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Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate a figure; “t” indicates a table.
above-average effect, 178
absenteeism caused by sickness, 114, 149, 150, 196, 206
ACA. See Affordable Care Act
adaptive/learning process, 152–53
addiction. See alcohol and drug issues/addiction
adverse selection effect, 111–12
advertisement experiment proving self-enhancement motivation, 158–59, 178–79
advertisement normalizing workplace stress, 15
Aetna, 17–18, 208
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
complexity of signing up for, 92–93
and delaying medical care, 95
effect of expanded Medicaid coverage, 108
elusive public policy goal, 98–103
African Americans, 192
age-related health risks, 104–5
ah-ha moment for leaving a toxic job, 187
Airbus, France, 120
airline industry, US, 81–82, 87–88
alcohol and drug issues/addiction
in economic decline, 72–73
employers’ attempts to influence individual decisions about, 28–30
peer influence on, 40–41
rationalizations vs. resolving the issues, 188
and Soviet Union dissolution, 27
stimulants as starting point, 2, 30, 133, 170
unemployment effect, 79–80
and work-family conflict, 140
work hours-related abuse, 30, 121, 133
alternative work arrangements, 65–66. See also economic insecurity
altruism, 17–19, 22–23, 95–98, 164–66, 193–94
Amazon.com, 171–72, 177–78, 179, 184
American Customer Satisfaction Index, 206
American Institute of Stress, 2, 13
American Management Association, 84–85
American Psychological Association, “Stress in America” report, 1
Anand, Sudhir, 60
Arcelormittal, 65
Attributable Fractions (AF), 38
Australia, 14, 38–39, 220n18
Australian Psychological Society, 38–39
autonomy. See job control
badge of honor, toughing it out as, 179
Baer, Drake, 128–29
Bakke, Dennis, 6
bankruptcy related to medical bills, 108–9
Barry-Wehmiller, 18–19, 190
Bertolini, Mark, 17–18, 208
best places to work lists, 12, 142, 164, 173–74, 198–99
Black, Dame Carol, 16, 25
Black Monday Syndrome, 13
Bloomberg Businessweek, 206
blue-collar vs. white-collar work, 1
Bock, Laszlo, 126, 165–66
Boeing, 136
bricklayer without health insurance, 92–93
British Civil Service, 147–49
British Health of Munition Workers Committee, 137
British Telecom, 22–23
Budros, Art, 82
bullying in the workplace, 134, 146, 191
businesses and corporations
best places to work lists, 12, 142, 164, 173–74, 198–99
best practices and regulations for environmental sustainability, 24
company values reflected in layoffs, 89
employee health as indicator of leaders’ values, 143–44, 186, 211–13
failure to absorb all costs when instituting layoffs, 80, 91
holding companies responsible for consequences of their decisions, 193, 200–205
industries and occupations with excessive work hours, 120–21
location decisions based on cheap labor availability, 171–72
long hours of employees as indicator of dedication, 129–32
market share competition and health care, 99–103
organizational performance and health-care for employees trade offs, 95–98
and “war for talent,” 141–44
See also externalization of social costs; management practices; toxic management practices; specific businesses and corporations
Calacanis, Jason, 185
California, 134–35, 201, 203–5
Cappelli, Peter, 70, 85
cardiovascular disease. See heart disease
career success and work hours, 122–24
Carney, Dana, 52
Carter, Dean, 95–96, 123–24, 141, 154–55
Cascio, Wayne, 81, 84
casino workers in Atlantic City, 99
Catalano, Ralph, 78–79
Center for WorkLife Law, University of California Hastings, 143–44
Chapman, Bob, 7, 9, 18–19, 190
Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and Walmart employee dependents, 202
China, 9, 39, 119–20
China Youth Daily, 119–20
Chinchilla, Nuria, 3, 7–8, 140
Chouinard, Yvon, 154–55
chronic diseases, 28, 55, 111, 190
Cialdini, Robert, 158–59
Collective Health, 96–97, 155–57
comfort food, 30
commitment effect, 180–82
community, value of, 39–40
compensating differentials, 174–75
competition
overview, 125–26
among employees, 127–28, 131, 162–63
employee health and well-being strategy, 193
employee recruitment, 155–56
market share competition and employee benefits, 100–103
universal health care as means to remove health care from market share competition, 99–100
