918-1978 (New York: Morrow, 1978), pp. 95-96.

34 Goulden, The Best Years, p. 227.

35 Ibid., pp. 228-229.

36 Ibid., pp. 231-232.

37 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:509.

38 Willard Edwards, “G.O.P. Vows Aid to Truman in a ‘U.S. Policy,’” Chicago Tribune, November 12, 1946.

39 R. M. Hartwell, A History of the Mont Pelerin Society (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995), pp. 26-51. The Friedman quote is found in George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 21.

40 Human Events, statement of purpose signed by Felix Morley, William Henry Chamberlin, and Frank C. Hanighen, January 15, 1944, Post-Presidential Papers—Felix Morley, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

41 Felix Morley, “The Fifth of November,” Human Events, October 30, 1946; Felix Morley, “Our Own Iron Curtain,” Human Events, November 13, 1946.

42 Booton Herndon, Stormy Petrel: The Story of Fulton Lewis, Jr. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1954), p. 107. 43 Russell Kirk, “The Books of Conservatism,” Books on Trial (November 1954).

44 Russell Kirk, The Politics of Prudence (Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1993), p. 16.

45 Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), pp. xx, 70.

46 Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, pp. 91-93; Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random House, 1952), pp. 741-742.

Chapter 2: An Extraordinary Congress

1 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 1:546-547.

2 James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), p. 372.

3 Ibid., p. 373.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid., p. 374.

6 Ibid., pp. 66-67.

7 Ibid., p. 75.

8 Edna Lonigan, “Labor and Collectivism,” Human Events, July 2, 1947, p. 3.

9 The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, ed. Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., with the collaboration of Joe Alex Harris (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), pp. 318-319.

10 Robert A. Taft to Arthur Vandenberg, October 20, 1946, Vandenberg Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.

11 Justus D. Doenecke, Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1979), p. 10.

12 Robert Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: Norton, 1977), p. 278.

13 Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, Vol. 2: Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956), pp. 99-101.

14 Felix Morley, “Europe’s Coronary Thrombosis,” Human Events, May 21, 1947, p. 4.

15 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 371.

16 Walter Lippmann, “Cassandra Speaking,” New York Herald Tribune, April 5, 1947.

17 Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, pp. 373-374.

18 Memorandum of William L. Clayton to the President, May 25, 1947, Papers of William L. Clayton, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.

19 Oral history interview with George M. Elsey, July 7, 1970, Harry S. Truman Library. Also see oral history interview with Clark Clifford, April 19, 1971, Truman Library.

20 Frank C. Hanighen, “Not Merely Gossip,” Human Events, July 30, 1947, p. 5.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Frank C. Hanighen, “Not Merely Gossip,” Human Events, November 20, 1946, p. 5.

24 Statement by Herbert Hoover for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, January 18, 1948, Post-Presidential Individual File, Arthur H. Vandenberg, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid. 29 Richard Norton Smith, Introduction to Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman: A Documentary History, ed. with commentary by Timothy Walch and Dwight M. Miller (Worland, Wyo.: High Plains Publishing, 1992), p. 13.

30 Statement by Robert A. Taft during debate on the European Recovery Plan, Congressional Record, March 8, 1948, p. 2641.

31 Statement by Robert A. Taft, Congressional Record, March 4, 1948, pp. 2642-2643.

32 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 392.

33 Willard Edwards, “3,181 Federal Aides Disloyal, U.S. Estimates,” Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1947.

34 Willard Edwards, “Orders Issued from Moscow, Probers Told,” Chicago Tribune, October 21, 1947.

35 Ibid.

36 Willard Edwards, “Cooper Tells of Rejecting ‘Pinko’ Scripts,” Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1947.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Willard Edwards, “Joined Reds, Actor Says; Names Leaders in Party,” Chicago Tribune, April 11, 1951.

41 Willard Edwards, “Orders Issued from Moscow.”

42 David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), pp. 551, 553.

43 Ibid.

44 Willard Edwards, “Kept on Jobs for 9 Years, Inquiry Told,” Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1948.

45 Michael Barone, Our Country: The Shaping of America from Roosevelt to Reagan (New York: Free Press, 1990), p. 216.

46 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:549.

47 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 416.

48 Ibid., p. 404.

49 McCullough, Truman, pp. 627, 629; Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 379.

50 All of these quotations are from McCullough, Truman: Dewey, p. 700; Taft, p. 661; Hoover, p. 681; Republicans, p. 658; the Eightieth Congress, p. 663.

51 Willard Edwards, “Implies Dewey Is a ‘Front Man’ Like Hitler,” Chicago Tribune, October 26, 1948; “Truman Warns of ‘Weak U.S.’ If G.O.P. Wins,” Chicago Tribune, October 27, 1948.

52 Willard Edwards, “Truman Lashes at Dewey for ‘Following Me,’” Chicago Tribune, October 29, 1948; Willard Edwards, “Truman Tells East Coasters He Hates Reds,” Chicago Tribune, October 28, 1948.

53 McCullough, Truman, p. 696.

54 Irwin Ross, “What Happened in 1948,” in Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal, ed. Alonzo L. Hamby (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1974), p. 105.

55 Frank C. Hanighen, “Not Merely Gossip,” Human Events, November 24, 1948, p. 5.

56 John Redding, Inside the Democratic Party (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 44.

57 Harold Ickes, “Taft Minus Hartley,” New Republic, July 18, 1949, p. 16.

58 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 425.

59 Ross, “What Happened in 1948,” p. 117.

60 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 133. 61 George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (Wilmington, Del.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1996), pp. 34-35.

62 Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (New York: Viking Press, 1950), p. ix.

Chapter 3: We Like Ike

1 Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 493-494.

2 Richard C. Cornuelle, Reclaiming the American Dream (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 24.

3 See pp. 161-169 in my Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd (New York: Paragon House, 1990) for a more detailed analysis of the fall of China to the communists in 1949.

4 William F. Buckley, Jr., and L. Brent Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning (Chicago: Regnery, 1954), p. 3.

5 Ibid.

6 Frank C. Hanighen, “Not Merely Gossip,” Human Events, June 22, 1949, p. 5.

7 I am indebted for this analysis to conservative author and journalist M. Stanton Evans, who has been collecting material for a book about McCarthy for many years.

8 Buckley and Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies, p. 62.

9 Ibid., p. 189.

10 Roy Cohn, McCarthy: The Answer to “Tail Gunner Joe” (New York: Manor Books, 1977), p. 275.

11 Ibid., p. 279.

12 Nicholas von Hoffman, “Was McCarthy Right About the Left? The Reds Were Under the Bed While the Liberals Looked Away,” Washington Post, April 14, 1996.

13 Ibid.

14 M. Stanton Evans, “McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America,” Human Events, May 30, 1997, p. S5.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid., p. S8.

17 Ibid., p. S7.

18 In No Wonder We Are Losing (Plano, Tex.: University of Plano Press, 1961), Robert Morris writes, “Just as China fell because of activities by men in Washington, so did the people of Cuba become enchained because of what was done in our nation’s capital” (Foreword).

19 Statement by President Harry S. Truman, June 27, 1950, Walter H. Judd Papers, Hoover Library, Stanford University.

20 Statement by Walter H. Judd, June 29, 1950, Congressional Record, p. A4893; Walter H. Judd to D. D. Streator, July 1, 1950, Walter H. Judd Papers, Hoover Library, Stanford University.

21 Hsiang Chi-pei, “Will Communism Capture Asia?” Human Events, May 17, 1950, p. 3.

22 Robert A. Taft to Samuel Lamm, September 12, 1950, Post-Presidential Individual File—Robert A. Taft, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

23 Felix Morley, “Alliance or Union?” Human Events, April 20, 1949, p. 1.

24 Ibid., p. 96.

25 James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), p. 464. 26 Ibid., pp. 97-98.

27 Ibid., p. 103; Robert A. Taft to Herbert Hoover, Post-Presidential Individual File—Robert A. Taft, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.

28 Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 472-473.

29 Willard Edwards, “Nation Fights a ‘Useless War’ in Korea: Taft,” September 21, 1951, “Taft Tells His Plan to Meet Soviet Threat,” September 22, 1951, Chicago Tribune. Quote about Indochina, Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 529.

30 Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 103-104.

31 Robert Taft handwritten thoughts, Box 415, Robert Taft Papers, Library of Congress.

32 “GOP Leaders Give Taft Wide Margin in Poll,” Evening Star, January 17, 1952; Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 514.

33 Phyllis Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo (Alton, Ill.: Pere Marquette Press, 1964), p. 56.

34 Ibid., p. 526.

35 Ibid., p. 546.

36 Richard Rovere, Affairs of State: The Eisenhower Years (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1956), p. 25.

37 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 1:754; Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 548-549; statement by Herbert Hoover, July 9, 1952, Post-Presidential Papers, Box 103, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.

38 Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo, p. 57.

39 Ibid., p. 58.

40 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:755.

41 Ibid.

42 Gallup Poll cited in “Taft Has Edge in Delegates; Ike Leads in Popular Polls,” Newsweek, June 23, 1952; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:756.

43 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:756.

44 Willard Edwards, “Wild Disorder Hits Climax as Dirksen Raps New Yorker,” Chicago Tribune, July 10, 1952.

45 “The Problem of Taft,” Human Events, November 7, 1951, p. 399.

46 “The I-S-I,” Human Events, May 14, 1952, p. 3.

47 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 560.

48 “Famous Victory,” Human Events, July 16, 1952, p. 1.

49 William S. White, The Taft Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954), pp. 180-181.

50 Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 563-564.

51 Ibid., p. 570; “GOP Split,” Human Events, July 30, 1952, p. 1.

52 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 574.

53 Ibid., pp. 576-577.

54 White, The Taft Story, p. 188; New York Times, September 14, 1952, p. 1.

55 White, The Taft Story, p. 191.

56 Ibid., p. 193.

57 Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo, pp. 64-65.

58 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 579.

