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Note: Color plates are indicated with italicized cp. Italicized page numbers indicate insets or illustrations.
Accountant review, 49
Acres, measuring, 173
Actions, proposed, 146, 161
Addictive uses, 214
Adverse factors, 33
Africa Centre for Holistic Management, 235
Analysis: in basic land monitoring, 144–47, 231; in comprehensive land monitoring, 154–57, 234; of livestock production, 24–27. See also Gross profit analysis
Animal cycles, 88–90
Animal-days (ADs), 58, 58–60, 70–71
Animal-days per acre (ADA), 60, 67, 74–76, 237
Animal-days per dollar (AD/$), 186–87
Animal-days per hectare (ADH), 60, 74–76, 237
Animal handling, low-stress, 207
Animal impact, 85–86, 130, 143, 237. See also Herd effect
Animal performance, 117
Animal signs. See Wildlife species
Animal unit months (AUMs), 58
Annual income and expense plan, 21, 39, 40, 217
Annual plants, 61, 123, 153, 156
Balancing the plan, 43–44
Bank balance and cash flow, 44–48
Barlite case, 85
Basic land monitoring, 138–47
Biodiversity, defined, 237
Biological monitoring: brittleness, 121–22; changing conditions, 117; forms, 229–34 (See also Forms); grazing patterns, 134–35; historical data, 119; landscape description, 144–46; photo record, 120; progress checks, 119–20, 146; soil surface, 121
Biological weak link, 212
Biomass, defined, 237
Bonuses, and net managerial income, 20–21
Brainstorming, 19–20, 30, 34, 38, 181
Brittleness: in biological monitoring, 121–22; characteristics of, 122; defined, 237–38; and herd effect, 85–86; high rainfall and, 121, 134; and overrested plants, 133; rest and, 121–22, 159
Broken capping, 130
Browse lines, 133
Bunchgrass plants, 61–62
Calf traps, 197–98
Calving, 88–90
Camera stand, homemade, 140
Capital expenditures, 184
Capping. See Soil capping
Carrying capacity of land, 78, 104
Cash flow, 44–48
Catchments, 199
Cattle enterprise. See Livestock production
Cell. See Grazing cells
Cell centers, 191–99, 194–96, 204
Center corridors, 193, 196
Chain of production, 6–7, 212
Change analysis, 156–57, 158
Changing conditions, 117, 146
Checklists, 167, 183
Climax communities, 122–24
Closed plan, cp2.2, cp2.4; in aide memoire, 93; carrying capacity of land, 104; defined, 238; destocking, 105; drought reserves, 106; follow-through grazing, 224; forage quality rating, 99; grazing periods, 105–6, 226–27; implementation, 109; nongrowing season and, 94; paddocks quality, 101; recording actual events, 113
Community dynamics: animal impact and, 159–60; defined, 238; fire and, 158; as land health indicator, 122–24; in landscape description, 120; living organisms and, 135–36; and mineral cycle, 128; soil movement and, 156
Community remnants and succession, 124
Comprehensive land monitoring: actions, proposed, 161; biological monitoring forms, 147, 148–50, 232–34; data gathering, 137–38; data summary and analysis, 154–57; equipment needs, 147–51; interpreting results, 158; progress checks, 155–57; recording observations, 152–54; shortcuts, 161; tools and effects, 158–61; transects, 147, 151–52
Computers and planning, 29–30, 49
Construction sequence, 184–85
Consumptive uses, 9, 214
Control sheets, 21, 51, 219
Cooperatives, and cash flow, 46–48
Costs: fixed, 11–13, 20–21, 43; plan implementation, 184; production, 9–11, 37–38; variable, 11–12
Cover, and ecosystem processes, 156–57
Coyotes, and community dynamics, 136
Crop production, 8, 95, 170
Crop production management, 168
Crumb structure, defined, 238
Culling program, in multispecies herds, 87
Cyclical uses, 214
Dams, 199
Darts, sampling, 151, 152–54
