Introduction
1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Commonly Used Statistics, www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.html.
2. “Causes of Stress,” WebMD, www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress.
3. “Stress in America,” American Psychological Association, February 4, 2015, www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2014/stress-report.pdf.
4. Douglas LaBier, “Another Survey Shows the Continuing Toll of Workplace Stress,” Psychology Today, April 23, 2014, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-new-resilience/201404/another-survey-shows-the-continuing-toll-work place-stress.
5. Rita Pyrillis, “Employers Missing the Point of Rising Employee Stress,” Workforce, March/April 2017, 18.
6. LaBier, “Another Survey.”
7. See, for instance, J. Combs, Y. Liu, A. Hall, and D. Ketchen, “How Much Do High-Performance Work Practices Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Their Effects on Organizational Performance,” Personnel Psychology, 59 (2006): 501–28; and Jody Hoffer Gittell, Rob Seidner, and Julian Wimbush, “A Relational Model of How High-Performance Work Systems Work,” Organization Science, 21 (2009): 490–506.
8. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Competitive Advantage Through People (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994); and Jeffrey Pfeffer, The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998).
9. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Leadership BS: Fixing Workplaces and Careers One Truth at a Time (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), Introduction.
10. Doug Lederman, “412 Stanford Layoffs,” Inside Higher Ed, September 3, 2009, www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2009/09/03/412-stanford-layoffs.
11. Stanford University Report, letter from Provost John Etchemendy, March 5, 2003, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/march5/freezeletter-35.html.
12. “Mausoleum’s Heritage Oak Tree to Be Removed in March,” Stanford University News Service, News Release, February 23, 1993, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/93/930223Arc3393.html.
13. Eric Van Susteren, “Stanford Cuts Down Oak Tree at Soccer Stadium,” August 7, 2013, www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2013/08/07/stanford-cuts-down-oak-tree-at-soccer-stadium.
14. Pfeffer, The Human Equation, Introduction.
15. “An Inconvenient Truth,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth.
16. Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Building Sustainable Organizations: The Human Factor,” Academy of Management Perspectives, 24 (2010): 34–45.
Chapter 1: Management Decisions and Human Sustainability
1. Carolyn Said, “Suicide of an Uber Engineer: Widow Blames Job Stress,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 2017, www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Suicide-of-an-Uber-engineer-widow-blames-job-11095807.php.
2. Caroline O’Donovan and Priya Anand, “How Uber’s Hard-Charging Corporate Culture Left Employees Drained,” BuzzFeed, July 17, 2017, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/how-ubers-hard-charging-corporate-culture-left-employees.
3. David Jolly, “Critics Exploit Telecom Suicides, Ex-Executive Says,” New York Times, April 1, 2010.
4. David Barboza, “String of Suicides Continues at Electronics Supplier in China,” New York Times, May 25, 2010.
5. “Tom Sykes, “Did Bank of America Merrill Lynch Intern Moritz Erhardt Die of Stress?” Daily Beast, November 22, 2013, www.thedailybeast.com/did-bank-of-america-merrill-lynch-intern-moritz-erhardt-die-of-stress.
6. Cara Clegg, “Five Things that Keep Japanese People Chained to Their Jobs,” SoraNews24, August 26, 2013, http://rocketnews24.com/2013/08/26/five-things-that-keep-japanese-people-chained-to-their-jobs.
7. Akash Kapur, “Letter from India: Agriculture Left to Die at India’s Peril,” New York Times, January 29, 2010.
8. Eve Tahmincioglu, “Workplace Suicides in the U.S. on the Rise,” NBCNews.com, June 1, 2010, www/nbcnews.com/id/37402529/ns/buisness-careers/t/workplace-suicides-us-rise/.
9. See, for instance, the studies summarized in J. Paul Leigh, “Raising the Minimum Wage Could Improve Public Health,” Economic Policy Institute, July 28, 2016, www.epi.org/blog/raising-the-minimum-wage-could-improve-public-health/.
10. Jeroen Ansink, “C-Suite Suicides: When Exec Life Becomes a Nightmare,” Fortune, September 10, 2013, http://fortune.com/2013/09/10/c-suite-suicides-when-exec-life-becomes-a-nightmare/.
11. Christine Hauser, “Five Killed in Orlando Workplace Shooting, Officials Say,” June 5, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2rL70pX.
12. “Workplace Violence,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_violence.
13. Ibid.
14. Bryce Covert, “Getting Murdered at Work Is Incredibly Common in the U.S.,” ThinkProgress, August 26, 2015, http://thinkprogress.org/getting-murdered-at-work-is-incredibly-common-in-the-u-s-4caf76dfe4cb.
15. L. H. Tsoi, S. Y. Ip, and L. K. Poon, “Monday Syndrome: Using Statistical and Mathematical Models to Fine-tune Services in an Emergency Department,” Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18 (2011): 150–54.
16. “Workplace Stress,” American Institute of Stress, www.stress.org/work place-stress/.
17. Sharon Jayson, “Bad Bosses Can Be Bad for Your Health,” USA Today, August 5, 2012.
18. Annual surveys of stress in Australia are reported by the Australian Psychological Society. See, for instance, “Australians’ Stress Levels Remain High, Survey Reveals,” https://www.psychology.org/au/inpsych/2014/deceember/npw.
19. Jeff Cottrill, “Putting Stress on Stress,” OHS Canada, April 22, 2015, www.ohscanada.com/features/putting-stress-on-stress/.
20. www.workstress.net/sites/default/files/stress.pdf.
21. Devin Fidler, “Work, Interrupted: The New Labor Economics of Platforms,” Institute for the Future, November 2016. Quote is from p. 4.
22. Erika Fry and Nicolas Rapp, “Sharing Economy: This Is the Average Pay at Lyft, Uber, Airbnb and More,” Fortune, June 27, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/06/27/average-pay-lyft-uber-airbnb/.
23. Jia Tolentino, “The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death,” New Yorker, March 22, 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death.
24. Michael Quinlan, Claire Mayhew, and Philip Bohle, “The Global Expansion of Precarious Employment, Work Disorganization, and Consequences for Occupational Health: A Review of Recent Research,” Globalization and Occupational Health, 31 (2001): 335–414. Quote is from p. 335.
25. Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “Workplace Practices and Health Outcomes: Focusing Health Policy on the Workplace,” Behavioral Science and Policy, 1 (2015), 43-52.
26. Personal e-mail from Professor Dame Carol Black, May 4, 2015.
27. Douglas R. Stover and Jade Wood, “Most Company Wellness Programs Are a Bust,” Gallup Business Journal, February 4, 2015, www.gallup.com/businessjournal/181481/company-wellness-programs-bust.aspx.
28. “Aetna’s ‘Social Compact’ Continues to Support Employees,” Aetna News, https://news.aetna.com/2017/01/aetnas-social-compact-continues-support-employees/.
29. David Gelles, “At Aetna, A C.E.O.’s Management by Mantra,” New York Times, February 27, 2015, https://nyti.ms/1JVrksM.
30. Bob Chapman and Raj Sisodia, Everybody Matters: The Extraordinary Power of Caring for Your People Like Family (New York: Portfolio, 2015).
31. See, for instance, John Mackey and Rajendra Sisodia, Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013); and Rajendra Sisodia, Jagdish N. Sheth, and David Wolfe, Firms of Endearment: How World-Class Companies Profit from Passion and Purpose, 2nd Ed. (New York: Pearson FT Press), 2014.
32. There was extensive media coverage of this dispute because the United States and Asian countries such as China strenuously objected. For one relevant article, see Mark Schapiro, “Green War in the Skies: Can Europe Make U.S. Planes Pay for Pollution?” Atlantic, October 5, 2011.
33. http://gmsustainability.com; search done on October 21, 2014.
34. “Sustainability: Enhancing Sustainability of Operations and Global Value Chains,” Walmart, http://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/environmental-sustainability.
35. Ibid.
36. Larry W. Beeferman, Director, Pensions and Capital Stewardship Project, Harvard Law School, “Memo RE: Incorporating Labor and Human Rights and Human Capital Risks into Investment Decisions: Conference and Research/Action Agenda,” August 12, 2008.
37. www.btplc.com/Responsiblebusiness/ourstory/sustainabilityreport/report/Bbus/G2W/health.aspx.
38. Louise C. O’Keefe, Kathleen C. Brown, and Becky J. Christian, “Policy Perspectives on Occupational Stress,” Workplace Health and Safety, 62 (2014): 432–38.
39. For a review, see Steven L. Sauter, Lawrence R. Murphy, and Joseph J. Hurrell Jr., “Prevention of Work-Related Psychological Disorders: A National Strategy Proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), American Psychologist, 45 (1990): 1146–58.
40. “What Is Total Worker Health?” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, www.cdc.gov/niosh/twh/totalhealth.html.
41. O’Keefe, et al., “Policy Perspectives,” 432.
42. Personal communication from Professor Dame Carol Black, May 4, 2015.
43. Robert Kerr, Marie McHugh, and Mark McCrory, “HSE Management Standards and Stress-Related Work Outcomes,” Occupational Medicine, 59 (2009): 574–79.
44. Health and Safety Executive, Annual Statistics Report for Great Britain, 2012-2013.
45. Jeff Hilgert, “A New Frontier for Industrial Relations: Workplace Health and Safety as a Human Right,” in James A. Gross and Lance Compa, eds., Human Rights in Labor and Employment Relations: International and Domestic Perspectives (Champaign, IL: Labor and Employment Relations Association, 2009), 43–71.