59 Paul F. Boller Jr., Presidential Campaigns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 284.

60 Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), pp. 432-433. 61 Ibid., p. 439.

62 James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 255.

63 “Our Vote,” Human Events, October 29, 1952, p. 1.

64 Arthur Krock, New York Times, November 5, 1952.

65 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:783.

66 Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 85.

67 Willard Edwards, “Visual-Sound Methods Bring Votes to G.O.P.,” Chicago Tribune, October 13, 1950.

68 Ibid.

69 Robert A. Taft, “Results of Election,” Box 428; Taft to Edward W. Allen, November 13, 1952, Box 404, Taft Papers, Library of Congress.

70 “Lubell on 1956,” Human Events, November 5, 1955, p. 1; Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 580.

71 Robert Taft to Lou Guylay, December 1, 1952, Box 978, Taft Papers.

Chapter 4: Profiles in Courage

1 James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York; Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 279.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 1:811.

5 Ibid., p. 812.

6 Ibid.

7 Robert W. Merry, “Robert A. Taft: A Study in the Accumulation of Legislative Power,” in First Among Equals, ed. Richard A. Baker and Roger H. Davison (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991), p. 190.

8 In his virulently anti-McCarthy biography, liberal journalist Richard Rovere quotes Taft as saying with some satisfaction, “We’ve got McCarthy where he can’t do any harm.” See Senator Joe McCarthy (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), p. 188. But there is good reason to question this quotation, which appeared for the first time six years after Taft’s death. In his review of Rovere’s biography, Willard Edwards of the Chicago Tribune wrote that the author attributed to Taft “statements incredible to those who knew Taft.” See “Rovere on McCarthy,” Human Events, July 29, 1959, p. 4. Taft often expressed his support of McCarthy’s militant anticommunism and recognized his strong appeal to the Republican rank and file. Would Taft have voted to censure McCarthy? Not if in so doing, he would have damaged the Republican party and aided the Democrats.

9 William S. White, The Taft Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954), pp. 221-222.

10 Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York: Doubleday, 1963), pp. 194-195; White, The Taft Story, p. 218.

11 White, The Taft Story, p. 251.

12 Merry, “Robert A. Taft,” p. 193; White, The Taft Story, pp. 224, 227.

13 White, The Taft Story, pp. 230-241; James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), pp. 595-596.

14 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 596. 15 “Yalta,” Human Events, February 25, 1953, p. 1.

16 White, The Taft Story, p. 245.

17 Merry, “Robert A. Taft,” p. 193.

18 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:813.

19 Ibid.

20 White, The Taft Story, p. 257.

21 Ibid., pp. 253-261; Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 607.

22 Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 608-609; Herbert Hoover quote, “Hoover on Taft,” Human Events, April 22, 1959, p. 4.

23 Patterson, Mr. Republican, p. 611.

24 Russell Kirk and James McClellan, The Political Principles of Robert A. Taft (New York: Fleet Press, 1967), p. 195.

25 Patterson, Mr. Republican, pp. 614-615.

26 Francis Cardinal Spellman, August 4, 1953, Post-Presidential Individual File—Joseph R. McCarthy, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

27 Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 260.

28 George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 114-115.

29 Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), pp. 58-59.

30 Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), p. 547.

31 Ibid., p. 534; Edwards, Goldwater, p. 59.

32 Roy Cohn, McCarthy: The Answer to “Tail Gunner Joe” (New York: Manor Books, 1977), p. 208.

33 Willard Edwards, “Joe Began His Climb in 1950,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1957.

34 Jack Bell, Mr. Conservative (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), pp. 100-101; Barry Goldwater, With No Apologies (New York: Morrow, 1979), p. 61.

35 Ibid.

36 Bell, Mr. Conservative, pp. 96-98.

37 Willard Edwards, “Report Calls for Perjury Indictments,” Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1952. Also see M. Stanton Evans, “History’s Vindication of Joe McCarthy,” Human Events, May 16, 1987, reprinted in The Best of Human Events: Fifty Years of Conservative Thought and Action, ed. James C. Roberts (Lafayette, La.: Huntington House Publishers, 1995), p. 270.

38 Evans, “History’s Vindication of Joe McCarthy,” p. 271.

39 Ibid., p. 274.

40 Willard Edwards, “McCarthy’s Record,” Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1954, reprinted in Human Events, November 10, 1954.

41 Ibid.

42 Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement, p. 122.

43 “The Irrepressible Conflict I,” Human Events, May 4, 1957, p. 1.

44 William S. Schlamm, “Across McCarthy’s Grave,” National Review, May 18, 1957, p. 470.

45 Willard Edwards, Human Events, April 14, 1973, p. 117.

46 Congressional Quarterly, Powers of the Presidency (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1989), p. 121.

47 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:824-825. 48 Edwin McDowell provides an excellent analysis of the Bricker Amendment in Barry Goldwater: Portrait of an Arizonan (Chicago: Regnery, 1964), pp. 99-101.

49 Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 1:827.

Chapter 5: “Let’s Grow Up, Conservatives!”

1 Prominently displayed in the Goldwater campaign plane in the fall of 1964 was a bumper sticker that read: “Better Brinksmanship Than Chickenship.” See my Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), p. 324.

2 Phyllis Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo (Alton, Ill.: Pere Marquette Press, 1964), p. 69.

3 “Mike Wallace Interviews Fulton Lewis Jr.,” February 1, 1958, Post-Presidential Individual File—Fulton Lewis, Jr., Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

4 “Generation to Generation,” Time, July 6, 1953; George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 73-74.

5 William A. Rusher, “Death of a Giant,” University Bookman 34 (1994): 16.

6 “Anniversary,” Human Events, February 3, 1954, p. 4.

7 For a brief history of this remarkable organization, see “The ‘China Lobby’” in my Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd (New York: Paragon House, 1990), pp. 204-215.

8 “Realignment,” Human Events, May 12, 1954, p. 1.

9 Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement, pp. 140-141.

10 See John Chamberlain’s autobiography, A Life with the Printed Word (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1962), for a personal account of the early days of the Freeman.

11 Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement, p. 133.

12 Ibid., p. 136.

13 William F. Buckley, Jr., to Frank Hanighen, September 25, 1954, William F. Buckley, Jr., Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University; John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 114.

14 Judis, William F. Buckley,Jr., p. 119.

15 Ibid., p. 120.

16 William F. Buckley, Jr., to Herbert Hoover, March 1, 1955, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

17 Morrie Ryskind to William F. Buckley, Jr., September 19, 1955, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

18 Regarding Roger Milliken’s support of National Review, see memorandum of A. W. D. Harris to William F. Buckley, Jr., November 10, 1955, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University; Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., p. 129.

19 Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement, p. 148.

20 “Enigma of Nixon,” Human Events, November 5, 1955, p. 1.

21 “The Magazine’s Credenda,” National Review, November 19, 1955, p. 6.

22 Ibid., p. 5.

23 William Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), pp. 72-73.

24 Patrick J. Buchanan in Judis, William F. Buckley Jr., p. 140.

25 Jameson Campaigne, Jr., to the author, March 23, 1998.

26 “Ninety-Six Senators Rated,” Human Events, September 29, 1956, Article Section I.

27 House ad for the January 1961 Political Action Conference, Human Events, November 17, 1960. 28 Edwin McDowell, Barry Goldwater: Portrait of an Arizonan (Chicago: Regnery, 1984), pp. 137-138.

29 “What Happened in the Election—Congress,” Human Events, November 10, 1956, p. 1.

30 Congressional Record, April 8, 1957, pp. 5258-5265.

31 President’s News Conference, April 10, 1957, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 270-272.

32 Rob Wood and Dean Smith, Barry Goldwater (New York: Avon Books, 1961), p. 111.

33 Robert Welch, The Politician (Belmont, Mass.: privately printed, 1963), pp. 276-279. G. Edward Griffin, Welch’s official biographer, says that in the original manuscript of The Politician, Welch wrote that Eisenhower was either (1) an opportunist who collaborated with communists for “personal political advantage,” (2) “too dumb to realize” what he was doing, or (3) “a dedicated, conscious agent of the Communist Conspiracy.” According to Griffin, Welch made it clear that he believed in the last explanation. See G. Edward Griffin, The Life and Words of Robert Welch (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: American Media, 1975), p. 226.

34 Russell Kirk, “Conservatives and Fantastics,” America (February 1962).

35 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 63.

36 Barry M. Goldwater with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York: Doubleday, 1988), p. 126.

37 Ibid., p. 127.

38 Memorandum of William F. Buckley, Jr., January 21, 1957, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

39 Ibid.

40 “Young GOP,” Human Events, June 29, 1957, p. 1.

41 “The New Trend on Campus: Conservatism,” Human Events, September 14, 1957, Article Section I.

42 Ibid.

43 Wood and Smith, Barry Goldwater, p. 118.

44 Clarence Manion, “Confidential Memorandum,” May 15, 1959, Clarence Manion Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

45 Ibid.

46 Clarence Manion to D. B. Lewis, May 27, 1959, Manion Papers, Chicago Historical Society.

47 “Goldwater to the Fore,” Human Events, July 1, 1959, p. 1.

48 Author’s interview with L. Brent Bozell, January 10, 1992.

49 Goldwater, Goldwater, p. 120.

50 McDowell, Barry Goldwater, p. 43.

51 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 78.

52 Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (Shepherdsville, Ky.: Victor Publishing, 1960), p. 55.

53 Ibid., p. 112.

54 Ibid., p. 111.

55 George Morgenstern, “Harsh Facts, Hard Sense on the Perils to Liberty,” Chicago Sunday Tribune Magazine of Books, April 17, 1960; “Old Guard’s New Spokesman,” Time, May 2, 1960; “The Conscience of a Conservative,” Westbrook Pegler, New York Journal American, April 29, 1960.

56 Human Events, May 19, 1960, p. 2. Goldwater called the health care plan proposed by Arthur Fleming, secretary of health, education, and welfare, “socialized medicine.” 57 Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo, p. 74.