Data gathering and recording: overview, 30; about herds, 97; actual results, 110–13; in basic land monitoring, 144; in comprehensive land monitoring, 137–38, 152–54; historical, 119; importance of, 161; in land planning, 167–68; with photography, 120; SAUs, 97. See also Forms
Data summary and analysis, 154–57
Debt service, and cash flow, 45–48
Debt service, and profit, 41
Decision-making, 17–19, 30–31, 92
Depreciation, 39, 48–49
Desertification, defined, 238
Destocking, 79, 80, 85, 105
Deviations from plan, 50–51, 51, 117, 139
Digital cameras, 120
Dimbangombe Ranch, 189
Diversity, and gross profit analysis, 16
Documentation phase, 30
Dollars, paper, 7–8
Domestic animals, and succession, 123
Drought management, 78, 83–84, 109–10
Drought reserves: in aide memoire, 93; in closed plan, 104, 106; defined, 238; forage and, 70–76; in holistic grazing plan, 94; in time vs. acres, 71–74
Dunes, and sheet erosion, 125–26
Ecosystem processes, 117–18, 120. See also individual processes
Effective recovery period, 238
Electric fences, 191, 202–6
Energy conversion, 184
Energy flow, 120, 128–30, 129, 130, 157
Energy sources and use guidelines, 7–9, 213–14
Enterprise selection, 36
Enterprise worksheets, 38, 42
Equipment needs, in land monitoring, 139–40, 147–51
Erosion, 124–26, 154
Estimating, in varied terrain, 77–78, 99
Expenses, 36, 38–39, 40, 41–42, 42, 43–44
Facilities: development and marginal reaction, 185–89; existing, 181–82; infrastructure, 165–66, 168, 181, 213–14; livestock handling, 196, 197–98
Failure, reasons for, 37
Fear of planning, 93
Feedback loop, in land monitoring, 138
Feed value of plants in nongrowing season, 79–81
Fencing: cell centers and fence patterns, 194–95; development approaches, 185–89; electric, 191, 202–6; herding vs., 170, 189; movable, 191; temporary, 203; as water source protection, 199
Financial decisions, alignment of, 4
Financial plan, 16, 52, 55–56, 215–19
Financial weak link, 6–7, 212
Fire, and ecosystem processes, 158–59
Fixed costs, 11–13, 20–21, 43
Flexibility and survival, 9–11
Flow patterns and sheet erosion, 125
Follow-through grazing, 222, 223, 224–225
Forage: consumption, monitoring, 109; cycles and nutrition, 91; digestibility of, 70; nongrowing season, 78; nutritional value of, 81; quality of, 98–101; reserves, estimating, 99; reserves vs. holistic grazing planning, 70–76; utilization, measuring, 58–60; volume, in closed plan, 104; wildlife species and planning, 77–78
Forbs, defined, 238
Forest management, monitoring, 118
Forms: Biological Monitoring Analysis—Basic, 145, 231; Biological Monitoring Analysis—Comprehensive, 150, 234; Biological Monitoring Data—Basic, 142, 230; Biological Monitoring Data—Comprehensive, 148, 232; Biological Monitoring Summary—Comprehensive, 149, 233; comprehensive land monitoring, 147; financial planning, 215–19; grazing planning, 220; planning, 21–28
Fouling, and grazing efficiency, 83
Frequent grazing, defined, 239
Future landscape, 155, 214
Gates, 204
Glossary, 237–41
Goals, ownership of, 52
Grandin, Temple, 197
Grass types, and water cycle, 127
Graze-to-recovery ratio, 238–39
Grazing: defined, 239; fouling and efficiency in, 83; multiple herds in single cell, 221–25; overgrazing, 61–64, 88, 102, 130–31, 132, 240; rotational, 81–82, 85, 240–41; slow moves vs. rapid moves, 63–64; strip, 191, 241; ultra-high-density, 192, 241
Grazing cells, 55, 84, 173–79, 177, 239
Grazing charts, 95–96, cp2.1–cp2.4
Grazing patterns, 97–98, 134–35
Grazing periods: calculating actual, 225; in closed plan, 105–6, 226–27; combined herds and, 84; herd size and, 226–27; length, 63, 109; multiple herds and, 223; in open-ended plan, 102–4; and paddocks, 67; and recovery periods, 63–64