46. Michael Marmot, The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004), p. 247.
47. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
48. Ibid., 196. See Chapter 8 for an interesting discussion of this phenomenon.
49. Marmot, The Status Syndrome, p. 191.
50. See, for instance, Ed Diener, “Subjective Well-Being: The Science of Happiness and a Proposal for a National Index,” American Psychologist, 55 (2000): 34–43.
51. Noreen E. Mahon, Adela Yarcheski, and Thomas J. Yarcheski, “Happiness as Related to Gender and Health in Early Adolescents,” Clinical Nursing Research, 14 (2005): 175–90.
52. Midge N. Ray, Kenneth G. Saag, and Jeroan J. Allison, “Health and Happiness Among Older Adults: A Community-Based Study,” Journal of Health Psychology, 14 (2009): 503–12.
53. J. F. Helliwell, “How’s Life? Combining Individual and National Variations to Explain Subjective Wellbeing,” Economic Modelling, 20 (2003): 331–60.
54. World Database of Happiness: Archive of Research Findings on Subjective Enjoyment of Life (Rotterdam, Netherlands: Erasmus University), http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
55. Elena Cottini and Claudio Lucifora, “Mental Health and Working Conditions in Europe,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 66 (2014): 958–82. Quote is from p. 958.
56. The World Economic Forum, Working Towards Wellness: The Business Rationale.
57. S. Mattke, H. Liu, J. P. Caloyeras, C. Y. Huang, K. R. Van Busum, D. Khodyakov, and V. Shier, “Workplace Wellness Programs Study: Final Report” (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2013).
58. Katie Thomas, “Companies Get Strict on Health of Workers,” New York Times, March 25, 2013.
59. G. Bensinger, “Corporate Wellness, Safeway Style,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 4, 2009.
60. There is an enormous literature on the effects of job conditions on individual health-related behaviors. See, for instance, M. Harris and M. Fennell, “A Multivariate Model of Job Stress and Alcohol Consumption,” Sociological Quarterly, 29 (1988): 391–406; A. Kouvonen, M. Kivimaki, M. Virtanen, J. Pentti, and J. Vahtera, “Work Stress, Smoking Status, and Smoking Intensity: An Observational Study of 46,190 Employees,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59 (2005): 63–69; and N. Nishitani and H. Sakakibara, “Relationship of Obesity to Job Stress and Eating Behavior in Male Japanese Workers,” International Journal of Obesity, 30 (2006): 528–33.
61. Eilene Zimmerman, “The Lawyer, the Addict,” New York Times, July 15, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/07/15/business/lawyers-addiction-mental-health.html.
62. Richard A. Friedman, “What Cookies and Meth Have in Common,” New York Times, June 30, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2usEBTH.
63. Watson Wyatt Worldwide, “Building an Effective Health and Productivity Framework: 2007/2008,” Staying@Work Report.
64. Leonard L. Berry, Ann M. Mirabito, and William B. Baun, “What’s the Hard Return on Employee Wellness Programs?” Harvard Business Review, 88, no. 12 (2010): 104–12.
65. Douglas R. Stover and Jade Wood, “Most Company Wellness Programs Are a Bust,” Gallup Business Journal, February 4, 2015, www.gallup.com/businessjournal/181481/company-wellness-programs-bust.aspx.
66. Katherine Baicker, David Cutler, and Zirui Song, “Workplace Wellness Programs Can Generate Savings,” Health Affairs, 29 (2010): 304–11. Quote is from p. 304.
67. Al Lewis, Vik Khanna, and Shana Montrose, “Workplace Wellness Produces No Savings,” http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/11/25/workplace-wellness-produces-no-savings/.
68. John P. Caloyeras, Hangsheng Liu, Ellen Exum, Megan Broderick, and Soeren Mattke, “Managing Manifest Diseases, But Not Health Risks, Saved PepsiCo Money over Seven Years,” Health Affairs, 33 (2014): 124–31. Quote is from p. 124.
69. Mattke, et al., “Workplace Wellness Programs Study.”
70. Ralph L. Keeney, “Personal Decisions Are the Leading Cause of Death,” Operations Research, 56 (2008): 1335–47.
71. The OECD publishes extensive health data that it updates annually and makes statistical tables as well as raw data available on its website, www.oecd.org, Health at a Glance, 2015.
72. See, for instance, S. Woolhandler and D. Himmelstein, “The Deteriorating Administrative Efficiency of the US Health Care System,” New England Journal of Medicine, 324 (1991): 1253–58.
73. See, for instance, J. Wennberg, E. Fisher, L. Baker, S. Sharp, and K. Bronner, “Evaluating the Efficiency of California Providers in Caring for Patients with Chronic Illness,” Health Affairs, 24 (2005): 526–43; and Y. Ozcan and R. Luke, “A National Study of the Efficiency of Hospitals in Urban Markets,” Health Services Research, 27 (1993): 719–39.
74. J. Paul Leigh and Juan Du, “Are Low Wages Risk Factors for Hypertension?” European Journal of Public Health, 22 (2012): 854–59.
Chapter 2: The Enormous Toll of Toxic Workplaces
1. J. Paul Leigh, “Economic Burdens of Occupational Injury and Illness in the United States,” Millbank Quarterly, 89 (2011): 728–72. Quote is from p. 729.
2. Kyle Steenland, Carol Burnett, Nina Lalich, Elizabeth Ward, and Joseph Hurrell, “Dying for Work: The Magnitude of US Mortality from Selected Causes of Death Associated with Occupation,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43 (2009): 461–82.
3. “Psychological Wellbeing Boosts Productivity,” Occupational Health News (Thomson Reuters), Issue 1088, November 12, 2014.
4. “Demedicalize Disgruntled Worker Claims or They’ll Get Worse,” Occupational Health News (Thomson Reuters), Issue 1089, November 19, 2014.
5. Soeren Mattke, Aruna Balakrishnan, Giacomo Bergamo, and Sydne J. Newberry, “A Review of Methods to Measure Health-related Productivity Loss,” American Journal of Management Care, 13 (2007): 211–17. Quote is from p. 211.
6. “Death from Overwork in China,” China Labour Bulletin, August 11, 2006, www.clb.org/hk/en/content/death-overwork-china.
7. Deborah Imel Nelson, Marisol Concha-Barrientos, Timothy Driscoll, Kyle Steenland, Marilyn Fingerhut, Laura Punnett, Annette Pruss-Ustun, James Leigh, and Carlos Corvalan, “The Global Burden of Selected Occupational Diseases and Injury Risks: Methodology and Summary,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48 (2005): 400–418.
8. John Daly, “Stress Accounts for 60% of All Lost Days in the Workplace,” Irish Examiner, October 9, 2015, www.irishexaminer.com/business/stress-accounts-for-60-of-all-lost-days-in-the-workplace-358497.html.
9. Theodore J. Litman, “The Family as a Basic Unit in Health and Medical Care: A Social Behavioral Overview,” Social Science and Medicine, 8 (1974): 495–519.
10. Stephen Birch, Michael Jerrett, Kathi Wilson, Michael Law, Susan Elliott, and John Eylers, “Heterogeneities in the Production of Health: Smoking, Health Status, and Place,” Health Policy, 72 (2005): 301–10.
11. Christopher R. Browning and Kathleen A. Cagney, “Neighborhood Structural Disadvantage, Collective Efficacy, and Self-Rated Physical Health in an Urban Setting,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43 (2002): 383–99.
12. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network Over 12 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine, 357 (2007): 370–79.
13. Brian Borsari and Kate B. Carey, “Peer Influences on College Drinking: A Review of the Research,” Journal of Substance Abuse, 13 (2001): 391–424.
14. Justin C. Strickland and Mark A. Smith, “The Effects of Social Contact on Drug Use: Behavioral Mechanisms Controlling Drug Intake,” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22 (2014): 23–34. Quote is from p. 23.
15. Ellen Wright Clayton, “Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Genomic Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, 349 (2003): 562–69.
16. For a recent review of this literature, see Daniel C. Ganster and Christopher C. Rosen, “Work Stress and Employee Health: A Multidisciplinary Review,” Journal of Management, 39 (2013): 1085–122.
17. There are scores of studies on this issue. See, for instance, T. Chandola, E. Brunner, and M. Marmot, “Chronic Stress at Work and the Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective Study,” British Medical Journal, 332 (2006): 521–525; and M. Kivimaki, P. Leino-Arjas, R. Luukkonen, H. Riihimai, J. Vahtera, and J. Kirjonen, “Work Stress and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study of Industrial Employees,” British Medical Journal, 325 (2002): 857–60.
18. See Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “The Relationship Between Workplace Stressors and Mortality and Health Costs in the United States,” Management Science, 62 (2016): 608-628.
19. The results of the meta-analyses described in this chapter have also been published as Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “Workplace Practices and Health Outcomes: Focusing Health Policy on the Workplace,” Behavioral Science and Policy, 1 (2015): 43-52.
20. See, for instance, M. Sverke, J. Hellgren, and K. Naswall, “No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and Its Consequences,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7 (2002): 242–64.
21. See A. Bannai and A. Tamakoshi, “The Association Between Long Working Hours and Health: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence,” Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 40 (2014): 5–18; and K. Sparks, C. Cooper, Y. Fried, and A. Shirom, “The Effects of Hours of Work on Health: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70 (1997): 391–408.
22. C. Viswesvaran, J. Sanchez, and J. Fisher, “The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54 (1999): 314–34.