58 Barry Goldwater, With No Apologies (New York: Morrow, 1979), pp. 110-111.

59 Ibid.

60 Ibid., p. 112.

61 Author’s interview with Robert Croll, October 2, 1993.

62 Jack Bell, Mr. Conservative (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), p. 23.

63 Goldwater, With No Apologies, p. 115.

64 Bell, Mr. Conservative, p. 14.

65 Ibid., p. 15.

66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 Ibid.

69 Stephen Shadegg, Barry Goldwater: Freedom Is His Flight Plan (New York: Fleet Publishing, 1962), p. 270.

70 Dan Smoot to Paul H. Talbert, August 25, 1960, Manion Papers, Chicago Historical Society; author’s interview with Barry Goldwater, December 17, 1991.

71 Frank S. Meyer to William F. Buckley and other senior NR editors, May 10, 1960, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

72 Ibid.

73 Bill Rusher to Bill Buckley, October 10, 1960, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

74 James Burnham to Bill Buckley, October 9, 1960; Priscilla L. Buckley to Bill Buckley, October 1960, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

75 Bill Buckley to Jim Burnham, October 11, 1960, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

76 “National Review and the 1960 Elections,” National Review, October 22, 1960, p. 234.

77 Barry Goldwater, “Conservatives Should Support Nixon,” Human Events, August 4, 1960, sect. IV.

78 John Chamberlain, “Rising Campus Conservatism,” Human Events, November 17, 1960.

79 Herbert Hoover to Ben Morrell, April 2, 1960, Post-Presidential Subject File, ACA, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.

80 See John J. Synon, “The ACA-Index: How to Trap a Demagog,” Human Events, May 26, 1960, sect. III.

81 See M. Stanton Evans, Revolt on the Campus (Chicago: Regnery, 1961).

82 Lee Edwards, You Can Make the Difference (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1980), pp. 241-242.

83 Goldwater, With No Apologies, p. 125; Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo, p. 76.

84 “Salesman for a Cause,” Time, June 23, 1961, p. 16.

Chapter 6: The Reluctant Champion

1 F. Clifton White with William J. Gill, Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), p. 35.

2 William Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), p. 99.

3 White, Suite 3505, p. 32.

4 Although Herbert Hoover was a major player in the building of the modern conservative movement, helping to launch Human Events and Americans for Constitutional Action in the 1940s and 1950s, he campaigned and won the presidency in 1928 as an “activist” Republican as contrasted to Calvin Coolidge, who favored a more minimalist approach to government. See George Nash, “‘The Great Enigma’ and ‘The Great Engineer’: The Political Relationship of Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover,” Calvin Coolidge and the Coolidge Era: Essays on the History of the 1920s, John Haynes, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress/University Press of New England, 1998).

5 Stewart Alsop, “Can Goldwater Win in 1964?” Saturday Evening Post, August 24, 1963, p. 21.

6 White, Suite 3505, p. 41.

7 Ibid., pp. 45-46; Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 108.

8 William A. Rusher, “Reflections on the Rise of the Right” (keynote address at a conference on American conservatism, Princeton University, May 3, 1996, reprinted by the Claremont Institute, Claremont, California).

9 White, Suite 3505, pp. 61, 75.

10 Ibid., pp. 73-74.

11 Ibid.

12 Whittaker Chambers, “Big Sister Is Watching You,” National Review, December 28, 1957, pp. 594-596.

13 George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 144; Garry Wills, “But Is Ayn Rand Conservative?” National Review, February 27, 1960, p. 139.

14 Ibid., p. 145.

15 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 117.

16 Ibid., pp. 121-123.

17 “Thunder Against the Right,” Time, November 24, 1961, p. 11; Alan Barth, “Report on the Rampageous Right,” New York Times Magazine, November 26, 1961, pp. 25, 130-131.

18 “The Question of Robert Welch,” National Review, February 13, 1962, pp. 83-88.

19 Ibid.

20 John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 199.

21 Ibid., p. 199; Barry M. Goldwater with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York: Doubleday, 1988), p. 127.

22 Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement, pp. 157-158.

23 Ibid., p. 161.

24 Goldwater, Goldwater, p. 135.

25 Ibid.

26 Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp. 188-189.

27 Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Norton, 1969), pp. 202-203.

28 White, Suite 3505, p. 78.

29 Ibid., pp. 97-99.

30 J. William Middendorf II Notes, Part I, December 1963, Middendorf Archives, Washington, D.C.

31 White, Suite 3505, p. 117.

32 Ibid., p. 118.

33 Ibid., p. 123.

34 Ibid., p. 126.

35 “The President Thing,” Time, June 14, 1963, pp. 26-31.

36 White, Suite 3505, pp. 176-177. 37 Lawrence E. Davies, “Young G.O.P. Group Hails Goldwater,” New York Times, July 15, 1963.

38 Howard Norton, “6,000 at D.C. Rally Launch Draft-Goldwater Drive,” Baltimore Sun, July 5, 1963.

39 Remarks by Barry Goldwater, Young Republican rally, Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, September 16, 1963, Human Events Library, Washington, D.C.

40 Time, October 3, 1963, pp. 34-35.

41 Ibid.

42 Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), pp. 655-656.

43 William Manchester, The Death of a President: November 20-25, 1963 (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), p. 243-244.

44 Walter Cronkite, comment over CBS News, November 22, 1963.

45 Eugene Methvin, telephone interview with the author, September 12, 1997.

46 Francis J. McNamara to John R. Tunheim, June 3, 1996, Private Papers of Francis J. McNamara.

47 Methvin interview.

48 Ibid.

49 Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 178-179.

50 Richard N. Goodwin, Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), p. 302; Goldwater, Goldwater, pp. 150-151.

51 Goldwater, Goldwater, pp. 151-152; author’s telephone interview with John Grenier, May 31, 1994.

52 Author’s interview with Barry Goldwater, December 6, 1991.

53 Goldwater, Goldwater, pp. 153-154.

54 “Transcript of Goldwater’s News Conference on His Entry into Presidential Race,” New York Times, January 4, 1964.

55 Theodore White, The Making of the President—1964 (New York: Signet Books, 1965), p. 131.

56 Ibid., pp. 135-137.

57 William F. Buckley, Jr., “The One and Only Barry Goldwater,” Family Weekly, December 30, 1984, p. 5.

58 White, Suite 3505, p. 298.

59 “The Dialogue Begins,” National Review, January 28, 1964, p. 51.

60 Stephen Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater? (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965), p. 116.

61 Author’s telephone interview with Stuart Spencer, July 15, 1993.

62 Author’s telephone interview with Phyllis Schlafly, May 17, 1994.

63 Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, p. 189; White, Suite 3505, p. 341.

64 “Goldwater Poses New Asian Tactic,” New York Times, May 25, 1964.

65 White, Making of the President, p. 143.

66 Author’s interview with R. L. “Dick” Herman, April 26, 1993; Shadegg, What Happened to Goldwater? p. 125; Wallace Turner, “University Bars Rockefeller Talk,” New York Times, May 28, 1964.

67 Edwin McDowell, Barry Goldwater: Portrait of an Arizonan (Chicago: Regnery, 1964), p. 170.

68 Ibid., p. 178.

69 Thomas Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? (New York: Morrow, 1984), pp. 39-40. 70 Ibid., p. 41.

71 Goldwater, Goldwater, p. 173; Barry Goldwater, “Civil Rights,” Congressional Record, June 18, 1964, p. 14319.

72 Goldwater, “Civil Rights.”

73 Ibid.

74 Goldwater, Goldwater, p. 173.

75 Earl Mazo, “Gov. Scranton’s Call to Battle,” New York Herald Tribune, June 13, 1964.

76 Walter Lippmann, “A Choice But a Bad One,” New York Herald Tribune, June 30, 1964.

77 White, Suite 3505, p. 350.

78 William Scranton to Barry Goldwater, July 12, 1964, Scranton Papers, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University.

79 White, Making of the President, p. 239.

80 Goldwater, Goldwater, pp. 185-186.

81 Honorable Everett McKinley Dirksen Nominating Honorable Barry Goldwater for President, Official Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Republican Convention (Washington, D.C.: Republican National Committee, 1964), pp. 301-305.

82 Ibid., p. 415.

83 Ibid., pp. 416-418.

84 Ibid., pp. 418-419.

85 White, Making of the President, p. 228.

Chapter 7: Landslide

1 Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 206.

2 Anthony Lewis, “The Issues: Civil Rights, Extremism and Nuclear Policy Are the Major Themes Now,” New York Times, August 30, 1964.

3 Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 186.

4 Ibid., pp. 198-199.

5 Ibid., p. 200; Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988), p. 129.

6 Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, p. 200.

7 Ibid., p. 201.

8 Victor Lasky, It Didn’t Start with Watergate (New York: Dial Press, 1977), p. 181.

9 Diamond and Bates, The Spot, p. 137.

10 Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, p. 192; Lasky, It Didn’t Start with Watergate, p. 180.

11 Milton Cummings, ed., The National Election of 1964 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1966), p. 68; Goldwater speech before the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 11, 1964, William J. Middendorf II Archives, Washington, D.C.

12 Theodore White, The Making of the President 1964 (New York: Signet Books, 1965), p. 389.

13 Goldwater speech at East St. Louis, Illinois, October 28, 1964, Middendorf Archives, Washington, D.C.

14 Ibid.

15 John Chamberlain, “Barry Won’t Play the Demagogue,” Human Events, October 17, 1964, p. 8; Charles Mohr, “Goldwater Says ‘We Are at War,’” New York Times, September 20, 1964. 16 Author’s interview with Robert Mardian, December 19, 1991.

17 John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), pp. 230-231.

18 Ibid., p. 232.

19 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 140; Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), p. 334.

20 Reagan, An American Life, pp. 140-141.

21 Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston, Texas: Nordland Publishing, 1981), pp. 69-70.