Grazing planning: benefits of, 57; drought reserves, 94; forage reserves vs. holistic, 70–76; forms for, 220; grazing plan & control chart, 95–96, 222; overstocking, 76–77; plotting, 106–7
Grazing record, actual, 111
Gross profit analysis: asset use comparisons and, 15–16; in breeding and production, 88; of current enterprises, 34–35; enterprise comparisons and, 14; fed vs. pastured dairy cattle, 11–12; limitations of, 16–17; purposes for, 12–13; scenario comparisons and, 14–15; as testing guideline, 5, 213
Gross profit per unit, 16
Ground cover, and succession, 124
Grounding electric fencing, 203–4
Group sessions, in land planning, 180
Growing season plan (open ended), 94
Growth rate monitoring, in open-ended plan, 108
Guidelines: management, 57; for multiple herds in single cell, 221; for paddocks layout, 191; for planning, 93. See also Testing guidelines
Gully crossings, 204
Handling facilities, 196, 197–98
Hard-capped areas, 143
Hectares, measuring, 173
Hedging, 133
Herd effect, 85–86, 143, 239
Herding vs. fencing, 170, 189
Herds: combining, 79, 84–85; data documentation, 97; multiple, 221–25; single vs. multiple, 86–89; size of, 173–79, 177
Historical data, in biological monitoring, 119
Holistic goals and principles, 4–5, 37, 117, 165–66, 181
Holistic Management Framework, 57
Holistic Management (Savory), 57
Howell, Jim, 205
Humidity, distribution of, 121
Hydrophytic plants, 127
Immature capping, 130, 238
Implementation, 108–10, 165–66, 184
Income worksheets, 38
Inescapable expenses, 39, 41–42
Infrastructure, 165–66, 168, 181, 213–14
In Practice (newsletter), 235
Interest owed and cash flow, 45–48
Interpretation of change, 158
Inventory consumption, 38, 42
Investments, 7–9, 44
Kroos, Roland, 187
Lambing, 88–90
Lambing boards, 197
Land area, measuring, 173–74
Land boundaries, as factor in land planning, 179
Land cycles, 88–90
Land divisions, 64
Land management tools, 57. See also specific tools
Land monitoring: basic procedure, 137–47; comprehensive procedure, 137–38, 147–61; scenario interpretation, 228
Land planning, 166, 175, 179, 188, 192
Landscape, future, 155
Landscape description, 119–20, 144–46
Landscape features mapping, 167
Landscape modifications, 117
Land yields, in ADA/ADH, 60
Litter, 124–25, 127, 130
Livestock industry, 117
Livestock management: calm handling methods, 86; destructive routines and, 134–35; driving vs. training to move, 206–7; exclusion periods, 97; mineral supplements, 128; monitoring in, 118; trail formation, 191; training to electric fences, 204–6
Livestock production: cropland and, 170; management factors, 168; production plan, 23–28; purpose of, 21–23, 38; summary results, 112; weak link identification in, 8; worksheets, 24–25, 26–27, 218
Living organisms, as management tools, 160
Loans, and cash flow, 48
Logjams, 31–33, 41
Los Ojos Ranch, 77–78
Low-density grazing, 134, 239
Low stock density, 134–35
Low-stress handling techniques, 189
Maintenance expenses, 39, 44
Malmberg, Tony, 86
Management: deviations from plan, 50–51; fundamental principle of Holistic, 117; guidelines and tools, 57; open-book, 20–21; of production, 168; recording concerns, 97; team work in, 37, 167, 180–81; tips, 17–21; tools, 158–60. See also Livestock management
Maps: of landscape features, 167; master, 169; overlays, 172, 183; preparation of, for planning session, 180; topographical, 171
Marginal reaction guideline, 9–11, 44, 179
Master cropping plan worksheet, 95
Master maps, 169
Mature capping, 130, 238
Mental attitude, 29, 50
Mesophytic plants, 127
Mineral cycle, 120, 126–28, 157, 159–60, 239
Mineral deficiency symptoms, 128
Mineral dollars, 7
Miscellaneous income worksheet, 38