23. See, for instance, M. Kivimaki, S. T. Nyberg, G. D. Batty, E. I. Fransson, K. Heikkila, I. Alfredsson, and T. Theorell, “Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data,” Lancet, 380 (2012): 1491–97.
24. E. L. Idler and Y. Benyamini, “Self-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-seven Community Studies,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38 (1997): 21–37.
25. For instance, see S. Miilunpalo, I. Vuon, P. Oja, M. Pasanen, and H. Urponen, “Self-Rated Health Status as a Health Measure: The Predictive Value of Self-reported Health Status on the Use of Physician Services and on Mortality in the Working-Age Population,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50 (1997): 517–28; and D. L. McGee, Y. Liao, G. Cao, and R. S. Cooper, “Self-Reported Health Status and Mortality in a Multiethnic US Cohort,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 149 (1999): 41–46.
26. For an explanation of the calculation and interpretation of odds ratios, see www.biochemia-medica.com/content/odds-ratio-calculation-usage-and-interpretation.
27. Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “Workplace Stressors and Health Outcomes: Health Policy for the Workplace,” Behavioral Science and Policy, 1 (2015): 33–42.
28. “Deaths and Mortality,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm.
29. Much of this research is summarized in Michael Marmot, The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity (London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004).
30. A. Wilper, S. Woolhandler, K. Lasser, D. McCormich, D. Bor, and D. Himmelstein, “Health Insurance and Mortality in U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Public Health, 99 (2009): 2289–95.
31. Ralph L. Keeney, “Personal Decisions Are the Leading Cause of Death,” Operations Research, 56 (2008): 1335–47.
32. Paul A. Schulte, Gregory R. Wagner, Aleck Ostry, Laura A. Blanciforti, Robert G. Cutlip, Kristine M. Krajnak, Michael Luster, Albert E. Munson, James P. O’Callaghan, Christine G. Parks, Petia P. Simeonova, and Diane B. Miller, “Work, Obesity, and Occupational Safety and Health,” American Journal of Public Health, 97 (2007): 428–36.
33. Michael R. Frone, “Work Stress and Alcohol Use,” Alcohol Research and Health, 23 (1999): 284–91.
34. Anne Kouvonen, Mika Kivimaki, Marianna Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, and Jussi Vahtera, “Work Stress, Smoking Status, and Smoking Intensity: An Observational Study of 46,190 Employees,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59 (2005): 63–69.
35. Rajita Sinha, “Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to Addiction,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141 (2008): 105–30.
36. “Prolonged Exposure to Work-Related Stress Thought to Be Related to Certain Cancers,” ScienceDaily, January 17, 2017, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170117105044.htm.
37. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Dana Carney, “The Economic Evaluation of Time May Cause Stress,” Academy of Management Discoveries (in press).
38. See, for instance, S. S. Dickerson and M. E. Kemeny, “Acute Stressors and Cortisol Responses: A Theoretical Integration and Synthesis of Laboratory Research,” Psychological Bulletin, 130 (2004): 355–91; R. G. Reed and C. L. Raison, “Stress and the Immune System,” in C. Esser, ed., Environmental Influences on the Immune System (New York: Springer, 2016), 97–126; and S. E. Segerstrom and G. E. Miller, “Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry,” Psychological Bulletin, 130 (2004): 601–30.
39. Marmot, The Status Syndrome.
40. S. Jay Olshansky, Toni Antonucci, Lisa Berkman, Robert H. Binstock, Axel Boersch-Supan, John T. Cacioppo, Bruce A. Carnes, Laura L. Carstensen, Linda P. Fried, Dana P. Goldman, James Jackson, Martin Kohli, John Rother, Yuhui Zheng, and John Rowe, “Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up,” Health Affairs, 8 (2012): 1803–13.
41. Michael Marmot, “Social Determinants of Health Inequalities,” Lancet, 365 (2005): 1099–104.
42. Marmot, The Status Syndrome.
43. S. Anand, “The Concern for Equity in Health,” Journal of Epidemiological and Community Health, 56 (2002): 485–87.
44. E. E. Gakidou, C. J. L. Murray, and J. Frenk, “Defining and Measuring Health Inequality: An Approach Based on the Distribution of Health Expectancy,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (2000): 42–54. Quote is from p. 42.
45. See, for instance, Amy M. Christie and Julian Barling, “Disentangling the Indirect Links Between Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Dynamic Roles of Work Stressors and Personal Control,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (2009): 1466–78.
46. Jane C. Clougherty, Kerry Souza, and Mark R. Cullen, “Work and Its Role in Shaping the Social Gradient in Health,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186 (2010): 102–24. Quote is from p. 102.
47. Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “How Differences in Work Environments Help Account for Inequality in Lifespans,” Health Affairs, 34 (2015): 1761–68.
48. L. T. Yen, D. W. Edington, and P. Witting, “Associations Between Health Risk Appraisal Scores and Employee Medical Claims Costs in a Manufacturing Company,” American Journal of Health Promotion, 6 (1991): 46–54.
49. Dee Edington, “Helping Employees Stay Healthy Is a Good Investment,” Society for Human Resource Management, February 10, 2014, www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/dee-edington.aspx.
50. Alicia A. Grandey and Russell Cropanzano, “The Conservation of Resources Model Applied to Work-Family Conflict and Strain,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54 (1999): 350–70.
51. Antonio Chirumbolo and Johnny Hellgren, “Individual and Organizational Consequences of Job Insecurity: A European Study,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24 (2003): 217–40.
52. Shirley Musich, Deborah Napier, and D. W. Edington, “The Association of Health Risks with Workers’ Compensation Costs,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 43 (2001): 534–41.
53. W. N. Burton, D. J. Conti, C. Y. Chen, A. B. Schultz, and D. W. Edington, “The Role of Health Risk Factors and Disease on Worker Productivity,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41 (1999): 863–77.
54. Wayne N. Burton, Glenn Pransky, Daniel J. Conti, Cin-Yu Chen, and Dee W. Edington, “The Association of Medical Conditions and Presenteeism,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46 (2004): S38–S45.
55. Alyssa B. Schultz and Dee W. Edington, “Employee Health and Presenteeism: A Systematic Review,” Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 17 (2007): 547–79.
Chapter 3: Layoffs and Economic Insecurity
1. Michael Luo, “For Workers at Closing Plant, Ordeal Included Heart Attacks,” New York Times, February 25, 2010.
2. Michael Winerip, “Set Back by Recession, and Shut Out of Rebound, Older Workers Find Age Bias at Each Turn,” New York Times, August 27, 2013, B1.
3. James A. Evans, Gideon Kunda, and Stephen R. Barley, “Beach Time, Bridge Time, and Billable Hours: The Temporal Structure of Technical Contracting,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 49 (2004): 1–38.
4. Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015,” Working Paper #603 (Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section), September 2016. Quote is from p. 7.
5. Bryce Covert, “How Unpredictable Hours Are Screwing Up People’s Lives,” ThinkProgress, September 11, 2014, https://thinkprogress.org/how-unpredictable-hours-are-screwing-up-peoples-lives-6ebd2d393662.
6. Jonathan Rauch, “The Conservative Case for Unions,” Atlantic, July/August 2017, 15.
7. Lydia DePillis, “The Next Labor Fight Is over When You Work, Not How Much You Make,” Washington Post, May 9, 2015.
8. Christopher Nohe, Alexandra Michel, and Karlheinz Sonntag, “Family-Work Conflict and Job Performance: A Diary Study of Boundary Conditions and Mechanisms,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35 (2014): 339–57. Quote is from p. 339.
9. Joel Goh, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and Stefanos A. Zenios, “The Relationship Between Workplace Stressors and Mortality and Health Costs in the United States,” Management Science, 62 (2016): 608–28.
10. Arne L. Kalleberg, Good Jobs, Bad Jobs (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011). Quote is from p. 85.
11. Ibid., 100.
12. Louis Uchitelle, The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences (New York: Knopf, 2006).
13. Deepak K. Datta, James P. Guthrie, Dynah Basuil, and Alankrita Pandey, “Causes and Effects of Employee Downsizing: A Review and Synthesis,” Journal of Management, 36 (2010): 281–348.
14. Peter Cappelli, The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).
15. www.wecglobal.org/.
16. World Employment Confederation, The Future of Work: White Paper from the Employment Industry (Brussels, Belgium: September 2016).
17. P. Virtanen, U. Janiert, and A. Hammarstrom, “Exposure to Temporary Employment and Job Insecurity: A Longitudinal Study of Health Effects,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68 (2011): 570–74. Quote is from p. 570.
18. Anna-Karin Waenerlund, Pekke Virtanen, and Anne Hammarstrom, “Is Temporary Employment Related to Health Status? Analysis of the Northern Swedish Cohort,” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39 (2011): 533–39.
19. Minsoo Jung, “Health Disparities Among Wage Workers Driven by Employment Instability in the Republic of Korea,” International Journal of Health Services, 43 (2013): 483–98.
20. Magnus Sverke, Johnny Hellgren, and Katharina Naswall, “No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and Its Consequences,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7 (2002): 242–64.
21. Mel Bartley, “Job Insecurity and Its Effect on Health,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59 (2005): 718–19. Quote is from p. 719.
22. Eileen Y. Chou, Bidhan L. Parmar, and Adam D. Galinsky, “Economic Insecurity Increases Physical Pain,” Psychological Science, 27 (2016): 443–54.