22 Ronald Reagan, “A Time for Choosing,” Human Events, November 28, 1964, pp. 8-9.

23 Stephen Hess and David Broder, The Republican Establishment: The Present and the Future of the G.O.P. (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), pp. 253-254; author’s interview with Henry Salvatori, December 21, 1991.

24 Author’s interview with William F. Buckley, Jr., April 13, 1992.

25 Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 234.

26 Walter Lippmann, Washington Post, November 5, 1964; Tom Wicker on Faber, The Road to the White House, p. ix; “The Elections,” Time, November 13, 1964, p. 5; Chet Huntley, quoted in Gene Shalit and Lawrence K. Grossman, eds., Somehow It Works (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), p. 215; James Reston, The Road to the White House (London: Faber & Faber), p. 273.

27 Knowland quote in Robert J. Donovan, The Future of the Republican Party (New York: Signet Books, 1964), p. 66; Ronald Reagan, National Review, November 17, 1964, p. 1001; George Bush, p. 1053.

28 Buckley and Burnham, National Review, November 17, 1964, p. 1000; Meyer, National Review, December 1, 1964, p. 1057.

29 “From the Phoenix Ashes,” Human Events, November 14, 1964, p. 4.

30 Quotations from Chairman Bill: The Best of William F. Buckley, Jr., comp. David Franke (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1970), p. 96.

31 Author’s interview with Anne Edwards, July 20, 1997.

32 Edwards, Goldwater, p. 342.

33 See Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984). Also numerous studies by the Heritage Foundation such as Robert Rector, “The Poverty Paradox” (The Heritage Foundation, October 1993), which found that after the nation had spent $1.5 trillion on welfare, there were still 30 million “poor” Americans.

34 White, Making of the President 1964, page 409.

35 Edwards, Barry Goldwater, p. 346; Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, p. 219.

36 Author’s interview with David Franke, May 28, 1992.

37 Author’s interview with William E. Brock, October 28, 1992.

38 Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, p. 236.

39 Irving Kristol, “A Letter from Irving Kristol,” National Review, March 16, 1992, p. S-17.

40 Author’s interview with John Sears, June 9, 1992.

41 M. Stanton Evans, The Future of Conservatism (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968), p. 135.

42 Ibid., p. 137.

43 Richard A. Ware to James A. Kennedy, November 6, 1964, Private Files of the Earhart Foundation, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 44 Stephen J. Tonsor, “The Foundation and the Academy,” National Review, May 14, 1982, p. 548.

45 Thomas Sowell to Richard A. Ware, January 9, 1985, Private Files of the Earhart Foundation, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

46 Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, p. 237.

47 The September-October issue of Fact magazine published a cover article entitled “1, 189 Psychiatrists Say Goldwater Is Psychologically Unfit to Be President.” Although the senator dismissed most of the smears of the 1964 campaign, he filed a libel suit against publisher Ralph Ginsburg and his magazine. A libel judgment of $1 in compensatory damages and $75,000 in punitive damages was awarded by a U.S. district court jury in southern New York in 1968 and was upheld when the U.S. Supreme Court denied review in 1970.

48 Author’s interview with Mark Rhoads, June 17, 1993.

49 Edwards, Goldwater, p. 456.

Chapter 8: The Citizen Politician

1 K. L. Billingsley, “Is California Still the American Dream?” The World and I (September 1993): 57.

2 Bill Boyarsky, The Rise of Ronald Reagan (New York: Random House, 1968), p. 8.

3 Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston: Nordland Publishing, 1981), p. 107.

4 Ibid., p. 75.

5 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 145.

6 Edwards, Reagan, p. 76.

7 Ibid., p. 76.

8 William F. Buckley, Jr., The Unmaking of a Mayor (New York: Viking Press, 1966), pp. 6-7.

9 Ibid., pp. 91-93.

10 Ibid., p. 93.

11 William A. Rusher, interview with the author, August 20, 1997; Buckley, Unmaking of a Mayor, p. 94.

12 “What Makes Buckley Run?” New York Times, June 25, 1965; William F. Buckley, Jr., letter to the editor of the Times, June 28, 1965, Buckley Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.

13 Ibid.

14 Buckley, Unmaking of a Mayor, p. 120.

15 “As New York Goes …,” National Review, October 5, 1965, p. 859; “Mr. Buckley Answers Lindsay Charges on Goldwater,” news release, Buckley for Mayor, October 25, 1965.

16 Buckley, Unmaking of a Mayor, pp. 293-294.

17 Ibid., p. 281.

18 J. Daniel Mahoney, “Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going,” National Review, November 2, 1965, p. 977.

19 William F. Buckley, Jr., “Harlem Is in New York City,” National Review, November 2, 1965, pp. 978-979.

20 Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1969), p. 168; John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 256.

21 Buckley, Unmaking of a Mayor, pp. 307-308. 22 Author’s telephone interview with Reed Larson, September 11, 1997.

23 Lee Edwards and Anne Edwards, You Can Make the Difference (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1968), p. 80.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid., p. 81.

26 Ibid.

27 Interview with Larson.

28 Richard A. Viguerie, The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead (Washington, D.C.: Viguerie, 1980), p. 20.

29 Ibid., p. 21.

30 Ibid., p. 25.

31 Ibid, p. 27.

32 Ibid., p. 29.

33 Ibid., p. 19.

34 Boyarsky, Rise of Ronald Reagan, p. 143.

35 Edwards, Reagan, p. 79.

36 Reagan, An American Life, p. 147.

37 Ibid., p. 148.

38 Edwards, Reagan, p. 81.

39 Lou Cannon, Reagan (New York: Putnam, 1982), p. 115.

40 Lyn Nofziger, Nofziger (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1992), p. 50; Edwards, Ronald Reagan, pp. 83-84.

41 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 90.

42 Cannon, Reagan, p. 111.

43 Nofziger, Nofziger, p. 39.

44 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 104.

45 Ibid.

46 Cannon, Reagan, pp. 108-109.

47 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, pp. 116-117.

48 Cannon, Reagan, p. 116.

49 Ibid., p. 117.

50 “The Making of a Candidate: A Look at the Reagan Boom,” U.S. News and World Report, July 24, 1967, p. 53.

Chapter 9: The Real Nixon

1 William Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), p. 195.

2 Ibid., p. 197.

3 Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston: Nordland Publishing, 1981), p. 177.

4 M. Stanton Evans, The Future of Conservatism (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968), pp. 286-287.

5 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 206.

6 The author attended both the Washington and Newport meetings.

7 John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 280.

8 Ibid.

9 Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., p. 282.

10 Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg, The Real Majority (New York: Primus, 1992), p. 2. 11 James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 702.

12 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 213.

13 Barry Goldwater, With No Apologies (New York: Morrow, 1979), p. 207.

14 Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), p. 309.

15 Richard Nixon letter to the author, November 4, 1992.

16 Richard Nixon, Nixon on the Issues (New York: Nixon-Agnew Campaign Committee, October 1968), pp. 8, 15, 98, 128.

17 Richard Nixon, Nixon Speaks Out (New York: Nixon-Agnew Campaign Committee, 1968), pp. 2, 15-16.

18 Willard Edwards, “Revealing Nixon Speech Devoid of Political Phrases,” Chicago Tribune, October 9, 1968.

19 Ibid.

20 Patterson, Grand Expectations, p. 699.

21 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 221.

22 Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1969), p. 474.

23 Ibid.

24 Congress and the Nation 1969-1972 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1973), p. vi.

25 Herbert Stein, “On Nixon’s Economics,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 1994.

26 Rusher, Rise of the Right, pp. 231-232.

27 Ibid.

28 Stein, “On Nixon’s Economics”; Milton Friedman quote, Robert Schuettinger and Eamonn Butler, Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls: How Not to Fight Inflation (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation, 1979). p. 150.

29 Stanley D. Bachrack, The Committee of One Million: “China Lobby” Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 269.

30 Lee Edwards, Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd (New York: Paragon House, 1990), p. 300.

31 Nixon, RN, p. 552.

32 Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1972 (New York: Atheneum, 1973), p. 59.

33 “A Declaration,” National Review, August 10, 1971, p. 842.

34 Ibid.

35 See pp. 302-304 of Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., for details of Kissinger’s ardent and effective courtship of Buckley.

36 Ibid., p. 332.

37 Ibid., pp. 332-333; Allan Ryskind, interview with the author, June 8, 1997; H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 356-357, 444-445. According to Haldeman, Nixon thought that John Connally was “the only man who could be President” (p. 445).

38 Tom Winter recalled that while “there were a lot of conservatives out there … they weren’t going to take on the President of the United States.” See interview with Thomas S. Winter by Mary Ann Buschka, “Right Rebellion: The Conservative Movement and John Ashbrook’s 1972 Campaign,” University of Delaware, May 1993.

39 “Nixon Vow of Change Unfulfilled—Ashbrook,” Manchester (N.H.) Union-Leader, February 17, 1972; press release, United Republicans of California, May 1972, Human Events Archives, Washington, D.C.; “Abortion, Pot Studied by G.O.P.” Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1972.

40 Jack Rosenthal, “Ashbrook, Nixon’s Rival on the Right, Finding Florida Campaign Trail Rough,” New York Times, February 15, 1972.

41 Ibid.

42 Charles Moser, Promise and Hope (Washington, D.C.: Free Congress Foundation, 1974), p. 8.

43 Edwin McDowell, Barry Goldwater: Portrait of an Arizonan (Chicago: Regnery, 1964), p. 137.

44 Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), pp. 82-84.

45 Richard A. Viguerie, The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead (Washington, D.C.: Viguerie, 1980), p. 32.

46 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 245; “Lead-Off Primary: Nixon Faces Test Within Party,” U.S. News and World Report, February 14, 1972, p. 36.

47 Don Oberdorfer, “Has Nixon Muzzled the Right?” Arizona Republic, June 21, 1972.

48 Moser, Promise and Hope, p. 36.

49 “Sisyphus and Mr. Ashbrook,” Richmond News Leader, January 4, 1972.