Money, 4, 7–9, 52, 213–14
Monitoring: forage consumption, 109; growth rates, in open-ended plan, 108; importance of, 161; land performance vs. species, 117; planned vs. actual figures, 50; progress, 93. See also Biological monitoring; Land monitoring
Monitoring phase, 30–31, 49–52
Monthly surplus/(deficit), and cash flow, 44–48
Movable fences, 191, 191
Multiple herds, 221–25
Multispecies herds, 86–88
Natural issues checklist, 167
Net managerial incomes (NMI), 20–21
No fencing option, 189
Nonbrittle environments, 70, 121–22, 134, 159
Nongrowing seasons, 71–74, 94
Notes, and cash flow, 48
Nutrition, 69–70, 79–83, 91
Objectives, 5
Observations, 118, 144–47, 152–54
Open-book management, 20–21
Open-ended plan: in aide memoire, 93; defined, 239–40; documenting unfavorable grazing patterns, 97–98; follow-through grazing, 224; grazing charts, cp2.1, cp2.3; grazing periods, 102–4; growing season, 94; implementation, 108–9; rating forage quality in, 99; recording actual events, 112–13; recovery periods, 102, 103
Other expenses, defined, 39
Outsiders, in land planning, 180
Overbrowsed plants, 133, 132
Overdraft, simple, and cash flow, 45–46
Overgrazing, 61–64, 88, 102, 130–31, 132, 240
Overrested plants, 70, 133, 240
Overstocking, in year-round grazing plans, 76–77
Ownership in planning procedure, 29–30
Paddocks: in closed plan, 105–6; defined, 57, 240; as factor in land planning, 175; grazing periods, 67; layouts, 55, 134–35, 173–75, 179, 190–91, 191; overgrazing, 102; productivity of, 98–101; quality of, 100–101, 109; recovery time for, 65; rotation and addition of, 64–67; splitting, effects of, 69; stock density and, 67–69, 68; strip grazing and, 191
Parasites, 90
Pasture, defined, 240
Patch grazing, 134
Pedestaling, sheet erosion and, 124–25, 125
People, in future resource base, 214
Perennial plants, 61, 123, 154–55
Pests, 90
Photography, 120, 141, 143, 152
Physiological needs of animals, 59, 74, 90, 91
Plan assessment, 48–49
Plan check, final, 107–8, 183
Plan evaluation, 183
Planned grazing, defined, 240
Planning: circles or squares, 176; forms, 21–28; gross profit analysis and, 12; guidelines for, 93; for multiple herds in single cell, 221–25; preliminary phase, 30–36; procedures, 29–31, 50; projections, 48–49; reworking the plan, 49; on sketched map, 182; for small land units, 55–56; steps in, 190; team work in, 37, 167, 180–81; writing the plan, 30, 36–49. See also specific plan types
Plant habitat, and water cycle effectiveness, 126
Plants: in comprehensive land monitoring, 153–55; ecosystem processes and, 156–57; feed value, in nongrowing season, 79–81; overbrowsed, 133, 132; overgrazed, 61–62, 130–31, 132; overrested, 133, 240; pedestaling of, 124–25, 125; poisonous, 79; recovery requirements for, 61–62; succession and, 123–24; water cycle and, 127
Plumb bobs, 152, 153
Poisonous plant danger, 79
Preplanning session, 94–95
Product conversion, 6–7, 66, 184, 212
Production costs, 9–11, 37–38
Production management, factors in, 168
Productivity approach to fence development, 186
Profitability, 5, 33–35, 37, 41, 44, 49
Progress checks: in basic land monitoring, 139; in biological monitoring, 119–20; in biological monitoring analysis, 146; in comprehensive land monitoring, 155–57; interpreting results in, 158
Projections, in financial planning, 48–49
Radial layout of paddocks, 55, 134–35, 173–75, 179
Rainfall, 78
Rapid moves, 79, 85
Recent capping, 130
Recovery approach to fence development, 185–86
Recovery periods, 62–64, 84, 102, 103, 109, 238
Recovery rates, 63, 238–39
Recovery requirements, 61, 61–63, 62
Reserves, in time vs. acres, 70–71, 83
Reservoir construction, 200
Resource conversion, 6–7