Conley, Chip, 89
Container Store, 174
contingent workers, 14–15, 65–66
contract labor arrangements, 65–66
corporations. See businesses and corporations
cortisol and stress, 52
Costco, 34–35, 174, 206
cost-cutting efforts, 81, 86–87, 207
cost shifting. See externalization of social costs
Cote, David, 87
creating healthy workplaces, 190–213
overview, 190–91
calling out “social polluters” to create change, 193, 198–99
employees health as indicator of leaders’ values, 143–44, 186, 211–13
false trade-offs (employee health for profits), 95–98, 193–94, 206–7, 210–11, 213
measuring well-being and health, 193, 194–97
policies that hold companies responsible for consequences of their decisions, 193, 200–205
prioritizing human health, 194, 208–11
culture of community, 166–68
DaVita culture, 160, 166–67
DaVita Village Network, 164–65
death benefits program at Google, 165–66
deaths. See mortality; suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths
Denmark, 75
dental health care company experiment on work hours, 138
depression, 11–12, 79–80, 136, 153, 191–92
Diab, Ali, 96–97
discrimination, 192
downsizing, 82–83. See also layoffs
drug abuse. See alcohol and drug issues/addiction
“Dublin Goes Dark” Google experiment, 126
economic insecurity of employees, 65–91
overview, 90–91
and absence of health insurance, 93–94
and business use of false trade-offs, 95–98, 193–94, 206–7, 210–11, 213
as consequences of gigs, part-time work, and contract work, 65–66
contingent and precarious employment, 69–71
health effect, 70–71
and health insurance, 108–9
job performance pressure, 68
mortality related to unemployment and, 68
surviving a layoff, 72, 77–78
toxic workplace vs., 171–72, 174–76
and workplace violence, 78–79
See also layoffs
economic rationale for focus on employee well-being, 27–28, 206–7
Edington, Dee, 62
ego as weapon of toxic workplaces, 177–80, 189
EIRs (environmental impact reports), 19–21
electronic devices and work hours, 122–24
e-mail and work hours, 122–24, 126
employees
attitude of enduring work hours for a while longer, 144–45
companies shifting the health-care costs burden to, 52–53
education/race and life expectancy, 61–62
employers’ responsibility to steward the lives of, 7, 18–19
falsifying hours worked, 130
“gig” workers’ income statistics, 14–15
health of, as indicator of leaders’ values, 143–44, 186, 211–13
helping each other, 164–65, 166–68
high turnover rates, 13
job-lock, 110–12, 116
job performance pressure, 68
negative effects of employer policies ignored in the midst of an environmental sustainability focus, 20–21, 24–25
and schedule unpredictability, 67–68
surviving a layoff and being saddled with more work, 72, 77–78
valuing in terms of costs or profits, 6
volunteer opportunities for, 167–68
and “war for talent,” 141–44
See also economic insecurity of employees; layoffs
employers
overview, 35
cost of toxic management practices, 62–64
costs of workplace stress, 13–14
effect of actions on health-care costs, 34–35
and health-care system performance, 32–35
health improvement programs, 28–32, 142–43
and health insurance, 94–98, 99–100, 101–3, 112–15
labor sorting and matching, 110
responsibility to steward the lives of employees, 7
and work hours of employees, 131–32
See also businesses and corporations; specific employers
environmental impact reports (EIRs), 19–21
environmental pollution and sustainability, 198
environmental sustainability
overview, 3, 20
companies reporting on, as a new norm, 22
EU forcing airlines to pay for carbon pollution in Europe, 21, 221n32
as priority over employees, 20–21, 24–25
public policy support for, 23–24
Walmart goals, 21–22
wealth to clean environment correlation, 57
Erhardt, Moritz, 9, 120–21
Erie County, New York, 140
ethics and morality, 7, 26, 67, 209–11
Europe
British Telecom, 22–23
contrasting to US and comparable economies, 57–60, 58f, 59f
effects of job insecurity in, 63
forcing airlines to pay for carbon pollution in Europe, 21, 221n32
job quality deterioration, 28
measures of job control and health, 150
public policies to discourage layoffs, 90
United Kingdom policies on work and health, 25
See also specific countries