50 Congress and the Nation1969-1972 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1973), p. 22.

51 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 251; Nixon, RN, p. 717.

52 Godfrey Hodgson, The World Turned Right Side Up (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), pp. 124-127.

53 Haldeman, Diaries, p. 444.

54 Paul Gottfried, The Conservative Movement, rev. ed. (New York: Twayne, 1993), p. 78. Also see page 97 for a brief discussion of some similarities between the New Right and neoconservatism.

Chapter 10: New Right and Old Left

1 H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 506-507; Barry Goldwater, With No Apologies (New York: Morrow, 1979), p. 249.

2 Goldwater, With No Apologies.

3 Ibid., p. 251.

4 “Watergate or Waterloo?” Right Report, April 9, 1973, p. 1.

5 Clark R. Mollenhoff, Game Plan for Disaster: An Ombudsman’s Report on the Nixon Years (New York: Norton, 1976), p. 342.

6 “Is There a Conservative Consensus on Watergate?” Right Report, July 9, 1973, p. 1.

7 Goldwater, With No Apologies, p. 264.

8 Ibid.

9 Barry Goldwater with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York: Doubleday, 1988), p. 265.

10 Ibid., p. 272.

11 “Will Nixon Survive?” Right Report, April 8, 1994, p. 1.

12 Congress and the Nation, vol. 4 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1995), p. 938.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid., pp. 942-944.

15 Ibid., p. 959. 16 Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), p. 380.

17 Ibid., p. 381.

18 Ibid., p. 400.

19 1974 CQ Almanac, p. 892.

20 Robert Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 282.

21 Goldwater, Goldwater, p. 280.

22 Jon Utley, interview with the author, October 5, 1997, San Antonio, Texas.

23 Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 142-143.

24 Richard A. Viguerie, The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead (Falls Church, Va.: Viguerie, 1980), p. 51.

25 Ibid., p. 52.

26 Ibid., p. 54.

27 Ibid., pp. 54-55.

28 Kevin P. Phillips, “Notes on the New Right,” Baltimore News-American, June 25, 1976; “The Growing Importance of the New Right,” New York Daily Press, October 13, 1978.

29 Richard A. Viguerie and Lee Edwards, “Goldwater: Leader or Legend?” Conservative Digest (January 1976): 6-10.

30 Ibid.

31 Viguerie, The New Right, p. 57.

32 Ibid., p. 60.

33 William J. Lanouette, “The New Right—‘Revolutionaries’ Out After the ‘LunchPail’ Vote,” National Journal, January 21, 1978, p. 88.

34 Viguerie, The New Right, p. 60.

35 Myra MacPherson, “The New Right Brigade: John Terry Dolan’s NCPAC Targets Liberals and the Federal Election Commission,” Washington Post, August 10, 1980.

36 Ibid.

37 Viguerie, The New Right, p. 63.

38 Ibid.

39 John Fialka, “Arch-Conservative’s Crusade: Abolish the Republican Party,” Washington Star, June 24, 1975.

40 Robert W. Merry, “Kingmaker with a Cause,” National Observer, February 21, 1976; Viguerie, The New Right, pp. 32-33.

41 Viguerie, The New Right, p. 33.

42 Nick Thimmesch, “The Grass-Roots Dollar Chase—Ready on the Right,” New York, June 9, 1975, p. 59.

43 William A. Rusher, The Rise of the Right (New York: Morrow, 1984), p. 268.

44 Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 185.

45 Rusher, Rise of the Right, p. 270.

46 “Is It Time for a New Party?” interview with Ronald Reagan, Conservative Digest, May 1975, pp. 4-8.

47 Stephen Isaacs, “Newcomers’ Hopes Are Scuttled at 3rd-Party Session,” Washington Post, August 28, 1976.

48 Ibid.

49 Ibid.

50 Lee Edwards, You Can Make the Difference (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1980), p. 198. 51 Ibid., p. 201.

52 Ibid., p. 202.

53 Ibid., p. 203.

54 Ibid., p. 286.

55 William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America 1932-1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 2:1430.

56 Robert H. Bork, Slouching Towards Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline (New York: ReganBooks, 1996), p. 1.

57 Nathan Glazer, “On Being Deradicalized,” Commentary (October 1970): 74-80.

58 George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (Wilmington, Del.: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1996), pp. 314-315.

59 Ibid., p. 314.

60 Ibid., p. 309; Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America’s Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), pp. 47-48.

61 Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement, p. 312.

62 Theodore H. White, “The Action Intellectuals,” Life, June 15, 1967, p. 35; Steinfels, Neoconservatives, p. 9.

63 “Is America Turning Right?” Newsweek, November 7, 1977, p. 34.

64 William E. Simon, “A Tribute to Irving Kristol,” in Christopher Demuth and William Kristol, eds., The Neoconservative Imagination: Essays in Honor of Irving Kristol (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1995), p. 86.

65 Sidney Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter-Establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political Power (New York: Times Books, 1986), p. 148.

66 Godfrey Hodgson, The World Turned Right Side Up (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), p. 177.

67 Ibid., p. 178.

68 Ibid., p. 180.

69 Ed McAteer, telephone interview with the author, May 3, 1994.

70 Hodgson, World Turned Right Side Up, p. 181; Ed McAteer, interview, May 3, 1994.

Chapter 11: Winning Conservative

1 Austin Ranney, The American Elections of 1980 (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981), p. 31.

2 Human Events, August 25, 1979, p. 1.

3 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, The Reagan Revolution (New York: Dutton, 1981), p. 48.

4 Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston: Nordland Publishing, 1981), p. 165.

5 Charles D. Hobbs, “How Ronald Reagan Governed California,” National Review, January 17, 1975, p. 39.

6 Lyn Nofziger, Nofziger (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1992), p. 179.

7 Lou Cannon, “Reagan’s Victories Bust Ford Strategy,” Washington Post, May 9, 1976.

8 M. Stanton Evans, conversation with the author, May 10, 1996.

9 “Republican Rumble,” Time, May 17, 1976, p. 11.

10 Ibid., p. 11.

11 “A President ‘in Jeopardy,’” Newsweek, May 17, 1976, p. 22.

12 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 181.

13 Lee Edwards, Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1995), p. 416. 14 Ibid.

15 Frank van der Linden, The Real Reagan (New York: Morrow, 1981), p. 144.

16 Ibid.

17 “Reagan: Leading Contender, But Age Looms,” U.S. News and World Report, May 7, 1979, pp. 54-56.

18 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 188.

19 Ibid.; Tom Goff, “Legacy for State: Footprints, But No Permanent Monuments or Scars,” Los Angeles Times, September 29, 1974.

20 “Reagan: GOP’s Front-Runner Starts to Run,” U.S. News and World Report, November 26, 1979, p. 48.

21 Van der Linden, The Real Reagan, p. 171.

22 Jeff Greenfield, The Real Campaign (New York: Summit Books, 1982), p. 48.

23 Ibid.

24 “Reagan Regains Front-Runner Role,” Human Events, March 8, 1980, pp. 1, 19; “George Bush Slipped Here,” Nation, March 8, 1980, pp. 260-261.

25 “Reagan’s Rousing Return,” Time, March 10, 1980, pp. 12-16.

26 Greenfield, The Real Campaign, p. 48.

27 “Anderson Tiptoes in as Independent,” Human Events, May 3, 1980, p. 3.

28 Greenfield, The Real Campaign, p. 159.

29 Ibid., p. 160.

30 “Ford on His Quandary,” Newsweek, July 28, 1980, p. 25.

31 “Inside the Jerry Ford Drama,” Time, July 28, 1980; van der Linden, The Real Reagan, p. 213.

32 “Hour by Hour, the Deal That Got Away,” U.S. News and World Report, July 28, 1980, pp. 22-23.

33 Van der Linden, The Real Reagan, p. 217.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 “Inside the Jerry Ford Drama,” pp. 16-19.

37 Greenfield, The Real Campaign, p. 164.

38 “Ford on His Quandary.”

39 “George Bush on His Role as No. 2,” U.S. News and World Report, July 28, 1980, pp. 23-24.

40 Lee Edwards, You Can Make the Difference (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1980), p. 288.

41 Ibid., p. 289.

42 Ibid., p. 292.

43 Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 280.

44 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 220.

45 “Oh, I’ll Take the Low Road,” Newsweek, September 29, 1980, pp. 22-23.

46 “Two for the Show,” Time, September 22, 1980, pp. 8-9; William F. Buckley, Jr., “Reagan vs. Anderson,” National Review, October 17, 1980, pp. 1286-1287.

47 “Why Anderson Narrowly Won the Debate,” Human Events, October 4, 1980, pp. 3-4; Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 222.

48 Robert Nagle, American Conservatism: An Illustrated History (New York: Philosophical Library, 1989), p. 278.

49 Greenfield, The Real Campaign, pp. 235-241. Greenfield’s almost minute-by-minute analysis of the Reagan-Carter debate is required reading.

50 Ibid., p. 241. 51 “Time to Pull Together” (excerpts from transcript of presidential debate), U.S. News and World Report, November 10, 1980, pp. 100 ff.

52 Ibid.

53 Edwards, Ronald Reagan, p. 232; Greenfield, The Real Campaign, pp. 244-245.

54 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 300.

55 “Start of a New Era,” U.S. News and World Report, November 17, 1980, pp. 21-66, 90-110; “That Winning Smile,” Time, November 17, 1980, pp. 20-24 ff.; “Election Special,” Newsweek, November 17, 1980, pp. 27-34 ff.

56 Peter Hannaford, ed., Recollections of Reagan: A Portrait of Ronald Reagan (New York: Morrow, 1997), p. 45.

57 “Victory at Last!” Human Events, November 15, 1980, p. 23.

Chapter 12: Golden Years

1 Edwin Meese III, With Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1992), p. 73.

2 Martin Anderson, Revolution (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), p. 139.

3 “A Modest Program,” Wall Street Journal, September 22, 1980.