Resource enhancers, 212
Rest, 63, 121–22, 133, 159, 240
Rest-tolerant grasses, 240
Richardson, Dick and Judy, 17–19
Risk, spreading, 33–35
River Bench Ranch, 96
Root depth, 127
Rotational grazing, 81–82, 85, 240
Routine, human weakness for, 113
Runner grass plants, 61–62
Rutherford, Bob, 197
Salination, 128
Sampling darts, 151, 152–54
SAUs (standard animal units), 59, 74, 241
Savory Institute, 235
Scenarios, 14–15, 158, 188, 228
Schedules, sequence, and timing, 30–31, 64, 92, 138, 184–85
Severe grazing, defined, 239
Sheep Creek Drainage, 119
Sheet erosion, 124–26
Shortcuts, 161
Siltation, 125
Simple Appreciation technique, 17
Single herd management, 86–88
Single-sire breeding, 87, 198
Slopes, with radial layout, 179
Sloughs, 199
Slow moves vs. rapid moves, 63–64
Social issues checklist, 167
Social weak link, 211–12
Software, 29, 37
Soil acidity, 128
Soil alkalinity, 128
Soil capping, 130–33, 153, 156–57, 238
Soil erosion, 124–26, 154
Soil movement, 156–57
Soil organisms, 127
Soil permeability, 126
Soil pH, 128
Soil surface, 118
Soil surface conditions, 121, 153, 155
Solar dollars, 7–9
Species complexity and diversity, 86–88, 123. See also Wildlife species
Species identification, 133
Species monitoring, 117
Splash patterns, 125
Spreadsheet programs, 29
Spreadsheets, 37, 39, 42, 42, 43
Standard animal units (SAUs), 59, 74, 241
Stock density, 67–70, 158, 241
Stocking rates: in acres, 72; in comprehensive land monitoring, 158; defined, 71–74, 241; determining, 76; as factor in land planning, 175; field check, 109; in hectares, 73; nongrowing season forage and, 78
Stock reduction, 104
Straining posts, 203
Stream crossings, 204
Strip grazing, 191, 241
Succession, 123–24, 241
Sunlight harvesters, 212
Supplementation, 81
Tax consequences of plan, 49
Team work, 37, 167, 180–81
Technology, as tool, 160
Temporary fencing, 203
Temporary gates, 205
Testing guidelines: cause and effect, 211; energy/money source and use, 7–9, 213–14; gross profit analysis, 5, 11–17, 213; marginal reaction, 9–11, 44, 179, 212–13; society and culture, 214; sustainability, 214; weak link, 6–7, 211–12
Timber production management, 168
Timing, in holistic grazing management, 64
Topographical maps, 169, 171
Topography, in land planning, 179
Trail formation, by livestock, 134–35, 191
Trample-to-recovery ratio, 238–39
Transects, 137–38, 140–41, 147, 151, 151–52, 241
Triple bottom line, 29
Ultra-high-density grazing, defined, 241
Van Vuuren case, 79
Variable costs, 11–12
Virtual fencing, 189
Wagon wheel pattern, 55, 134–35, 173–75, 179
Water cycle: analysis of changes in, 156–57; in current landscape description, 120; defined, 241; effectiveness test, 126; and fire, 158–59; and grass types, 127; as land health indicator, 124–26; as management tool, 158–60
Water supply, 84–85, 175, 179, 183, 185, 199–201
Water temperature, 199–201
Weak link, 6–8, 35–36, 42, 66, 211–12
Wealth-generating expenditures, 6–7, 32–33, 38, 42
Wetlands restoration and management, 118, 136
Wildlife species, 74, 77–78, 88, 136, 153, 156–57
Williams, Bud, 86
Wire attachments, 202–3
Woody plants, and succession, 124
Worksheets, 216; alfalfa production and sales, 22; as backup to income-and-expense spreadsheet, 37; biological year of cow herd, 22; enterprise expense, 42; fuel use and purchase projections, 22; gross profit analysis, 35; income, 38; livestock production, 24–25, 26–27, 218; master cropping plan, 95; purpose and uses for, 21–23; standard, for breeding and production, 88; weak link expenses, 36; wealth-generating expenses, 32
Xerophytic plants, 127
Yearling operations, 77–78
Year-round grazing plans, 76–77
Zietsman, Johan, 192