Everybody Matters (Chapman), 18–19
excess deaths. See suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths
externalization of social costs
overview, 4, 204–5
example of, 200
health-care costs, 200–203, 205
layoffs, 80, 90–91
San Francisco’s capture of, 203–4
false trade-offs (employee health for profits), 95–98, 193–94, 206–7, 210–11, 213
Families USA, 201
family, value of, 39, 187–88. See also work-family conflict
family-to-work interference, 139–40
farmers in India committing suicide, 10
feedback effects from layoffs, 86–87
Fiamma, 10–11
financial stress. See economic insecurity
Finland, 77, 196
Fiverr employees, 14, 15
forced ranking practice, 162–63
Fortune’s Best Places to Work list, 12, 142
Foxconn, China, employee suicides, 9
France, 9, 120, 124
France Telecom employee suicides, 9
freelance workers, 14–15, 65–66
Friedman, Richard, 30
Gallup data, 31, 95, 124, 158, 160, 199
Gallup-Healthways surveys of well-being, 17
Gates Foundation, 62
General Electric (GE), 162–63, 170, 172, 177, 187–88
General Motors (GM), 21, 99
General Social Survey, 42, 43
Georgia, 202
Germany, 90
gig economy, 14–15
Glassdoor, 199
global issues in the workplace
overview, 26, 37–39
deaths from overwork, 118–21
effect of layoffs on the stock market, 83
failure to consider social environment, 23
increase in health-care costs, 28
jobs lost during the Recession, 69
mortality from layoffs, 74–75
social system performance, 209–10
suicides and unexpected deaths, 9–10, 38
WEC on the new world of work, 70
WHO on health as a human right, 24
work hours, 53, 124, 134, 135
workplace stress, 14
See also specific countries
GM (General Motors), 21, 99
Goh, Joel, 37. See also Pfeffer, Goh, and Zenios research project
Goodnight, Jim, 89
“Dublin Goes Dark,” 126
“optimize your life” program, 142–43
social support for employees, 165–66
government
effort to prevent offloading physically and psychologically damaged employees into public health and welfare system, 4
incentives for opening facilities in high unemployment areas, 172
neglect of workplace stress and its costs, 15–17
people considerations missing from public policy, 23–26
policies that hold companies responsible for consequences of their decisions, 193, 200–205
reducing exposure to secondhand smoke, 45
safety monitoring, 1, 11, 13–14, 24, 135, 192
survey of ACA results, 101–3
taking health insurance out of companies’ market share competition, 99–103
unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation systems, 203
Great Place to Work Institute, 198–99
guolaosi (death from overwork, China), 119–20
Halpert, Andrew, 155–56
Hamada, Kenji, 118
Hamel, Gary, 86
Hammer, Hali, 205
happiness, correlation with health, 27
health
and absence of health insurance, 93–94
Black Monday Syndrome, 13
consequences of layoffs, 65
correlation with happiness, 27
economic insecurity effect on, 70–71
effect of long work hours, 132–36
employee health as indicator of leaders’ values, 143–44, 186, 211–13
factors other than the workplace, 39–41
and health insurance, 104–8
as a human right, 24
as important outcome of employment, 189
and long work hours, 134–36
as a measure of well-being and social system effectiveness, 26–28
measuring well-being and, 193, 194–97
personal choices about health-relevant behaviors, 29–32, 50–51, 223n60
and preventive health screenings, 106–7
prioritizing human health, 194, 208–11
status as a special good, 60–61
wealthy countries’ tendency to improve environmental conditions for, 57–60, 58f, 59f
See also illness
health-care costs
administrative expenses, 33, 116
and caring for employees’ overall well-being, 18, 95–98, 191
companies shifting the burden to employees, 52–53
companies shifting the burden to society, 200–203, 205
comparison of US and comparable economies, 58–60, 59t
and employer treatment of employees, 34–35, 38, 53–56, 54t
evaluation of wellness program success based on, 28–32
factors other than workplace environment, 39–41
false trade-offs, 95–98, 193–94, 206–7, 210–11, 213
government-funded health care leads to consideration of workplace health, 25
macro-level focus on what to cover and costs of aging, 33–34
preventing employee move from low risk to high risk category, 62–64
and productivity losses from illness, 28–29, 63–64