4 Anderson, Revolution, p. 232.

5 “A Time for Choosing,” in A Time for Choosing: The Speeches of Ronald Reagan 1961?1982 (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1983), pp. 41-57; Meese, With Reagan, p. 121.

6 Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 236.

7 “RWR’s Own New Deal,” Newsweek, March 2, 1981.

8 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 176.

9 Ibid., p. 177.

10 David Frum, Dead Right (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 42.

11 “President Reagan Inaugural Address,” New York Times, January 21, 1981.

12 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp. 196-197.

13 Ibid., p. 316.

14 Peter J. Ferrara, “Welfare,” in Issues ’94: The Candidates’ Briefing Book (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1994), pp. 121-122.

15 Kevin R. Hopkins, “Social Welfare Policy: A Failure of Vision,” in David Boaz, ed., Assessing the Reagan Years (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1989), p. 211.

16 Donald Devine, Reagan’s Terrible Swift Sword: An Insider’s Story of Abuse and Reform Within the Federal Bureaucracy (Ottawa, Ill.: Jameson Books, 1991), p. 1.

17 Ron Haskin and Representative Hank Brown, “A Billion Here, a Billion There,” Policy Review (Summer 1989): 22-28.

18 Ronald F. Docksai, “Health,” in Charles L. Heatherly and Burton Yale Pines, eds., Mandate for Leadership III: Policy Strategies for the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1989), p. 236.

19 Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston: Nordland Publishing, 1981), p. 69.

20 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 247.

21 Ibid., p. 179.

22 Reagan, An American Life, p. 335.

23 Stephen Moore, “Who Really Balanced the Budget?” American Enterprise (November- December 1997): p. 52.

24 Dinesh D’Souza, Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader (New York: Free Press, 1997), p. 104.

25 Ibid., p. 126. 26 Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling with History: Ronald Reagan in the White House (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983), pp. 80-93.

27 D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 89; Lee Edwards, The Power of Ideas: The Heritage Foundation at 25 Years (Ottawa, Ill.: Jameson Books, 1997), p. 55.

28 Paul E. Peterson and Mark Rom, “Lower Taxes, More Spending and Budget Deficits,” in Charles O. Jones, ed., The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers, 1988), pp. 219-220.

29 Peter Hannaford, ed., Recollections of Reagan: A Portrait of Ronald Reagan (New York: Morrow, 1997), p. xiii.

30 Meese, With Reagan, p. 147.

31 Lyn Nofziger, Nofziger (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1992), p. 285.

32 “Reagan’s State of the Union Address,” in Reagan: The Next Four Years (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1985), p. 153.

33 “Congress Enacts Sweeping Overhaul of Tax Law,” in 1986 CQ Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1989), p. 491.

34 John B. Judis, “Pop-Con Politics: Conservatives in the GOP,” New Republic, September 3, 1984, p. 18.

35 Stuart M. Butler, Michael Sanera, and W. Bruce Weinrod, eds., Mandate for Leadership II: Continuing the Conservative Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1984), p. 3.

36 Robert Rector and Michael Sanera, eds., Steering the Elephant: How Washington Works (New York: Universe Books, 1987).

37 Peter J. Ferrara, “What Really Happened in the 1980s?” in Issues ’94: The Candidates’ Briefing Book (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1994), pp. 16-17; Richard B. McKenzie, What Went Right in the 1980s (San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1994), p. 1.

38 David M. O’Brien, “The Reagan Judges: His Most Enduring Legacy?” in Reagan Legacy, pp. 60-61.

39 Ibid., p. 89.

40 Ibid., p. 62.

41 Ibid., p. 74.

42 Suzanne Garment, “The War Against Robert H. Bork,” Commentary (January 1988): 17-26.

43 “Reagan Picks Bork, Sparks Liberal Uproar,” Washington Times, July 2, 1987.

44 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 807.

45 O’Brien, “Reagan Judges,” p. 94.

46 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 802.

47 Paul Gottfried, The Conservative Movement, rev. ed. (New York: Twayne, 1993), p. 104.

48 “Ronald Reagan, Kremlin Dupe?” Chicago Tribune, December 9, 1987.

49 Ibid.

50 Howard Phillips to the author, August 13, 1997.

51 Richard A. Viguerie, The Establishment vs. The People: Is a New Populist Revolt on the Way? (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1983), pp. 10-11.

52 Gottfried, Conservative Movement, p. 114.

53 Lee Edwards, “Paul Weyrich: Conscience of New Right Fighting for Conservative Victory in ’82,” Conservative Digest (July 1981): 2.

54 Ibid.

55 Gottfried, Conservative Movement, pp. 114-115. 56 William J. Bennett to the author, September 3, 1997.

57 Peter J. Ferrara, “The Politics of Substance,” in Issues ’94 (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1994), p. 1.

Chapter 13: The Reagan Doctrine

1 “Start of the Reagan Era,” U.S. News and World Report, January 26, 1981, pp. 18-20.

2 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 267.

3 Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), p. xiv.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid., p. xv.

6 Dinesh D’Souza, Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader (New York: Free Press, 1997), p. 140.

7 Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 314-315.

8 Ibid.

9 “Ronald Reagan’s Flower Power,” New York Times, June 9, 1982.

10 Schweizer, Victory, p. xv.

11 Ibid.

12 D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 180.

13 William F. Buckley, Jr., “So Long, Evil Empire,” National Review, July 8, 1988; D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 134.

14 See Eugene Lyons, Our Secret Allies: The Peoples of Russia (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1953).

15 Schweizer, Victory, p. 126.

16 Ibid., p. 131.

17 Charles Krauthammer, “The Reagan Doctrine,” Time, April 1, 1985, p. 54.

18 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 372.

19 Reagan, An American Life, p. 479.

20 Mark P. Lagon, The Reagan Doctrine: Sources of American Conduct in the Cold War’s Last Chapter (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1994), p. 4.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid., p. 93.

23 Jay Winik, On the Brink: The Dramatic, Behind-the-Scenes Saga of the Reagan Era and the Men and Women Who Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 80-81.

24 Ibid., pp. 83-84.

25 Ibid., p. 100.

26 Ibid., p. 102.

27 Ibid., pp. 105-106.

28 Ibid., p. 108.

29 Ibid., p. 114.

30 Edwin Meese III, With Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1992), pp. 169-170.

31 Ibid., p. 170.

32 See Reagan, An American Life, pp. 568-571, for Reagan’s discussion of the phrase.

33 Vaclav Havel, “Words on Words,” New York Review of Books, January 18, 1990, p. 58; D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 135. 34 “Goliath in Grenada,” New York Times, October 30, 1983.

35 Constantine Menges, Inside the National Security Council (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), p. 89.

36 Ibid., p. 158.

37 Andrew E. Busch and Elizabeth Edwards Spalding, “1983,” Policy Review (Fall 1993): 72.

38 D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 148.

39 Busch and Spalding, “1983,” p. 72.

40 Howard Phillips, New York Times, December 11, 1987; George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York: Scribners, 1993), p. 1006.

41 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 739; Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher (New York: Norton, 1991), p. 146.

42 Caspar W. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner Books, 1990), pp. 293-294; Caspar Weinberger, “U.S. Defense Strategy,” in The Reagan Foreign Policy, ed. William G. Hyland (New York: New American Library, 1987), p. 185.

43 Edward Teller in Recollections of Reagan, ed. Peter Hannaford (New York: Morrow, 1997), p. 169; D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 174.

44 Weinberger, Fighting for Peace, p. 296.

45 Daniel O. Graham, Confessions of a Cold Warrior (Fairfax, Va.: Preview Press, 1995), p. 103.

46 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 319.

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid., p. 320.

49 George A. Keyworth, interview, September 28, 1987, Oral History Project, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California.

50 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 332.

51 New York Times, March 27, 1983.

52 “High Frontier Launched,” Human Events, May 22, 1982, p. 15.

53 Weinberger, Fighting for Peace, p. 316.

54 Ibid., p. 327.

55 Ibid.

56 Graham, Confessions of a Cold Warrior, p. 165.

57 Ibid., p. 153.

58 Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anti-Communism (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 429.

59 Carl Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” Time, February 24, 1992, pp. 28-35; Lech Walesa, Proceedings of “The Failure of Communism: the Western Response,” an international conference sponsored by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, November 15, 1989, p. 47.

60 Winik, On the Brink, p. 227; D’Souza, Ronald Reagan, p. 167.

61 Peter B. Levy, Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996), p. 234.

62 See Burton Yale Pines, “The Ten Legacies of Ronald Reagan,” Policy Review (Spring 1989): 16-20.

63 See Reagan, An American Life, pp. 680-683.

64 Ibid., p. 708.

65 Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution (New York: Harper, 1856), p. 214.

66 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 786. 67 Reagan, An American Life, pp. 713-714.

68 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 786.

69 Reagan, An American Life, p. 715.

70 Cannon, President Reagan, pp. 656, 661.

71 Reagan, An American Life, p. 513.

72 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 653.

73 Quoted in James Schlesinger, “Reykjavik and Revelations: A Turn of the Tide?” in America and the World 1986, ed. William G. Hyland (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1987), p. 441.

74 Meese, With Reagan, p. 271.

75 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 704.

76 Powers, Not Without Honor, p. 411.

77 “Contras Can Win,” Human Events, March 22, 1986, p. 17.

78 Powers, Not Without Honor, p. 411.

79 Meese, With Reagan, p. 286.

80 Menges, Inside the National Security Council, p. 317.

81 Select Committee of the House and Senate, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987), p. 21.

82 Ibid., pp. 437-438.

83 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 831.

84 Reagan: The Next Four Years (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1984), p. 15.

85 Cannon, President Reagan, p. 549.

86 Ibid., p. 548.

87 Ibid., p. 550.

88 “Why Conservatives Should Rally Around Jack Kemp,” Human Events, January 23, 1988, p. 1.