23. Sepideh Modrek and Mark R. Cullen, “Job Insecurity During Recessions: Effects on Survivors’ Work Stress,” BMC Public Health, October 6, 2013, https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-929.
24. See, for instance, Mohamad Alameddine, Andrea Baumann, Audrey Laporte, and Raisa Deber, “A Narrative Review on the Effect of Economic Downturns on the Nursing Labour Market: Implications for Policy and Planning,” Human Resources for Health, 10 (2012), https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4491-10-23.
25. Ralph Catalano, Sidra Goldman-Mellor, Katherine Saxton, Claire Margerison-Zildo, Meenakshi Subbaraman, Kaja LeWinn, and Elizabeth Anderson, “The Health Effects of Economic Decline,” Annual Review of Public Health, 32 (2011): 431–50. Quote is from p. 432.
26. Ibid., 431.
27. Jane E. Ferrie, Hugo Westerlund, Marianna Virtanen, Jussi Vahtera, and Mika Kivimaki, “Flexible Labor Markets and Employee Health,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health, 34 (2008): 98–110.
28. Vera Keefe, Papaarangi Reid, Clint Ormsby, Bridget Robson, Gordon Purdie, Joanne Baxter, and Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated, “Serious Health Events Following Involuntary Job Loss in New Zealand Meat Processing Workers,” International Journal of Epidemiology, 31 (2002): 1155–61.
29. Marcus Eliason and Donald Storrie, “Does Job Loss Shorten Life?” Journal of Human Resources, 44 (2009): 277–301.
30. Margit Kriegbaum, Ulla Christensen, Rikke Lund, and Merete Osler, “Job Losses and Accumulated Number of Broken Partnerships Increase Risk of Premature Mortality in Danish Men Born in 1953,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51 (2009): 708–13.
31. Daniel Sullivan and Till von Wachter, “Mortality, Mass-Layoffs, and Career Outcomes: An Analysis Using Administrative Data,” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 13626, November 2007.
32. Kate W. Strully, “Job Loss and Health in the U.S. Labor Market,” Demography, 46 (2009): 221–46. Quote is from p. 233.
33. Ibid., 240.
34. Matthew E. Dupre, Linda K. George, Guangya Liu, and Eric D. Peterson, “The Cumulative Effect of Unemployment on Risks for Acute Myocardial Infarction,” Archives of Internal Medicine, 172 (2012): 1731–37.
35. Mika Kivimaki, Jussi Vahtera, Jaana Pentti, and Jane E. Ferrie, “Factors Underlying the Effect of Organisational Downsizing on Health of Employees: Longitudinal Cohort Study,” British Medical Journal, 320 (2000): 971–75.
36. Leon Grunberg, Sarah Moore, and Edward S. Greenberg, “Managers’ Reactions to Implementing Layoffs: Relationship to Health Problems and Withdrawal Behaviors,” Human Resource Management, 45 (2006): 159–78.
37. Matthew B. Stannard and Rachel Gordon, “2 Men, Woman Slain in Mountain View,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 15, 2008.
38. Joseph A. Kinney and Dennis L. Johnson, Breaking Point: The Workplace Violence Epidemic and What to Do About It (Charlotte, NC: National Safe Workplace Institute, 1993).
39. “Workplace Violence—Is It Getting Worse?” www.dailyhrtips.com/2010/10/01/hr-blog-workplace-violence/.
40. Ralph Catalano, Raymond W. Novaco, and William McConnell, “Layoffs and Violence Revisited,” Aggressive Behavior, 28 (2002): 233–47. Quote is from p. 235. The quote refers to an earlier study, R. Catalano, D. Dooley, R. Novaco, G. Wilson, and R. Hough, “Using ECA Survey Data to Examine the Effect of Job Layoffs on Violent Behavior,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44 (1993): 874–78.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 435.
43. U. Janlert and A. Hammarstrom, “Alcohol Consumption Among Unemployed Youths: Results from a Prospective Study,” British Journal of Addiction, 87 (1992): 703–14.
44. A. Hammarstrom, “Health Consequences of Youth Unemployment,” Public Health, 108 (1994): 403–12.
45. A. C. Merline, P. M. O’Malley, J. E. Schulenberg, J. G. Bachman, and L. D. Johnston, “Substance Use Among Adults 35 Years of Age: Prevalence, Adulthood Predictors, and Impact of Adolescent Substance Abuse,” American Journal of Public Health, 94 (2004): 96–102.
46. Janlert and Hammatstrom, “Alcohol Consumption.”
47. D. Dooley and J. Prause, “Underemployment and Alcohol Misuse in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth,” Journal of Studies of Alcohol, 59 (1998): 669–80.
48. Wayne F. Cascio, Responsible Restructuring (San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2002).
49. Art Budros, “The New Capitalism and Organizational Rationality: The Adoption of Downsizing Programs, 1979–1994,” Social Forces, 76 (1997): 229–50.
50. Art Budros, “Organizational Types and Organizational Innovation: Downsizing Among Industrial, Financial and Utility Firms,” Sociological Forum, 17 (2000): 307–42; and Art Budros, “Causes of Early and Later Organizational Adoption: The Case of Corporate Downsizing,” Sociological Inquiry, 74 (2004): 355–80.
51. See, for instance, C. L. Ahmadjian and P. Robinson, “Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in Japan,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 46 (2001): 622–54; and C. Tsai, S. Wuy, H. Wang, and I. Huang, “An Empirical Research on the Institutional Theory of Downsizing: Evidence from MNC’s Subsidiary Companies in Taiwan,” Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17 (2006): 633–54.
52. Dan L. Worrell, Wallace N. Davidson III, and Varinder M. Sharma, “Layoff Announcements and Stockholder Wealth,” Academy of Management Journal, 34 (1991): 662–78.
53. Robert D. Nixon, Michaell A. Hitt, Ho-uk Lee, and Eui Jeong, “Market Reactions to Announcements of Corporate Downsizing Actions and Implementation Strategies,” Strategic Management Journal, 25 (2004): 1121–29.
54. Peggy M. Lee, “A Comparative Analysis of Layoff Announcements and Stock Price Reactions in the United States and Japan,” Strategic Management Journal, 18 (1997): 879–94.
55. Morley Gunderson, Anil Verma, and Savita Verma, “Impact of Layoff Announcements on the Market Value of the Firm,” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 52 (1997): 364–81.
56. Datta, et al., “Causes and Effects of Employee Downsizing,” 335.
57. Oded Palmon, Huey-Lian Sun, and Alex P. Tang, “Layoff Announcements: Stock Market Impact and Financial Performance,” Financial Management, 26 (1997): 54–68.
58. James P. Guthrie and Deepak K. Datta, “Dumb and Dumber: The Impact of Downsizing on Firm Performance as Moderated by Industry Conditions,” Organization Science, 19 (2008): 108–23.
59. “1994 AMA Survey on Downsizing: Summary of Key Findings” (New York: American Management Association).
60. Ibid.
61. Martin Neil Baily, Eric J. Bartelsman, and John Haltiwanger, “Downsizing and Productivity Growth: Myth and Reality,” Working Paper No. 4741 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research), May 1994.
62. Peter Cappelli, “Examining the Influence of Downsizing and Its Effect on Establishment Performance,” Working Paper No. 7742 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research), June 2000.
63. Cited in Louis Uchitelle, “More Downsized Workers are Returning as Rentals,” New York Times, December 8, 1996, 22.
64. Tania Marques, Isabel Suarez-Gonzalez, Pedro Pinheiro da Cruz, and Manuel Portugal Ferreira, “The Downsizing Effect on Survivors: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis,” Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 9 (2011): 174–91.
65. Teresa M. Amabile and Regina Conti, “Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity During Downsizing,” Academy of Management Journal, 42 (1999): 630–40.
66. Datta, et al., “Causes and Effects of Employee Downsizing,” 309, 321.
67. David Cote, “Honeywell’s CEO on How He Avoided Layoffs,” Harvard Business Review, June 2013, 45.
68. Kevin F. Hallock, “Layoffs, Top Executive Pay, and Firm Performance,” American Economic Review, 88 (1998): 711–23.
69. Matt Glynn, “Ex-Southwest CEO Offers Lessons in Leadership from Post-9/11 Crisis,” Buffalo News, May 19, 2014, www.buffalonews.com/business/ex-southwest-airlines-ceo-offers-lessons-in-leadership-from-post-911-crisis-20140519.
70. Erik Schonfeld, “The Silicon Chameleon,” Business 2.0, September 2003, 84–85.
71. Frank Koller, Spark: How Old-Fashioned Values Drive a Twenty-First-Century Corporation (New York: Public Affairs Books, 2010).
72. See, for instance, Stephen Nickell, “Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11 (1997): 55–74; and Vicente Navarro, “Neoliberalism, ‘Globalization,’ Unemployment, Inequalities, and the Welfare State,” International Journal of Health Services, 28 (1998): 607–82.
Chapter 4: No Health Insurance, No Health
1. Eduardo Porter, “When Cutting Access to Health Care, There’s a Price to Pay,” New York Times, June 27, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2tfOWoM.
2. Andrew Dugan, “Cost Still Delays Healthcare for About One in Three in U.S.,” Gallup, November 30, 2015, www.gallup.com/poll/187190/cost-delays-healthcare-one-three.aspx.
3. Andrew P. Wilper, Steffie Woolhandler, Karen E. Lasser, Danny McCormick, David H. Bor, and David U. Himmelstein, “Health Insurance and Mortality in US Adults,” American Journal of Public Health, 99 (2009): 2289–95.