reasons for increases globally, 28
health care on site, 113–15, 121, 164
health care system underperformance analysis, 32–35, 223n71
health effects of layoffs, 72–80
overview, 72–74, 76–78
layoffs and mortality, 74–76
unhealthy individual behaviors, 79–80
workplace violence related to, 78–79
health improvement programs, 28–32
health insurance
overview, 5, 115–17, 231n5
adverse selection effect, 111–12
bricklayer without health insurance, 92–93
CHIP program and Walmart employee dependents, 202
Collective Health support for employees, 96–97
cost increases, 100–101
and economic insecurity, 108–9
effect of being uninsured, 48–49, 49t, 54t, 55–56, 93–94, 104–9, 115
and employers, 94–98, 99–100, 101–3, 112–15
and job-lock, 110–12, 116
nonelderly defined, 231n5
preexisting condition discrimination, 109–10, 111–12
premiums include costs of uncompensated care, 201–3
putting off care due to costs, 95
and threat of layoffs, 72
underinsurance, 101
See also Affordable Care Act
health insurance marketplace, 93
Healthy Living program at PepsiCo, 31–32
Healthy People 2020 (DHHS), 24–25
Healthy San Francisco, 203–4
healthy workplaces, 146–68
overview, 146–47
caring for employees’ overall well-being, 17–19, 22–23, 95–98, 164–66, 193–94
choosing to work at, 173–74, 211–12
estimating the effects of workplace practices on health, 41–44
health insurance costs as motivation, 5
healthy personal behaviors related to, 29–32, 223n60
promoting good health at British Telecom, 22–23
and work hour choices, 126–27
See also creating healthy workplaces; human sustainability; job control; social support
heart disease
from experience of being bullied, 191–92
job control lowers incidence of, 147, 148–49
job loss and, 76–77
and long work hours, 134–35
and shift work, 125
social support vs., 161
Hewitt Human Capital Leadership Council, 5, 98–99
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, 128
Hewlett-Packard, 179
homicide victims in workplaces, 10–11
Hulu, 189
Human Capital Leadership Council, Hewitt, 5, 98–99
human resource professionals, 195
human rights laws and conventions, 26
human sustainability, 9–35
overview, 3
caring for employees’ overall well-being, 17–19, 22–23, 95–98, 164–66, 193–94
employer choices and health-care system performance, 32–35, 223n71
employers offering health care on site, 113–15
general failure to consider or report on, 15–17, 20–22, 23–26
health as a measure of well-being and social system effectiveness, 26–28
prioritizing human health, 194, 208–11
public policies’ failure to consider, 23–26
research on, 7–8
See also healthy workplaces; social support
hypertension to wages correlation, 34
illness
absenteeism caused by, 114, 149, 150, 196, 206
chronic diseases, 28, 55, 111, 190
companies paying their share of illnesses they create, 193, 200–205
effect on productivity, 28–29, 63–64
and employers’ health-care costs, 63
estimating effects of workplace exposures, 42–45, 47f, 48
as impetus to find a healthy workplace, 188
from layoffs, 73–74
and workaholism, 135
working while sick, 125, 187
workplace stress as biggest cause of chronic illness, 190
See also heart disease
immigrants’ susceptibility to overworking, 120
independent contractors, 14–15, 65–66
India, 10
Indiana University, 150
individual health-related choices
healthy choices, 29–32, 50–51, 223n60
unhealthy choices, 79–80, 128, 130, 131
See also alcohol and drug issues/addiction
inequality
pay gap justification, 130–31
in physician use in the US, 93
inertia in a toxic workplace, 176–77
informational social influence concept, 182–84, 188–89
innovation and layoffs, 85–86
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 104
international. See global issues in the workplace
International Labour Organization study of work hours and productivity, 137–38
investment banking work hours, 120–21
isolation as severe punishment, 161
Jacobs, Ken, 202
Japan, 83, 118–19, 135
job control
overview, 12, 157, 168
decreases in, 52
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
examples of individual autonomy, 154–57
harmful effect of lack of, 151–54
limiting factors, 157–59
measures of health and, 147–50
mortality rate from lack of, 48–49, 49t, 150
and productivity, 152, 157