89 Thomas Atwood to the author, August 12, 1997.

90 Patrick J. Buchanan, “Jack Kemp and the Conservatives,” Human Events, January 2, 1988, p. 8.

91 Herbert S. Parmet, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (New York: Scribner, 1997), p. 335.

92 Ibid., p. 350.

93 Ibid.

94 1988 CQ Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1989), pp. 9A-10A.

95 “The Week,” National Review, December 9, 1988, p. 10.

Chapter 14: Contracts Made and Broken

1 Herbert S. Parmet, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (New York: Scribner, 1997), p. 364.

2 “Do We Need Another Establishment President?” Conservative Digest (January 1984): 6-7.

3 Dan Balz and Charles R. Babcock, “Gingrich, Allies Made Waves and Impression; Conservative Rebels Harassed the House,” Washington Post, December 20, 1994.

4 Dick Williams, Newt! Leader of the Second American Revolution (Marietta, Ga.: Longstreet Press, 1995), p. 109.

5 Ibid. 6 M. Stanton Evans, “Democrats Did in Wright, Smeared Foley,” Human Events, p. 8.

7 Dan Balz and Serge F. Kovaleski, “Gingrich Divided GOP, Conquered the Agenda; Revolt Gave Party a Glimpse of the Future,” Washington Post, December 21, 1994.

8 “Capital Brief,” Human Events, April 1, 1989, p. 2.

9 Ibid.

10 Balz and Kovaleski, “Gingrich Divided GOP.”

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Paul Weyrich, interview with the author, December 2, 1997.

14 “Survey of East European Economies,” New York Times, December 20, 1987.

15 Ivo Banc, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 3.

16 Lee Edwards, Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd (New York: Paragon House, 1990), p. 323.

17 Dale Russakoff and Dan Balz, “After Political Victory, A Personal Revolution,” Washington Post, December 19, 1994.

18 Newt Gingrich, with David Drake and Marianne Gingrich, Window of Opportunity: A Blueprint for the Future (New York: T. Doherty Associates in association with Baen Enterprises, 1984), p. 219.

19 Ibid.

20 Newt Gingrich, To Renew America (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 23.

21 Judith Warner and Max Berley, Newt Gingrich: Speaker to America (New York: Signet, 1995), p. 30.

22 Ibid. p. 31.

23 Williams, Newt! p. 79.

24 Newt Gingrich, interview with the author, February 13, 1998.

25 Warner and Berley, Newt Gingrich, p. 53.

26 Ibid., p. 62.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid., pp. 62-63.

29 Williams, Newt!, p. 84; Dale Russakoff, “He Knew What He Wanted,” Washington Post, December 18, 1994.

30 Warner and Berley, Newt Gingrich, p. 67.

31 Ibid., p. 82.

32 Ibid.

33 Paul Weyrich, interview with the author, December 2, 1997.

34 Ibid.

35 Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., interview with the author, June 11, 1996.

36 Weyrich interview.

37 Steven K. Beckner, “Rep. Newt Gingrich: A New Conservative Leader for the ’80s,” Conservative Digest (May 1982): 11.

38 Ibid., p. 6.

39 Ibid., p. 8.

40 Ibid., p. 9.

41 Ibid., p. 10.

42 David Broder, Changing of the Guard: Power and Leadership in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1980), p. 461.

43 Gingrich, To Renew America, p. 119.

44 Williams, Newt!, pp. 98-99; Balz and Babcock, “Gingrich, Allies Made Waves.”

45 Balz and Babcock, “Gingrich, Allies Made Waves.” 46 Ibid.

47 Williams, Newt! p. 99.

48 Richard Armey, fax to the author, December 19, 1994.

49 Ibid.

50 Balz and Babcock, “Gingrich, Allies Made Waves.”

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 Ronald Reagan, “Our Noble Vision: An Opportunity Society for All,” Human Events, March 17, 1984, p. 214.

54 Balz and Babcock, “Gingrich, Allies Made Waves.”

55 Ibid.

56 Eleanor Clift, “Now, a Whole Newt World,” Newsweek, November 21, 1994, p. 40.

57 Balz and Kovaleski, “Gingrich Divided GOP.”

58 Ibid.

59 Ibid.

60 M. Stanton Evans, “Gingrich, Conservatives Can Stop a Tax Hike,” Human Events, August 4, 1990; “New Taxes Threaten Recession, Could Lead to Higher Spending, Study Says,” Heritage Foundation news release, May 17, 1990; “Economics Panel Labels Tax Hike Unnecessary,” Heritage Foundation news release, May 30, 1990.

61 Daniel F. Mitchell, “Bush’s Deplorable Flip-Flop on Taxes,” Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum, June 29, 1990.

62 “Inside Washington,” Human Events, August 11, 1990, p. 3.

63 Williams, Newt!, p. 126.

64 Ibid., pp. 126-127.

65 “Read My Hips?” National Review, November 5, 1990, p. 18.

66 “President Bush’s Budget Debacle,” Human Events, October 13, 1990, p. 1.

67 Burton Yale Pines, interview with the author, May 9, 1996.

68 Patrick J. Buchanan, “The End of the Reagan Revolution,” Human Events, October 13, 1990, p. 5.

69 J. A. Parker, interview with the author, January 13, 1998.

70 Allan C. Brownfeld, “Black Conservatives: A Growing Force,” Human Events, September 21, 1991.

71 Allan C. Brownfeld, “Black Conservatives Emerge as Major Force,” Human Events, January 3, 1981, p. 5.

72 “Supreme Mystery,” Newsweek, September 16, 1991, p. 31.

73 Herb Boyd, “Clarence Thomas and His Right-Wing Bedfellows,” New York Amsterdam News, August 31, 1991.

74 Allan Brownfeld, “The Tumultuous Journey of Clarence Thomas,” Campus Report, February-March 1997, p. 7.

75 Lee Edwards, “The All-Important Suburban Vote,” The World & I, November 1992, p. 29.

76 “Buchanan’s Splendid Showing in New Hampshire,” Human Events, February 29, 1992, p. 1.

77 Lee Edwards, “Why Bush Lost,” The World & I, February 1993, pp. 27-28.

78 “Wave of Diversity Spared Many Incumbents,” Congressional Quarterly Almanac 68 (1992): 15-A.

79 “Why Gingrich Nearly Lost,” Human Events, August 8, 1992, p. 4.

80 John O’Sullivan, “ITYS, Number 453,” National Review, November 30, 1992, p. 6; “Not with a Bang, …” National Review, November 30, 1992, p. 18. 81 “Capital Briefs,” Human Events, November 28, 1992, p. 2; Edwin J. Feulne, Jr., “A New ‘Mandate’ for Limited Government,” the Heritage Foundation, January 4, 1993.

82 Donald Devine, “Major Schools of Republicanism,” The World & I, February 1993, p. 45.

83 Feulner, “New ‘Mandate’ for Limited Government.”

84 Lee Edwards, “Why Bush Lost—and What It Means,” The World & I, February 1992, pp. 28-29.

85 See Bill Clinton interview on CNN, April 20, 1992.

Chapter 15: Newt! Newt! Newt!

1 Newt Gingrich, “The Washington Establishment vs. the American People,” August 22, 1990, Heritage Foundation.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Juliet Eilperin and Jim Vande Hei, Roll Call, October 6, 1997, p. 20.

5 “Democrats Reeling from Big Kentucky Defeat,” Human Events, June 3, 1994, p. 1.

6 Newt Gingrich, To Renew America (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 124.

7 Marshall Wittmann, interview with the author, January 5, 1998.

8 Ralph Reed, Jr., “Casting a Wider Net,” Policy Review (Summer 1993): 31.

9 “GOP ‘Contract with America’ a Good Start on Needed Reform,” Human Events, October 7, 1994, p. 16.

10 Cal Thomas, “Politicians Cannot Restore Values,” Human Events, October 7, 1994, p. 11.

11 Judith Warner and Max Berley, Newt Gingrich: Speaker to America (New York: Signet, 1995), pp. 182-183.

12 Gingrich, To Renew America, p. 126.

13 Dick Williams, Newt! Leader of the Second American Revolution (Marietta, Ga.: Longstreet Press, 1995), p. 151.

14 Warner and Berley, Newt Gingrich, p. 185.

15 Charles Krauthammer, “Republican Mandate,” Washington Post, November 11, 1994.

16 Dick Armey, “Democrats Falsely Assail ‘Contract with America,’” Human Events, October 28, 1994, p. 3.

17 “Clinton Remains a Political Pariah,” Human Events, October 28, 1994.

18 John Gizzi, “A GOP House in ’94?” Human Events, October 28, 1994, p. 12.

19 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1995), p. 561. I have relied on the authoritative CQ Almanac for much of my analysis of the 1994 elections.

20 “Dr. Fell’s Election,” New York Times, November 10, 1994.

21 CQ Almanac (103rd Congress, 2nd session) 1995, p. 563.

22 Ibid., p. 565.

23 Ibid., p. 578.

24 Grover G. Norquist, Rock the House (Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: VYTIS Press, 1995), pp. 9-10.

25 George Will, “Reagan’s Third Victory,” Washington Post, November 10, 1994.

26 “Conventional Wisdom Watch,” Newsweek, November 21, 1994, p. 10.

27 Howard Fineman, “Revenge of the Right,” Newsweek, November 21, 1994, p. 41.

28 David Mason, “A Real Revolution,” The World & I, April 1995, p. 31.

29 Gingrich, To Renew America, p. 139. 30 Ibid., p. 232.

31 Ibid., p. 141.

32 CQ Almanac (104th Congress, 1st session) 1995, pp. 1-6.

33 Kevin Phillips, “The Rise and Folly of the GOP: As Voter Disgust Rises, So Do Clinton’s Chances,” Washington Post, August 6, 1995; Morton Kondracke, “Debate That Tilted to Gingrich,” Washington Times, October 7, 1996.