4. See, for instance, J. Appleby and S. Carty, “Ailing GM Looks to Scale Back Generous Health Benefits,” USA Today, June 23, 2005; and D. P. Levine, “GM Orders Staff to Pay Part of Health-Care Cost,” New York Times, August 26, 1992.
5. Because once people turn sixty-five they are covered by Medicare, most analyses of an absence of health insurance and its consequences focus on individuals younger than sixty-five, typically referred to as the nonelderly.
6. The Kaiser Family Foundation is one of the leading resources for data and discussion of health insurance issues. John Holahan and Vicki Chen, “Changes in Health Insurance Coverage in the Great Recession, 2007–2009,” Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, December 2011; available at www.kff.org.
7. “The Uninsured: A Primer: Key Facts About Americans Without Health Insurance,” Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, October 2011; available at www.kff.org.
8. “Key Facts about the Uninsured Population,” KFF.org, September 29, 2016, http://kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/.
9. “2015 Employer Health Benefits Survey,” KFF.org, September 22, 2015, http://kff.org/report-section/ehbs-2015-summary-of-findings/.
10. “Health, United States, 2015,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf#063.
11. Robert Kuttner, “The American Health Care System: Health Insurance Coverage,” New England Journal of Medicine, 340 (1999): 163–68.
12. Ibid., 16.
13. Marsha Lillie-Blanton and Catherine Hoffman, “The Role of Health Insurance Coverage in Reducing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health Care,” Health Affairs, 24 (2005): 398–408.
14. Hugh Walters, Laura Steinhardt, Thomas R. Oliver, and Alice Burton, “The Costs of Non-Insurance in Maryland,” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 18 (2007): 139–51.
15. Institute of Medicine, Care Without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002).
16. Stan Dorn, Uninsured and Dying Because of It: Updating the Institute of Medicine Analysis on the Impact of Uninsurance on Mortality (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, January 2008).
17. J. Hadley and T. Waidmann, “Health Insurance and Health at Age 65: Implications for Medical Care Spending on New Medicare Beneficiaries,” Health Services Research, 41 (2006): 429–51.
18. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein, “The Relationship of Health Insurance and Mortality: Is Lack of Insurance Deadly?” Annals of Internal Medicine, http://annals.org/aim/article/2635326. Quote is from p. 6 of the online version.
19. Ibid., 5.
20. Wilper, et al., “Health Insurance and Mortality in US Adults.”
21. J. R. Curtis, W. Burke, A. W. Kassner, and M. L. Aitken, “Absence of Health Insurance Is Associated with Decreased Life Expectancy in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 155 (1997): 1921–24.
22. Nicholas Bakalar, “Canadians with Cystic Fibrosis Live 10 Years Longer than Americans with the Disease,” New York Times, March 15, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2mJWbA2.
23. John Z. Ayanian, Betsy A. Kohler, Toshi Abe, and Arnold M. Epstein, “The Relation Between Health Insurance Coverage and Clinical Outcomes Among Women with Breast Cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, 329 (1993): 326–31.
24. Stacey A. Fedewa, Vilma Cokkinides, Katherine S. Virgo, Priti Bandi, Debbie Saslow, and Elizabeth M. Ward, “Association of Insurance Status and Age with Cervical Cancer Stage at Diagnosis: National Cancer Database, 2000–2007,” American Journal of Public Health, 102 (2012): 1782–90.
25. J. J. Shen and E. L. Washington, “Disparities in Outcomes Among Patients with Stroke Associated with Insurance Status,” Stroke, 38 (2007): 1010–16.
26. Joseph J. Sudano Jr. and David W. Baker, “Intermittent Lack of Health Insurance Coverage and Use of Preventive Services,” American Journal of Public Health, 93 (2000): 130–37. Quote is from p. 130.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., 11.
29. Jack Hadley, “Insurance Coverage, Medical Care Use, and Short-Term Health Changes Following an Unintentional Injury or the Onset of a Chronic Condition,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 297 (2007): 1073–84.
30. David Card, Carlos Dobkin, and Nicole Maestas, “Does Medicare Save Lives?” Quarterly Journal of Economics (2009): 124597–636.
31. Bejamin D. Sommers, Katherine Baicker, and Arnold M. Epstein, “Mortality and Access to Care Among Adults after State Medicaid Expansions,” New England Journal of Medicine, 367 (2012): 1025–34.
32. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Key Facts About the Uninsured Population,” http://kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/.
33. There is an enormous literature demonstrating this relationship. See, for instance, T. Chandola, E. Brunner, and M. Marmot, “Chronic Stress at Work and the Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective Study,” British Medical Journal, 332 (2006): 521–25; and M. Kivimaki, P. Leino-Arjas, R. Luukkonen, H. Riihimai, J. Vahtera, and J. Kirjonen, “Work Stress and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study of Industrial Employees,” British Medical Journal, 325 (2002): 857–60.
34. See, for instance, H. Harris and M. Fennell, “A Multivariate Model of Job Stress and Alcohol Consumption,” Sociological Quarterly, 29 (1988): 391–406; A. Kouvonen, M. Kivimaki, M. Virtanen, J. Pentti, and J. Vahtera, “Work Stress, Smoking Status, and Smoking Intensity: An Observational Study of 46,190 Employees,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59 (2005): 63–69; and P. Piazza and M. Le Moal, “The Role of Stress in Drug Self-Administration,” Trends in Pharmaceutical Science, 19 (1998): 67–74.
35. David U. Himmelstein, Elizabeth Warren, Deborah Thorne, and Steffie Woolhandler, “Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy,” Health Affairs, 24: W5-63–W5-73.
36. K. Cook, D. Dranove, and A. Sfekas, “Does Major Illness Cause Financial Catastrophe?” Health Services Research, 45 (2010): 418–36.
37. Robert W. Seifert and Mark Rukavina, “Bankruptcy Is the Tip of a Medical-Debt Iceberg,” Health Affairs, 25 (2006): W89–W92. Quote is from p. 90.
38. Thomas C. Buchmueller and Robert G. Valletta, “The Effects of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Worker Mobility,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49 (1996): 439–55. Quote is from p. 440.
39. Alan C. Monheit and Philip F. Cooper, “Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Theory and Evidence,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48 (1994): 68–85. Quote is from p. 68.
40. Buchmueller and Valletta, “The Effects of Employer-Provided Health Insurance on Worker Mobility.”
41. Brigitte C. Madrian, “Employment-Based Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Is There Evidence of Job-Lock?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994): 27–54.
42. Kevin T. Stroupe, Eleanor D. Kinney, and Thomas J. J. Kneisner, “Chronic Illness and Health-Insurance-Related Job Lock,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20 (2001): 525–44.
43. Jonathan Gruber and Brigitte C. Madrian, “Health Insurance and Job Mobility: The Effects of Public Policy on Job-Lock,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48 (1994): 86–102.
44. Victor Y. Haines III, Patrice Jalette, and Karine Larose, “The Influence of Human Resource Management Practices on Employee Voluntary Turnover Rates in the Canadian Non-Governmental Sector,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 63 (2010): 228–46.
45. Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein, “The Deteriorating Administrative Efficiency of the US Health Care System,” New England Journal of Medicine, 324 (1991): 1253–58.
46. See, for instance, Louis Tze-ching Yen, Dee W. Edington, and Pam Witting, “Associations Between Health Risk Appraisal Scores and Employee Medical Claims Costs in a Manufacturing Company,” American Journal of Health Promotion, 6 (1991): 46–54.
47. John Carroll, “Companies Switching to On-Site Medical Clinics,” www.louisianamedicalnews.com/companies-switching-to-on-site-medical-clinics.
48. On-Site Health Centers: Policies to Preserve and Promote an Effective Employer solution. (Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health), September 2011, 15.
49. Christopher Sears, “Is There a Doctor in the House?” December 31, 2008, www.lorman.com/resources/is-there-a-doctor-in-the-house-15257.
50. Sam Black, “Smaller Firms Now Offering On-Site Medical Clinics,”Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal, April 15, 2011.
Chapter 5: Health Effects of Long Work Hours and Work-Family Conflict
1. Catherine Makino, “Death from Overwork Persists Amid Economic Crunch,” Inter Press Service, October 28, 2009, www.ipsnews.net/2009/10/japan-death-from-overwork-persists-amid-economic-crunch/.
2. Jonathan Soble, “Chief of Dentsu, Japanese Ad Agency, to Resign Over Employee’s Suicide,” New York Times, December 28, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2iEMLCA.
3. “In China, Office Work Can Be Deadly,” Bloomberg Businessweek, July 7–13, 2014.
4. Zaria Gorvett, “Can You Work Yourself to Death?” BBC online, September 13, 2016, www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160912-is-there-such-thing-as-death-from-overwork.
5. Soble, “Chief of Dentsu, Japanese Ad Agency, to Resign.”
6. Katsuo Nishiyama and Jeffrey V. Johnson, “Karoshi—Death from Overwork: Occupational Health Consequences of Japanese Production Management,” International Journal of Health Services, 27 (1997): 625–41.
7. “In China, Office Work Can Be Deadly.”
8. Ibid.
9. Paul Gallagher, “Slavery in the City: Death of a 21-year-old Intern Moritz Erhardt at Merrill Lynch Sparks Furor over Long Hours and Macho Culture at Banks,” Independent, August 20, 2013, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/slavery-in-the-city-death-of-21-year-old-intern-moritz-erhardt-at-merrill-lynch-sparks-furor-over-8775917.html.