job insecurity
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56, 63
mortality rate from, 48–49, 49t, 150
job-lock, 110–12, 116
job loss, positive effects of, 72–73
job performance pressure, 68
Johnson, Christy, 16–17
just-in-time worker scheduling, 66–68
Kaiser Family Foundation, 100, 108, 232n6
Kalleberg, Arne, 69
karoshi (death from overwork, Japan), 118–19
Katz, Lawrence, 66
Kenney, Ralph, 50–51
knowing-doing gap, 207
Krueger, Alan, 66
labor market
and company location decisions, 171–72
compensating differentials, 175
distortions from job-lock and adverse selection, 112, 116
female participation decrease in the US, 144
labor sorting and matching, 110
revealed preferences, 174–75
Landmark Health, 126, 155
law firm employees, 30
law practice work hours, 121
layoffs
alternatives to, 87–90
and company’s economic performance, 80–87
employees’ perception of risk of, 69–70
externalization of social costs, 80, 90–91
feedback effects, 86–87
and innovation, 85–86
and mortality, 65, 74–76
poor health resulting from, 76–78
and productivity, 84–85
profitability and stock price, 83–84
See also economic insecurity; health effects of layoffs
learned helplessness, 151–52
learning/adaptive process, 152–53
leisure time as marker of social class vs. long work hours as a status symbol, 128–29
Let My People Go Surfing (Chouinard), 143, 155
life satisfaction
health-care costs related to, 34–35
losing meaning in life for mission of company, 185–87
“optimize your life” program at Google, 142–43
as social system function indicator, 27
life span inequality, 60–62
Lincoln Electric, Cleveland, Ohio, 88–89
long-hours culture, 125–27
Loveman, Gary, 67
Lyft drivers, 14, 15
lying to deal with role conflict, 140
Mackey, John, 208–9
management practices
caring for employees’ overall well-being, 17–19, 22–23, 95–98, 164–66
layoffs, 78
and self-enhancement motivation, 158–59, 179
See also toxic management practices
Manitoba Longitudinal Study of Aging, 195–96
markets and market pricing, 200–205
Marmot, Sir Michael, 26, 60, 147–49
Medicaid, 202
medical debt and economic insecurity, 108–9
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey—Household Component data, 53–54
Medicare, health outcomes of uninsured vs., 107–8
MEDLINE database, 43–44
Men’s Warehouse, 174
mental health
depression, 11–12, 79–80, 136, 153, 191–92
and experience of being bullied, 191–92
forced ranking systems vs., 162–63
as impetus to find a healthy workplace, 188
isolation as severe punishment, 161
and job control, 150, 151
and layoffs, 72, 79
and long work hours, 135–36
of managers assigned to enact layoffs, 78
self-reporting as a measure, 44, 195–97
support for, at British Telecom, 22–23
and work-family conflict, 140
Merrill Lynch, 9
metabolic syndrome, 149
Mexican-origin adults, 192
Milstein, Arnold, 99
mobile medical facility, Silicon Valley, 121
morality and ethics, 7, 26, 67, 209–11
morbidity. See illness
mortality
and absence of health insurance, 93–94, 104–8
comparison of US and comparable economies, 57–58, 58f
death benefits program at Google, 165–66
deaths from overwork, 9, 39, 118–23
economic insecurity and unemployment as causes, 68
education/race of employees and life expectancy, 61–62
estimating effects of workplace exposures, 42–45, 47f, 48–50, 49t
factors other than workplace environment, 39–41
individual choices leading to, 50–51
and job control, 48–49, 49t, 150
and layoffs, 65, 74–76
self-reported health status as predictor of, 196
and Soviet Union dissolution, 26–27
See also suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths
narratives about toxic workplaces, 181–82, 184–87, 188
National Business Group on Health, 115
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 13–14, 24, 135
New England Journal of Medicine, 101
news producer work hours, 132, 133, 138–39
New Yorker magazine, 15
New York Times, 30
New Zealand, 74
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 13–14, 24, 135
nonelderly defined, 231n5
normalizing toxicity, 182–84
nun in Washington, DC, 212–13
Obamacare. See Affordable Care Act
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 1, 11
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
chart of productivity to hours spent working, 137