34 Mona Charen, “Can the Revolution Recover?” Washington Times, May 17, 1996.

35 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 104th Congress, 1st Session, 1995 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1996), pp. 1-11.

36 Ibid., pp. 1-4.

37 Charen, “Can the Revolution Recover?”

38 David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf, “Tell Newt to Shut Up!” (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 152; CQ Almanac 1996, pp. 1-23.

39 Charen, “Can the Revolution Recover?”

40 Stephen Moore, “The Little Engine That Couldn’t,” National Review, September 25, 1995, p. 27.

41 CQ Almanac (104th Congress, 1st session) 1995, pp. 1-11.

42 Ralph Hallow, “Supports a Line Item Veto Even If It Benefits Clinton,” Washington Times, November 10, 1994.

43 David Keene, interview with the author, April 28, 1998.

44 Ceci Connolly, Gainsville (Ga.) Times, February 16, 1997.

45 Rich Lowry, “Who’s Shrinking Whom?” National Review, December 25, 1995, pp. 34-35.

46 Alison Mitchell, “Clinton Offers Challenge to Nation, Declaring ‘Era of Big Government Is Over,’” New York Times, January 24, 1996.

47 Maraniss and Weisskopf, “Tell Newt to Shut Up!” p. 205.

48 Lee Edwards, “The Winner—and Still President,” The World & I, k.iNovember 1996, p. 25.

49 George Will, The Woven Figure: Conservatism and America’s Fabric (New York: Scribner, 1997), p. 246.

50 1996 CQ Almanac (104th Congress), pp. 1-12-1-13.

51 Ramesh Ponnuru, “Reagan’s Spoiled Children,” National Review, May 6, 1996, pp. 36-38.

52 Morton C. Blackwell, “Why Clinton Won,” The World & I, January 1997, p. 78.

53 Ibid., p. 76.

54 “Theirs to Lose,” National Review, November 25, 1996, pp. 12, 14.

55 1996 CQ Almanac (104th Congress), pp. 11-34.

56 Kevin Merida, “Gingrich Pledges to Find ‘Common Ground’ with Clinton,” Washington Post, November 7, 1996.

57 Dale Russakoff, “He Knew What He Wanted,” Washington Post, December 18, 1994.

58 John E. Yang and Helen Dewar, “Ethics Panel Supports Reprimand of Gingrich, $300,000 Sanction for House Rules Violations,” Washington Post, January 18, 1997.

59 James Bennett, “President, Citing Education as Top Priority of 2nd Term, Asks for a ‘Call to Action,’” New York Times, February 5, 1997.

60 George F. Will, “Infantile Spectacle,” Washington Post, February 6, 1997.

61 Elperin and Hei, Roll Call, p. 23.

62 “With Tone, Tenor First Session, It Seemed Like Old Times,” CQ, December 6, 1997, p. 2975. 63 “Bad Deal, Worse Leadership,” Human Events, May 16, 1997, p. 1; Stephen Moore, “This Is Biggest-Spending Congress Ever,” Human Events, October 10, 1997, p. 8.

64 Moore, “Biggest-Spending Congress.”

65 “The Cato Institute,” Human Events, July 8, 1994, p. 14.

66 Overheard by the author at a meeting of the Grover Norquist coalition, June 20, 1997.

67 Paul Gigot, “Coup de GOP: Off with Our Own Heads!” Wall Street Journal, July 18, 1997.

68 “Some Folks Are Going to Have a Lot to Answer For,” excerpts from Hillary Rodham Clinton’s interview with Matt Lauer on NBC’s Today show, January 27, 1998, Washington Post, January 28, 1998.

69 John F. Harris, “Clinton Pledges Activist Agenda,” Washington Post, January 28, 1998.

70 Eric Pianin, “First Balanced Federal Budget in 30 Years Offered by Clinton,” Washington Post, February 3, 1998.

71 Clay Chandler, “President’s Balancing Act Has Wide Political Appeal,” Washington Post, February 3, 1998; John Godfrey, “Clinton Proposes $1.7 Trillion Budget,” Washington Times, February 3, 1998; James K. Glassman, “Budget Whoppers,” Washington Post, February 3, 1998.

72 Glassman, “Budget Whoppers.”

73 Newt Gingrich, “Conservatism Now,” National Review, December 22, 1997, pp. 42-45.

74 Newt Gingrich, “Setting New Legislative Goals for 1998,” The Hill, January 28, 1998.

75 Phyllis Schlafly to the author, August 10, 1997.

76 Richard A. Ware to the author, September 2, 1997.

77 Reed Larson to the author, August 13, 1997.

78 Richard Brookhiser to the author, August 4, 1997.

79 Forrest McDonald to the author, July 29, 1997; Peter D. Hannaford to the author, August 11, 1997.

80 Leonard P. Liggio to the author, July 29, 1997.

81 Donald Devine to the author, July 28, 1997.

82 Alvin S. Felzenberg to the author, January 1, 1998.

83 David Keene, interview with the author, April 28, 1998.

84 Grover G. Norquist to the author, August 26, 1997.

85 Alfred S. Regnery to the author, September 3, 1997.

86 Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., to the author, August 11, 1997.

87 William A. Rusher to the author, August 19, 1997.

Chapter 16: Can Conservatives Govern?

1 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Mentor Books, 1961), No. 51, pp. 320-325.

2 James Q. Wilson, American Government: Institutions and Policies, 4th ed. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1989), p. 25.

3 Madison, Federalist No. 51.

4 Ibid.

5 Wilson, American Government, p. 53.

6 Federalist No. 45, pp. 288-294.

7 Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind (Chicago: Regnery, 1953), p. 63.

8 John Adams to Mercy Warren, quoted in Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1985), p. 72.

9 Matthew Spalding and Patrick J. Garrity, A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington’s Farewell Address and the American Character (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little-field, 1996), p. 187.

10 Donald Lambro, “Somnolent Strategy,” Washington Times, March 20, 1998.

11 11. John Engler, “The Liberal Rout,” Policy Review (January-February 1997): 44-45.

12 Ibid., p. 46.

13 Robert Rector, “Wisconsin’s Welfare Miracle,” Policy Review (March-April 1997): 25.

14 Engler, “The Liberal Rout,” p. 48.

15 George F. Will, The Woven Figure: Conservatism and America’s Fabric (New York: Scribner, 1997), p. 108.

16 Robert Rector and William F. Lauber, America’s Failed $5.4 Trillion War on Poverty (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1995), p. 2.

17 Rush Limbaugh, See, I Told You So (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), p. 349.

18 Will, The Woven Figure, p. 110.

19 Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., “The Conservative March: A Long View,” March 3, 1997, distributed by the Heritage Foundation.

20 Matthew Spalding, “The Trouble with TR,” National Review, February 23, 1998, pp. 31-34.

21 R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr., The Conservative Crack-Up (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 238.

22 Paul Gottfried, The Conservative Movement (New York: Twayne, 1993), p. 161.

23 Ibid., p. 162.

24 Ibid., pp. 165-166.

25 Judith Warner and Max Berley, Newt Gingrich: Speaker to America (New York: Signet, 1995), p. 194.

26 Robert H. Bork, Slouching Toward Gomorrah (New York: ReganBooks, 1995), p. 139.

27 T. S. Eliot to Russell Kirk, quoted in Russell Kirk, The Sword of Imagination: Memoirs of a Half Century of Literary Conflict (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Erdmans Publishing, 1995), p. 214.

28 Patrick J. Buchanan, “America Deserves Better Than ’70s Liberalism,” Human Events, August 29, 1992, p. 11.

29 “Media Bias More Blatant Than Ever,” Human Events, September 5, 1992, p. 3.

30 “Did Stress on Social Issues Undermine Bush?” Human Events, September 5, 1992, p. 3.

31 Michael J. Catanzaro, “Family Research Council,” Human Events, October 10, 1997, p. 18.

32 “Focus on the Family,” Human Events, February 23, 1996, p. 18.

33 Ibid.

34 “Beverley LaHaye and Concerned Women for America,” Human Events, February 18, 1994, p. 10.

35 L. Brent Bozell, “A Move in the Right Direction,” Media Research Center 10 Year Report, October 1997, p. 1.

36 “The Right News Right Now,” news release, Media Research Center, June 16, 1998.

37 Andrew Rosenthal, “Quayle Says Riots Arose from Burst of Social Anarchy,” New York Times, May 20, 1992; Barbara Vobejda, “Can a Sitcom Change Society?” Washington Post, May 21, 1992. 38 Barbara Defoe Whitehead, “Dan Quayle Was Right,” Atlantic Monthly (April 1993): 1-21.

39 Steve Forbes, “The Things That Are Unseen” (address to Christian Coalition Conference, September 13, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, Internet/MCI ID: 376-5414).

40 “Gingrich Envisions a New ‘Contract’ Emerging in 2000,” interview of Newt Gingrich with editors and reporters of the Washington Times, June 9, 1997.

41 Memo of Dick Armey to Republican Members of the House of Representatives, January 16, 1998.

42 Ibid.

43 Morton C. Blackwell, “Thoughts on the Conservative Movement Now” (paper prepared for the Frank Meyer Society, Washington, D.C., November 18, 1992).

44 Ibid.

45 Grover G. Norquist, Rock the House (Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: VYTIS Press, 1995), p. 34; also see Grover G. Norquist, “The New Majority: The ‘Leave Us Alone’ Coalition,” Imprimis, May 1996.

46 William J. Bennett to the author, October 3, 1997.

47 Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., to the author, August 11, 1997.

48 Neal B. Freeman to the author, November 27, 1997.

49 Frank Gaffney to the author, September 6, 1997.

50 James McClellan to the author, August 14, 1997.

51 James Piereson to the author, July 28, 1997.

52 Charles Krauthammer, “Conservative Malaise,” Washington Post, October 3, 1997.

53 Phyllis Schlafly to the author, August 10, 1997.