10. Eilene Zimmerman, “The Lawyer, the Addict,” New York Times, July 15, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2voimyC.
11. Jeffrey M. O’Brien, “Is Silicon Valley Bad for Your Health?” Fortune, November 1, 2015, 156.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 157.
14. Mike Kivimaki, G. David Batty, Mark Hamer, Jane E. Ferrie, Jussi Vahtera, Marianna Virtanen, Michael G. Marmot, Archana Singh-Manoux, and Martin J. Shipley, “Using Additional Information on Working Hours to Predict Coronary Heart Disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 154 (2011): 457–63.
15. Brigid Schulte, “Beyond Inbox Zero: The Science of Work-Life Balance,” New American Weekly, Edition 144, December 1, 2016, www.newamerica.org/weekly/edition-144/beyond-inbox-zero/.
16. Daniel S. Hamermesh and Elena Stancanelli, “Long Workweeks and Strange Hours,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 20449, September 2014, www.nber.org/papers/w20449.
17. David Kelleher, “Survey: 81% of U.S. Employees Check Their Work Mail outside Work Hours,” TechTalk, May 20, 2013, https://techtalk.gfi.com/survey-81-of-u-s-employees-check-their-work-mail-outside-work-hours/.
18. Zimmerman, “The Lawyer, the Addict.”
19. Caroline O’Donovan and Priya Anand, “How Uber’s Hard-Charging Corporate Culture Left Employees Drained,” July 17, 2017, BuzzFeed, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/how-ubers-hard-charging-corporate-culture-left-employees.
20. Alissa J. Rubin, “‘Right to Disconnect’ from Work Email and Other Laws Go into Effect in France,” New York Times, January 3, 2017, A6.
21. “After-Hours Email Expectations Negatively Impact Employee Well-Being,” ScienceDaily, July 27, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727110906.htm.
22. Justin McCarthy and Alyssa Brown, “Getting More Sleep Linked to Higher Well-Being,” Gallup, March 2, 2105, www.gallup.com/poll/181583/getting-sleep-liniked-higher.aspx.
23. Alina Tugend, “Vacations Are Good for You, Medically Speaking,” New York Times, June 7, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/06/07/business/yourmoney/07shortcuts.html.
24. Kathryn Vasel, “Half of American Workers Aren’t Using All Their Vacation Days,” CNN Money, December 10, 2016, http://moneyi.cnn.com/2016/12/19/pf/employees-unused-paid-vacation-dyas/index.html.
25. Rebecca Ray and John Schmitt, “No-Vacation Nation,” Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research, May 2007, http://cepr.net/publications/reports/no-vacation-nation.
26. Brian Wheeler, “Why Americans Don’t Take Sick Days,” BBC News, September 14, 2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37353742.
27. “Survey Shows Workers Often Go to Work Sick,” Cision PR Newswire, January 12, 2016, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/survey-shows-workers-often-go-to-work-sick-300202979.html.
28. Wheeler, “Why Americans Don’t Take Sick Days.”
29. Anders Knutsson, Bjorn G. Jonsson, Torbjom Akerstedt, and Kristina Orth-Gomer, “Increased Risk of Ischaemic Heart Disease in Shift Workers,” Lancet, 338 (1986): 89–92.
30. Mark. L. Bryan, “Workers, Workplaces, and Working Hours,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45 (December 2007): 735–59. Quote is from p. 735.
31. Richard Newton, “Dublin Goes Dark: Google’s Experiments with Employee Wellbeing,” March 21, 2015, www.virgin.com/disruptors/dublin-goes-dark-googles-experiments-employee-wellbeing.
32. Schulte, “Beyond Inbox Zero.”
33. Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Carolyn Buck Luce, “Extreme Jobs: The Dangerous Allure of the 70-Hour Workweek,” Harvard Business Review, 84 (2006, Issue 12): 49–59.
34. Drake Baer, “When Did Busy Become Cool?” Thrive Global, May 23, 2017, https://journal.thriveglobal.com/when-did-busy-become-cool-8ca13f5f54f9.
35. Olivia A. O’Neill and Charles A. O’Reilly, “Careers as Tournaments: The Impact of Sex and Gendered Organizational Culture Preferences on MBA’s Income Attainment,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31 (2010): 856–76.
36. Ken Belson, “At I.B.M., a Vacation Anytime, or Maybe None,” New York Times, August 31, 2007.
37. J-P. Chaput, A. M. Sjodin, A. Astrup, J-P. Despres, C. Bouchard, and A. Tremblay, “Risk Factors for Adult Overweight and Obesity: The Importance of Looking Beyond the ‘Big Two’,” Obesity Facts, 3 (2010): 320–27.
38. G. Copinschi, “Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of Sleep Deprivation,” Essential Pharmacology, 6 (2005): 341–47.
39. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine.
40. Alan Schwarz, “Workers Seeking Productivity in a Pill are Abusing A.D.H.D. Drugs,” New York Times, April 18, 2015, https://nytimes.com/2015/04/19/us/workers-seeking-productivity-in-a-pill-are-abusing-adhd-drugs.html.
41. P. Buell and L. Breslow, “Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in California Men Who Work Long Hours,” Journal of Chronic Diseases, 11 (1960): 615–26.
42. Haiou Yang, Peter L. Schnall, Maritza Jauregui, Tai-Chen Su, and Dean Baker, “Work Hours and Self-Reported Hypertension among Working People in California,” Hypertension, 48 (2006): 744–50.
43. A. Shimazu and B. Schaufeli, “Is Workaholism Good or Bad for Employee Well-Being? The Disincentiveness of Workaholism and Work Engagement Among Japanese Employees,” Industrial Health, 47 (2009): 495–502.
44. Kate Sparks, Carry Cooper, Yitzhad Fried, and Arie Shirom, “The Effects of Hours of Work on Health: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70 (1997): 391–408.
45. Claire C. Caruso, Edward M. Hitchcock, Robert B. Dick, John M. Russo, and Jennifer M. Schmit, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries, and Health Behaviors, Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 2004.
46. Jeanne Geiger-Brown, Carles Muntaner, Jane Lipscomb, and Alison Trinkoff, “Demanding Work Schedules and Mental Health in Nursing Assistants Working in Nursing Homes,” Work and Stress, 18 (2004): 292–304.
47. Elizabeth Kleppa, Bjarte Sanne, and Grethe S. Tell, “Working Overtime Is Associated with Anxiety and Depression: The Hordaland Health Study,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50 (2008): 658–66.
48. O’Donovan and Anand, “Uber’s Hard-Charging Corporate Culture.”
49. Emma Luxton, “Does Working Fewer Hours Make You More Productive?” World Economic Forum, March 4, 2016, www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/03/does-working-fewer-hours-make-you-more-productive.
50. Ibid.
51. Lonnie Golden, “The Effects of Working Time on Productivity and Firm Performance: A Research Synthesis Paper,” (Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization, 2012).
52. E. Shepard and T. Clifton, “Are Longer Hours Reducing Productivity in Manufacturing?” International Journal of Manpower, 21 (2000): 540–53.
53. G. Cette, S. Change, and M. Konte, “The Decreasing Returns on Working Time: An Empirical Analysis on Panel Country Data,” Applied Economics Letters, 18 (2011): 1677–82.
54. M. White, Working Hours: Assessing the Potential for Reduction (Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization, 1987).
55. E. E. Kossek and M. D. Lee, “Implementing a Reduced-Workload Arrangement to Retain High Talent: A Case Study,” Psychologist-Manager Journal, 43 (2008): 49–64.
56. Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz and Henna Hasson, “Employee Self-Rated Productivity and Objective Organizational Production Levels: Effects of Worksite Health Interventions Involving Reduced Work Hours and Physical Exercise,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53 (2011): 838–44.
57. See, for instance, Jeffrey H. Greenhaus and Nicholas J. Beutell, “Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles,” Academy of Management Review, 10 (1985): 76–88; and Tammy D. Allen, David E. L. Herst, Carly S. Bruck, and Martha Sutton, “Consequences Associated with Work-to-Family Conflict: A Review and Agenda for Future Research,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5 (2000): 278–308.
58. Michael H. Frone, Marcia Russell, and Grace M. Barnes, “Work-Family Conflict, Gender, and Health-Related Outcomes: A Study of Employed Parents in Two Community Samples,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1 (1996): 57–69.
59. Michael R. Frone, “Work-Family Conflict and Employee Psychiatric Disorders: The National Comorbidity Survey,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): 888–95.
60. Michael R. Frone, Marcia Russell, and M. Lynne Cooper, “Relation of Work-Family Conflict to Health Outcomes: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of Employed Parents,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70 (1997): 325–35.
61. Karyl E. Macewen, Julian Barling, and E. Kevin Kelloway, “Effects of Short-Term Role Overload on Marital Interactions,” Work and Stress, 6 (1992): 117–26.
62. Shelly Coverman, “Role Overload, Role Conflict, and Stress: Addressing Consequences of Multiple Role Demands,” Social Forces, 67 (1989): 965–82.
63. Steven L. Grover and Chun Hui, “The Influence of Role Conflict and Self-Interest on Lying in Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics, 13 (1994): 295–303.
64. N. W. H. Jansen, I. J. Kant, L. G. P. M. van Amelsvaart, T. S. Kristensen, G. M. H. Swaen, and F. J. N. Nijhuis, “Work-Family Conflict as a Risk Factor for Sickness Absence,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63 (2006): 488–94.