use of self-reported health statistics, 196–97
on US health-care costs vs. results, 33, 223n71
on-demand economy, 65–66. See also economic insecurity
O’Neill, Olivia, 130–31
One Medical, 185–86
on site health care, 113–15, 121, 164
“optimize your life” program at Google, 142–43
O'Reilly, Charles, 130–31
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. See OECD
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 1, 11
Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, 34
Patagonia
family-oriented benefits, 126, 141
health-care for all employees, 95–96
“management by absence,” 154–55
measuring turnover to identify problems, 194
sense of community at, 167
peer influence on alcohol and drug issues, 40–41
Pencavel, John, 137
Pennsylvania, 75
PepsiCo’s Healthy Living program, 31–32
performance. See productivity
Pfeffer, Goh, and Zenios research project
overview, 37–38, 225n19
on effects of workplace practices on health-care costs, 53–56, 54t
estimating health effects of workplace exposures, 42–45, 46f, 47f, 48
estimating mortality related to workplace exposures, 48–53, 49t
on health inequality, 61–62
and inevitability of a health toll, 56–60, 58f, 59f
on mortality related to economic insecurity and unemployment, 68
physical health
and job control, 149, 150, 151
and layoffs, 72
self-reported physical health, 42–45, 195–97
See also illness
politicians and cash vs. health trade-off, 213
Portugal, 86
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 2, 173, 188
preexisting condition discrimination, 109–10, 111–12
pregnancy, maternity leave, and the workplace, 12–13
prevention of health toll, 56–60, 58f, 59f
productivity
and job control, 152, 157
and labor markets, 110
and layoffs, 84–85
and long work hours, 129–30, 131–32, 136–38
selfless sacrifice for a cause, 186–87
profits
false trade-offs (employee health for profits), 95–98, 193–94, 206–7, 210–11, 213
and layoffs, 84
profit-sharing incentive plan in lieu of layoffs, 88–89
valuing employees in terms of, 6
pro-life policies for employees, 7
psychological well-being
downward trend in workplaces, 38–39
and health care costs, 54t, 55–56
mechanisms linking stress to health, 51–52
and work environment, 30–31, 48–49, 49t, 223n60
See also mental health
psychosocial risks in toxic workplaces, 3–4, 24, 25–26, 210–11. See also workplace stress
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 2, 173, 188
public costs of privately created workplace stress, 4, 200–205
public policy. See government
race-based discrimination, 192
RAND Corporation wellness program evaluation, 28, 32
rationalizations for staying in a toxic workplace, 181–82, 184–87, 188
rat race dynamic, 131
recessions of 2000 and 2007–2008
employers’ market share competition leads to employee benefit cost cuts, 100–103
jobs lost during, 69
and US airline industry, 82
workplace suicides during, 10
revealed preferences, 174–75
role overload and role conflict, 139, 140
Safeway, 19, 20–21, 29–30
Salesforce.com, 12–13, 176–77
San Francisco, California, capture of externalized costs, 203–5
SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board), 199
SAS Institute, 89, 164
Sears, 123–24
self-enhancement motivation, 158–59, 179
self-esteem as weapon of toxic workplaces, 177–80, 189
selfless sacrifice for a cause, 186–87
self-reported health, 42–45, 46f, 48, 195–97
Sen, Amartya, 26, 175
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 87–88
Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, 39
shift work
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
increase in demand, 53
mortality rate from, 48–49, 49t, 125
sickness. See illness
Silicon Valley, 121, 179
Sisters of Mercy nun in Washington, DC, 212–13
sleep deprivation, 124, 132, 133
social environment
degradation with toxic management practices, 7–8
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
lack of concern for, 15–17, 20–22, 23
social pollution, 3, 7–8, 23, 140, 198–99
social system performance indicators, 209–11
See also externalization of social costs
social influence, 40–41, 182–84, 188–89
social support
overview, 4, 160–61
culture of community, 166–68
eliminating toxic practices, 161–63
for everyone, with or without difficulties, 163–66