65. Jennifer Paterson, “Employee Benefits Live: Google Focuses on Emotional Wellbeing to Make Staff Healthiest on the Planet, September 27, 2011, www.employeebenefits.co.uk/issues/september-2011-online/employee-benefits-life-google-focuses-on-emotional-wellbeing-to-make-staff-healthiest-on-the-planet/.
66. http://reviews.greatplacetowork.com/whole-foods-market.
67. Ariane Hegewisch and Janet C. Gornick, “Statutory Routes to Workplace Flexibility in Cross-National Perspective,” Washington, DC: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2008, vii.
68. Ibid., 2.
Chapter 6: Two Critical Elements of a Healthy Workplace
1. “Does Silicon Valley Have a Perks Problem?” Rocketrip, February 1, 2016, http://blog.rocketrip.com/silicon-valley-have-a-perks-problem.
2. Maarit A-L Vartia, “Consequences of Workplace Bullying with Respect to the Well-Being of Its Targets and the Observers of Bullying,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27 (2011): 63–69.
3. Francesco Gamberale, Anders Kjellberg, Torbjom Akerstedt, and Gunn Johansson, “Behavioral and Psychophysiological Effects of the Physical Work Environment: Research Strategies and Measurement Methods,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 16, Supplement 1 (1990): 5–16.
4. M. G. Marmot, G. Rose, M. Shipley, and P. J. S. Hamilton, “Employment Grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British Civil Servants,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 32 (1978): 244–49.
5. M. G. Marmot, H. Bosma, H. Hemingway, E. Brunner, and S. Stansfeld, “Contribution of Job Control and Other Risk Factors to Social Variations in Coronary Heart Disease Incidence,” Lancet, 350 (1997): 235–39. Quote is from p. 235.
6. Michael Marmot, Amanda Feeney, Martin Shipley, Fiona North, and S. I. Syme, “Sickness Absence as a Measure of Health Status and Functioning from the UK Whitehall II Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 49 (1995): 124–30.
7. Tarani Chandola, Eric Brunner, and Michael Marmot, “Chronic Stress at Work and the Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective Study,” British Medical Journal, 332 (2005): 521–25.
8. John Robert Warren, Pascale Carayon, and Peter Hoonakker, “Changes in Health Between Ages 54 and 65: The Role of Job Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status,” Research on Aging, 30 (2008): 672–700.
9. Tjasa Pisijar, Tanja van der Lippe, and Laura den Dulk, “Health Among Hospital Employees in Europe: A Cross-National Study of the Impact of Work Stress and Work Control,” Social Science and Medicine, 72 (2011): 899–906.
10. Robert Karasek, “Lower Health Risk with Increased Job Control among White Collar Workers,” Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11 (1990): 171–85.
11. “Worked to Death? IU Study Says Lack of Control over High-stress Jobs Leads to Early Grave,” EurekAlert!, October 17, 2016, https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/iu-wtd101416.php.
12. Chester S. Spell and Todd Arnold, “An Appraisal of Justice, Structure, and Job Control as Antecedents of Psychological Distress,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28 (2007): 729–51.
13. Martin E. P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness,” Annual Review of Medicine, 23 (1972): 407.
14. Steven F. Maier and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105 (1976): 3–46.
15. Ibid., 13.
16. Philip M. Boffey, “Satisfaction on the Job: Autonomy Ranks First,” New York Times, May 28, 1985.
17. Frederick P. Morgeson, Kelly Delaney-Klinger, and Monica A. Hemingway, “The Importance of Job Autonomy, Cognitive Ability, and Job-Related Skill for Predicting Role Breadth and Job Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (2005): 399–406.
18. “Netherlands: Steady Decline in Job Autonomy,” European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound), May 6, 2015. The report notes that “Job autonomy . . . has been declining for decades in much of Europe.” This site has a great deal of information about workplace conditions and their effects.
19. Ellen J. Langer, “The Illusion of Control,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32 (1975): 311–28.
20. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Robert B. Cialdini, Benjamin Hanna, and Kathleen Knopoff, “Faith in Supervision and the Self-Enhancement Bias: Why Managers Don’t Empower Workers,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20 (1998): 313–21.
21. W. Eugene Broadhead, Berton H. Kaplan, Sherman A. James, Edward H. Wagner, Victor J. Schoenbach, Roger Grimson, Siegfried Heyden, Gosta Tibblin, and Stephen H. Gehrlach, “The Epidemiological Evidence for a Relationship Between Social Support and Health,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 117 (1983): 521–37.
22. Markham Heid, “You Asked: How Many Friends Do I Need?” Time Health, March 18, 2015, http://time.com/3748090/friends-social-health/.
23. Bert N. Uchino, “Social Support and Health: A Review of Physiological Processes Potentially Underlying Links to Disease Outcomes,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29 (2006): 377–87. Quotes are from p. 377.
24. Steve Crabtree, “Social Support Linked to Health Satisfaction Worldwide,” Gallup, February 17, 2012, www.gallup.com/poll/152738/social-support-linked-health-satisfaction-worldwide.aspx.
25. James M. LaRocco, James S. House, and John R. P. French Jr., “Social Support, Occupational Stress, and Health,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21 (1980): 202–18.
26. Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Juan I. Sanchez, and Jeffrey Fisher, “The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54 (1999): 314–34.
27. Sheldon Cohen and Thomas Ashby Wills, “Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis,” Psychological Bulletin, 98 (1985): 310–57.
28. Uchino, “Social Support and Health,” 377.
29. Roy F. Baumeister and Mark R. Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin, 117 (1995): 497–529. Quote is from p. 497.
30. Andrew Hill, “Forced Ranking Is a Relic of an HR Tool,” Financial Times, July 16, 2012, www.ft.com/content/0243818e-cd09-11e1-92c1-00144feabdc0.
31. “It’s Official: Forced Ranking Is Dead,” Wall Street Journal, http://deloitte.wsj.com/cio/2014/06/10/its-official-forced-ranking-is-dead/.
32. Alison Griswold, “Uber Is Designed So That for One Employee to Get Ahead, Another Must Fail,” Quartz, February 27, 2017, https://qz.com/918582/uber-is-designed-so-that-for-one-employee-to-succeed-another-must-fail.
33. “SAS Institute (B): The Decision to Go Public,” Stanford, CA: Graduate School of Business Case #HR-6B, September 16, 2003.
34. “Gary’s Greeting: Taking Care of Each Other,” https:.//issuu.com/southwest mag/docs/02_february_2016/18.
35. DaVita Reports on 2015 Corporate Social Responsibility and Innovation, Bridge of Life, April 18, 2016, www.bridgeoflifeinternational.org/davita-reports-on-2015-corporate-social-responsibility-and-innovation/.
36. “Trilogy of Care II: A Day in the Life of a Dialysis Healthcare Administrator,” February 5, 2014, http://careers.davita.com/our-story/blogs/trilogy-care-ii.
37. Laszlo Bock, Work Rules! (New York: Hachette Group, 2015), 278.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., 279.
40. Ibid., 263.
41. D. Byrne, “Interpersonal Attraction and Attitude Similarity,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 (1961): 713–15.
42. Jerry M. Burger, Nicole Messian, Shebani Patel, Alicia del Prado, and Carmen Anderson, “What a Coincidence! The Effects of Incidental Similarity on Compliance,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (2004): 35–43.
43. UnitedHealth Group, “Doing Good Is Good for You: 2013 Health and Volunteering Study,” Minnetonka, MN: UnitedHealth Group, 2013.
44. www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/careers/benefits.html.
Chapter 7: Why People Stay in Toxic Workplaces
1. Jodi Kantor and David Streitfeld, “Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace,” New York Times, August 16, 2015, http://nyti.ms/1TFqcOG.
2. Mike Pare, “Inside the Deal that Lured Amazon to Chattanooga,” Chattanooga Times Free Press, December 26, 2010, www.timesfreepress.com/news/news/story/2010/dec/26/inside-the-deal-that-lured-amazon/37827/.
3. Larry Gigerich, “Siting a Contact Center or Data Center Requires Supreme Diligence,” Trade and Industry Development, June 30, 2012.
4. Eilene Zimmerman, “The Lawyer, the Addict,” New York Times, July 15, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2voimyC.
5. Paul A. Samuelson, “Consumption Theory in Terms of Revealed Preference,” Economica, 15 (1948): 243–53.
6. Amartya K. Sen, “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundation of Economic Theory,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6 (1977): 322.
7. Sherwin Rosen, “The Theory of Equalizing Differentials,” Handbook of Labor Economics, 1 (1986): 641–92.
8. See, for instance, Randall W. Eberts and Joe A. Stone, “Wages, Fringe Benefits, and Working Conditions: An Analysis of Compensating Differentials,” Southern Economic Journal, 52 (1985): 274–80; and Stephanie Bonhomme, “The Pervasive Absence of Compensating Differentials,” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24 (2009): 763–95.
9. See, for instance, Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
10. Kantor and Streitfeld, “Inside Amazon.”
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Vera Hoorens, “Self-Enhancement and Superiority Biases in Social Comparison,” European Review of Social Psychology, 4 (1993): 113–39.
14. Zlartan Krizan and Jerry Suls, “Losing Sight of Oneself in the Above-Average Effect: When Egocentrism, Focalism, and Group Diffuseness Collide,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 (2008): 929–42.
15. Leaf Van Boven, David Dunning, and George Loewenstein, “Egocentric Empathy Gaps between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (2000): 66–76.