social networks and health, 40
See also human sustainability
Southwest Airlines, 88, 164, 168, 174
Soviet Union dissolution, unexpected deaths related to, 26–27
stack/forced ranking practice, 162–63
Stanford University, 6, 31
Statistics Canada, 14
stimulants, 2, 30, 133, 170
stock price and layoffs, 83–84
stress
and cortisol levels, 52
pervasive and ongoing nature of, 189
from role overload and role conflict, 139
social support vs., 161
See also workplace stress
“Stress in America” report (American Psychological Association), 1
Strully, Kate, 76
subjective well-being indicator, 27
suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths
attributable to layoffs, 74
excess deaths in the US, 57–60, 58f, 59f, 94, 104–8
from overwork, 118–22
and rat race dynamic, 131
workplace stress related, 9–10, 38
See also mortality
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 199
sustainability movement, 19–21. See also environmental sustainability; human sustainability
Sweden, 74–75, 150
Swisscom, 10
technology industry, 121, 127–28, 146
Tetlock, Philip, 210
texting and work hours, 122–24
Thomas, Joseph, 9
Till, Chris, 16
Ton, Zeynep, 206
Total Worker Health Program (NIOSH), 24
toxic management practices
overview, 3, 36–37, 193
capricious demands and random punishments, 151–53
employers’ costs, 62–64
as fifth leading cause of death in the US, 49–50
ignoring role of workplace environments, 192–93
micromanagement, 153–54
neglect of workplace stress and its costs, 15–17
stack/forced ranking, 162–63
toxic workplaces, 36–64
overview, 36–38, 43–44, 64
bullying, 134, 146, 191
calling out “social polluters” to create change, 193, 198–99
conditions for leaving, 187–88
cost to employers, 62–64
death from overwork, 118–22
depression from, 11–12
education/race of employees and life expectancy, 61–62
effect on employees, 3, 37–39
effect on health-care costs, 53–56, 54t
employees’ belief they can rise above the problems, 144–45
and employees’ health-related decisions, 29–32, 41–44, 223n60
employer costs related to, 62–64
horror stories, 36
increasing deterioration, 5
and inequality in life spans, 60–62
managers promoted without people skills, 154
mortality related to, 48–53, 49t
odds ratios comparing effect of workplace conditions to secondhand smoke, 44–45, 46f, 47f, 48, 56
prevention of health toll, 56–60, 58f, 59f
psychosocial risks in, 3–4, 24, 25–26, 210–11
support for workaholism, 179–80
taking baggage with you, 188
workplace violence in, 10–11, 13, 78–79
See also suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths; workplace stress
toxic workplaces, reasons for staying in, 169–89
overview, 170
alternative narratives and self-perception, 184–87
Amazon.com as, 169–70
commitment to decision to accept the job, 180–82
company pokes at individual’s pride and ego, 177–80
company prestige and interesting work, 172–74
economics, 171–72
employees unaware of working conditions theory, 174–75
inertia, 176–77
mission supersedes self-care, 185–86
toxicity becomes normalized, 182–84, 188
Toyota, 88
Trader Joe’s, 206
transactional approach to workforce, 163–64
turnover in the workplace, 13
Uber, 9, 123, 162, 185
Uchino, Bert, 161
Uchitelle, Louis, 69
underinsurance, 101
unemployment
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
as fertile ground for companies looking for cheap labor, 171–72
increase in use of alcohol and/or drugs, 79–80
mortality rate from, 48–49, 49t
research on, 43–44
unemployment insurance system, 203
unexpected deaths. See suicides, unexpected deaths, and excess deaths
unfairness in the workplace, 54t, 55–56
unhealthy workplaces. See toxic workplaces
uninsured, effect of being, 48–49, 49t, 54t, 55–56, 93–94, 104–9, 115
UnitedHealth survey, 167–68
United Kingdom, 25, 134
United States
deaths from overwork, 121–22
excess deaths of the uninsured, 94, 104–8
health care access and outcomes compared to other advanced countries, 93, 97–98, 99–100
health-related productivity losses, 39, 63–64
as outlier in health-care expenditures to excess deaths, 57–60, 58f, 59f
toxic management practices as fifth leading cause of death, 49–50
underperformance of health care system, 32–35, 223n71
work-family conflict, 143–44
work hours in, 121–24
work-related deaths in, 38
universal health care as means to remove health care from market share competition, 99–100
Urban Institute, 104
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2020, 24–25
U.S. Post Office mail carrier’s mass shooting, 11
Vaccari, Dina, 179
volunteer opportunities for employees, 167–68
Wagner, Hap, 86–87
Waldman, David, 122
Walmart
company costs passed on to general public, 201–2
effect of low wages on employees, 34–35
environmental sustainability goals, 21–22
in-store health-care delivery, 207
pick your own hours system for workers, 67
trade-off of employee health for profits, 206
Wasielewski, Heather, 155
Watami Food Service, Japan, 9–10
WebMD, 1
WEC (World Employment Confederation), 70
WEF (World Economic Forum) report on health-care spending for chronic diseases, 28
Welch, Jack, 162
well-being measures, 197
wellness programs, 28–32, 142–43
white-collar vs. blue-collar work, 1
Whitehall Studies, Britain, 147–49
WHO. See World Health Organization
Whole Foods Market, 67, 89, 143, 208–9
Wildlife Habitat Council, 21
Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey, 149–50
women in the labor market, 144, 150
workaholism, 135, 179–80
Worker Productivity Index and employees’ health risks, 64
workers’ compensation costs, 63
workers’ compensation insurance system, 203
work-family conflict, 138–45
and long work hours, 133–34
and mental health, 140
news producer quits his job, family is happy, 132, 138–39
role overload and role conflict, 139, 140
solutions to, 141
US approach to, 143–44
“war for talent” as moderating force, 141–44
work hours, 118–38
company choices and firm-level differences, 125–27
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
employees falsifying hours worked, 130
gender differences and pay gap justification, 130–31
as global issue, 53
as indicator of dedication, 129, 131
as indicator of value and toughness, 127–29
just-in-time worker scheduling, 66–68
long and irregular work hours harm health, 132–36
measuring effect of, 197
and productivity, 129–30, 131–32, 136–38
restrictions on, 134
shift work, 48–49, 49t, 53, 54t, 55–56, 125
and sleep deprivation, 124, 132, 133
and social influence making long hours normal, 184
in United States, 121–24
vacation not taken, 124–25, 131
working while sick, 125
work output vs., 129–30
See also shift work
workplace environments
overview, 3–4, 191–93, 193–94
discrimination, 192
effect on human sustainability, 8
measures of, 197
potential for harm, 36–39
reasons for studying, 5–8
on site health care, 113–15, 121, 164
See also healthy workplaces; toxic workplaces
workplace safety and physical environment, 1, 11, 13–14, 24, 135, 192
workplace stress
Attributable Fractions study, 38
as biggest cause of chronic illness, 190
causes of, 12
in China, 119–20
cortisol and stress, 52
costs, 2, 13–14
death from overwork, 118–22
from economic insecurity, 70–71, 72
effect on health-care costs, 54t, 55–56
employer efforts to disguise with lavish perks, 146
horror stories, 2, 9, 14–15
job performance pressure, 68
management and government neglect of, 15–17, 23
mass shootings related to, 10–11
mechanisms linking stress to health, 51–52
and metabolic syndrome, 149
mortality rate from, 48–49, 49t
normalization of, 15, 182–84, 188
and personal choices about health-relevant behaviors, 29–32, 50–51, 223n60
from schedule unpredictability, 67
stack/forced ranking systems, 162–63
statistics, 1, 13–14
suicides and unexpected deaths attributable to, 9–10, 38
transactional approach to workforce, 163–64
work-environment effects, 30–31
and work hours, 120–21, 134
See also economic insecurity; toxic workplaces; work hours
workplace violence, 10–11, 13, 78–79
work-to-family interference, 139–40
World Database of Happiness, 27
World Economic Forum (WEF) report on health-care spending for chronic diseases, 28
World Employment Confederation (WEC), 70
World Happiness Report, 209
World Health Organization (WHO)
comparative risk assessment methods, 39
on measures of health, 60–61
recognizing health as a human right, 24
Xilinx, 88
Zenios, Stefanos, 37. See also Pfeffer, Goh, and Zenios research project
Zillow Group, 126, 155
Zimmerman, Eilene, 121, 123, 173
Zurich Insurance Group, 10