16. Kantor and Streitfeld, “Inside Amazon.”
17. The literature on commitment is vast. See, for instance, Robert B. Cialdini and Noah J. Goldstein, “Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity,” Annual Review of Psychology, 55 (2004): 591–621; and Gerald R. Salancik, “Commitment Is Too Easy!” Organizational Dynamics, 6 (1977): 62–80.
18. See, for instance, Leon Festinger, “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes,” Human Relations, 7 (1954): 117–40; and Morton Deutsch and Harold B. Gerard, “A Study of Normative and Informational Social Influences Upon Individual Judgment,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 5 (1955): 629–36.
19. Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
20. David Krackhardt and Lyman W. Porter, “The Snowball Effect: Turnover Embedded in Communications Networks,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (1986): 50–55.
21. Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 23 (1978): 224–53.
22. Harriet Taylor, “Travis Kalanick Will Be ‘Legendary’ Like Bill Gates, Says Uber Investor,” CNBC, March 1, 2017, www.cnbc.com/2017/03/01/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-needs-to-stop-self-inflicted-wounds-jason-calacanis.html.
Chapter 8: What Might—and Should—Be Different
1. Barry-Wehmiller website, www.barrywehmiller.com/our-business/leadership-team/bob-chapman.
2. See, for instance, Robert I. Sutton, The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn’t (New York: Hachette, 2007).
3. Lyn Quine, “Workplace Bullying in Nurses,” Journal of Health Psychology, 6 (2001): 73–84.
4. Charlotte Rayner, “The Incidence of Workplace Bullying,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7 (1997): 199–208.
5. Quine, “Workplace Bullying in Nurses.”
6. M. Kivimaki, M. Virtanen, M. Vartia, M. Elovainio, J. Vahtera, and L. Keltikangas- Jarvinen, “Workplace Bullying and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Depression,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60 (2003): 779–83.
7. Sutton, The No Asshole Rule.
8. Elena Flores, Jeanne M. Tschann, Juanita M. Dimas, Elizabeth A. Bachen, Lauri A. Pasch, and Cynthia L. de Groat, “Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Stress, and Mental and Physical Health Among Mexican-Origin Adults,” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30 (2008): 401–24.
9. Rebecca Din-Dzietham, Wendy N. Nembhard, Rakale Collins, and Sharon K. Davis, “Perceived Stress Following Race-Based Discrimination at Work Is Associated with Hypertension in African-Americans: The Metro Atlanta Heart Disease Study, 1999–2001,” Social Science and Medicine, 58 (2004): 449–61.
10. Elizabeth A. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, “Perceived Discrimination and Health: A Meta-Analytic Review, Psychological Bulletin, 135 (2009): 531–554. Quote is from p. 531.
11. Judith H. Heerwagen, Janet G. Heubach, Joseph Montgomery, and Wally C. Weimer, “Environmental Design, Work, and Well-Being: Managing Occupational Stress through Changes in the Workplace Environment, AAOHN Journal, 43 (1995): 458–68.
12. Sally L. Lusk, Bonnie M. Hagerty, Brenda Gillespie, and Claire C. Caruso, “Chronic Effects of Workplace Noise on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate,” Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 57 (2002): 273–81.
13. Douglas LaBier, “Another Survey Shows the Continuing Toll of Workplace Stress, Psychology Today, April 23, 2014, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-new-resilience/201404/another-survey-shows-the-continuing-toll-workplace-stress.
14. J. M. Mossey and E. Shapiro, “Self-Rated Health: A Predictor of Mortality Among the Elderly,” American Journal of Public Health, 72 (1982): 800–808.
15. Seppo Miilunpalo, Ilkka Vuori, Pekka Oja, Matti Pasanen, and Helka Urponen, “Self-Rated Health Status as a Health Measure: The Predictive Value of Self-Reported Health Status on the Use of Physician Services and on Mortality in the Working-Age Population,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50 (1997): 517–28.
16. Daniel L. McGee, Youlian Liao, Guichan Cao, and Richard S. Cooper, “Self-Reported Health Status and Mortality in a Multiethnic US Cohort,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 149 (1999): 41–46.
17. Marja Jylha, “What Is Self-Rated Health and Why Does It Predict Mortality? Towards a Unified Conceptual Model,” Social Science and Medicine, 69 (2009): 307–16.
18. M. Marmot, A. Feeney, M. Shipley, F. North, and S. L. Syme, “Sickness Absence as a Measure of Health Status and Functioning: From the UK Whitehall II Study,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 49 (1995): 124–30.
19. Daniel L. McGee, Youlian Liao, Guichan Cao, and Richard S. Cooper, “Self-Reported Health Status and Mortality in a Multiethnic US Cohort,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 149 (1999): 41–46.
20. Elizabeth Frankenberg and Nathan R. Jones, “Self-Rated Health and Mortality: Does the Relationship Extend to a Low Income Setting?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45 (2004): 441–52.
21. Ellen L. Idler and Yael Benyamini, “Self-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38 (1997): 21–37. Quote is from p. 21.
22. OECD Health Statistics 2017, www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-data.htm.
23. See, for instance, Kevin Daniels, “Measures of Five Aspects of Affective Well-Being at Work,” Human Relations, 53 (2000): 275–94; and Peter Warr, “The Measurement of Well-being and Other Aspects of Mental Health,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 63 (1990): 193–210.
24. Peter R. Vagg and Charles D. Spielberger, “Occupational Stress: Measuring Job Pressure and Organizational Support in the Workplace,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3 (1998): 294–305; and Paul E. Spector and Steve M. Jex, “Development of Four Self-Report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3 (1998): 356–67.
25. Dawn S. Carlson, K. Michele Kacmar, and Larry J. Williams, “Construction and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Work-Family Conflict,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56 (2000): 249–76.
26. M. G. Marmot, H. Bosma, H. Hemingway, E. Brunner, and S. Stansfeld, “Contribution of Job Control and Other Risk Factors to Social Variations in Coronary Heart Disease Incidence,” Lancet, 350 (1997): 235–39.
27. Ralph Catalano, “The Health Effects of Economic Insecurity,” American Journal of Public Health, 81 (1991): 1148–52.
28. 2016 Working Mother 100 Best Companies, www.workingmother.com/2016-Working-Mother-100-Best-Companies.
29. Ken Jacobs, “The Hidden Cost of Jobs Without Health Care Benefits,” Perspectives on Work, 11 (Winter 2007): 14.
30. Carol Zabin, Arindrajit Dube, and Ken Jacobs, “The Hidden Public Costs of Low-Wage Jobs in California,” Berkeley, CA: University of California Institute for Labor and Employment, 2004, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hb1k75c.
31. Jacobs, “The Hidden Cost,” 15.
32. Ibid.
33. Arindrajit Dube and Steve Wertheim, “Wal-Mart and Job Quality—What Do We Know, and Should We Care,” Paper prepared for Presentation at the Center for American Progress, October 16, 2005. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California.
34. Ibid.
35. Jacobs, “The Hidden Cost,” 16.
36. Barbara Grady, “Healthy San Francisco, City’s Universal Health Plan, Rests on Unstable Funding,” Huffington Post San Francisco, November 19, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/19/healthy-san-francisco_n_1102978.html.
37. Ibid.
38. “Aspiring to Universal Access: Healthy San Francisco Opens Up Care,” http://www.amednews.com/article/10530/government/305309949/4/.
39. Renee Dudley, “Walmart Faces the Cost of Cost-Cutting: Empty Shelves,” BusinessWeek, March 28, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-03-28/walmart-faces-the-cost-of-cost-cutting-empty-shelves.
40. Zeynep Ton, “Why ‘Good Jobs’ are Good for Retailers,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2012, http://hbr.org/2012/01/why-good-jobs-are-good-for-retailers.
41. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I. Sutton, The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000).
42. Jeffrey Pfeffer, The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998), Chapter 5.
43. Scott Adams, Dilbert cartoon, September 10, 2017, http://dilbert.com/strip/1993–03-03.
44. Mara Lee, “Aetna to Cut Workforce, Reduce Work-at-Home Policy,” Hartford Courant, October 11, 2016, www.courant.com/business/hc-aetna-work-at-home-20161010-story.html.
45. Jena McGregor, “Five Telling Things the Whole Foods CEO Said About the Amazon Deal in an Employee Town Hall,” Washington Post, June 20, 2017.
46. Rick Wartzman, “Amazon and Whole Foods Are Headed for a Culture Clash,” Fortune, June 26, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/06/26/amazon-whole-foods-corporate-culture-clash-jeff-bezos-john-mackey/.
47. “World Happiness Report,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Happiness_Report.
48. www.weforum.org/reports/the-inclusive-growth-and-development-report-2017.
49. “OECD Better-Life Index,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD_Better-Life_Index.
50. Timothy F. Slaper and Tanya J. Hall, “The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How Does It Work?” Indiana Business Review, 86 (2011): 4–8. www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2011/spring/article2.html.
51. Philip E. Tetlock, “Thinking the Unthinkable: Sacred Values and Taboo Cognitions,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (2003): 320–24. Quote is from p. 320.
52. See, for instance, Philip E. Tetlock, Orie V. Kristel, S. Beth Elson, Melanie C. Green, and Jennifer S. Lerner, “The Psychology of the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (2000): 853–70.
53. Scheherazade Daneshkhu, Lindsay Whipp, and James Fontanella-Kahn, “The Lean and Mean Approach of 3G Capital,” Financial Times, May 7, 2017.