Bobby could remember only one: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
One night Rooster led them: Interviews with Bobby and Tracey Bogle.
“What you are raised with”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
One of the happiest moments: Interviews with Tracey and Bobby Bogle.
stealing big-rig trucks: Ibid.
as little as 5 percent of families: See David Farrington et al., “The Concentration of Offenders in Families, and Family Criminality in the Prediction of Boys’ Delinquency,” Journal of Adolescence 24, no. 5 (2001): 579–96.
The Gluecks found that two-thirds of the boys: Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1950), pp. 98–101. For a later, brilliant analysis of the Gluecks’ data, see the two books by John L. Laub and Robert J. Sampson: Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993) and Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003).
Michael Harrington: See Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Scribner, 1962), pp. 96–101.
a quadrupling of the U.S. prison population: The New York Times, April 11, 2006.
John Laub: Interview with John Laub, professor of criminology at the University of Maryland, and see his book Crime in the Making, pp. 97–116.
“Once you get in it”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
“Look carefully”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
“The past was kept back from us”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
blue dots on their left cheeks were a mark: Truman Capote, In Cold Blood (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 35.
In June 1920: This account of where Louis Bogle was born and why he moved to Paris, Texas, is based on several sources, including the version he himself passed on to his children, as well as an interview with a nephew of Louis, Lloyd Harding, who was born in Paris just after Louis arrived there, and also separate interviews with Murray Harding, a cousin of Louis’s, and Mae Smotherman, a niece. The dates are confirmed by the censuses of 1910, 1920 and 1930 and by Louis’s later Social Security file.
In every decade: For a good account of this large-scale migration from the Old South to Texas after the Civil War, see Randolph B. Campbell, Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 325.
Louis Bogle was infatuated: For a detailed account of what life was like in Paris, Texas, at the time, see the two memoirs by William A. Owens: This Stubborn Soil: A Frontier Boyhood (New York: Nick Lyons Books, 1966) and A Season of Weathering: The Autobiography of a Texas Country Boy Making His Way Toward an Education in the Hard Times of the Twenties (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973).
Ervin and Herman Arthur: Skipper Steely, 1920 Lynching Stunned, Sobered City’s Leaders and Paris’ Reputation Suffers (Paris, TX: Privately published, 2001), and Walter L. Buenger, The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas Between Reconstruction and the Great Depression (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), pp. 167–69.
Louis’s uncle and his son, Charlie Harding: Interview with Lloyd Harding.
Louis’s favorite place: Interviews with Lloyd Harding and Skipper Steely, a local historian in Paris, Texas.
Elvie Morris: Her date of birth is listed in the census of 1910 for Red River County, Texas. Her father’s status as a poor, landless sharecropper can be seen in the tax records of Red River County for the years from 1895 to 1918. Details about her early life and the death of her father in the big influenza epidemic of 1918 come from an interview with a then neighbor of Elvie’s family in the hamlet of Sherry, Pat Westfall.
This embellishing: The details about Narcissa Harding, Louis’s grandmother, and her marriage to Carpenter Harding, a former Union Army soldier, are contained in the extensive file compiled by the Bureau of Pensions of the Department of the Interior when Narcissa repeatedly applied, unsuccessfully, for Carpenter’s Union Army pension from 1890 to 1914. Narcissa can also be found in the censuses of 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900 and 1910.
Union Army pensions were like a golden ticket: For a full explanation of the importance of Union Army pensions in late-nineteenth-century America, see Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 1–62.
Louis and Elvie had grown up: Owens, This Stubborn Soil, pp. 21–25.
Louis offered to show Elvie how to drive: Interview with Tony Bogle, her oldest son.
Once a week it was his duty: On the Sherry postmaster fetching the mail once a week, interview with Pat Westfall, a longtime resident of Sherry who had known Elvie when she was young.
By now, Louis and Elvie were in love: Marriage of Louis and Elvie on April 2, 1921, found in the Lamar County, Texas, courthouse records.
hit song made popular by Bing Crosby: Printed text of funeral service for Elvie, 1987, courtesy of Linda Bogle.
northeast Texas had just fallen into a sharp economic recession: Buenger, The Path to a Modern South, pp. 143–49.
Harding decided to move back to Tennessee: Interview with Lloyd Harding, a nephew of Louis Bogle’s, who was born in Paris in 1920 and lived in the house with Louis Bogle. The Lamar County deed book shows that Louis Harding, the uncle of Louis Bogle, sold his home in Paris for $200 in 1921.
Their first child: John Bogle was born on December 8, 1921, according to the Texas Birth Index for the period from 1905 to 1997.
Her earliest memories as a child: Interview with Pat Westfall.
Elvie’s father, James Morris: His appearance is taken from the description on James Morris’s World War I draft-registration card. His status as a sharecropper is also taken from that draft card and from an interview with Pat Westfall. That Morris owned no land and paid very little in taxes comes from the Red River County tax records.
her mother, Florence: Biographical details on Florence are from the census of 1880 for Pope County, Arkansas.
whom she had married in 1894: Florence’s marriage to Jim Morris in 1894 is recorded in the Red River County marriage records.
Florence deserted her husband: See the census of 1910, which records that Florence was then living in a boardinghouse in Wichita Falls, Texas, and said she was not married and had no children. On Jim Morris divorcing Florence on the grounds of desertion, see the divorce records from the Red River County district court from May 1910.
“Florence was a loose woman”: Interview with Betty Morris Dodd, a daughter of Jim Morris’s older brother, Charles Morris, who lived next door to Florence and Jim Morris in Sherry. Dodd said her mother was the source of her information on Florence.
Sarah Morris Hardin: For biographical information on Sarah Morris Hardin, I am indebted to a descendant of her large family, Diane Norton, of Little Rock, Arkansas, and Snowmass, Colorado, who has compiled a comprehensive genealogical history of the family.
Recent historical research: Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 29–33. Also, an interview with Cott, who is a professor of history at Harvard.
In Arkansas: For the size of Sarah Hardin’s family, see the census of 1880 for Jackson County, Arkansas.
an ending like something out of a Jane Austen novel: For the judge’s ruling that Sarah’s marriage was not legal, see James Hardin’s 1891 probate file in the records of Independence County, Arkansas. Also, Diane Norton has an 1897 letter from one of James Hardin’s children describing the court case.
Sarah loved to dance: Interview with Betty Morris Dodd, her granddaughter.
There were trained lions and elephants: Description of the carnival is from the Paris Morning News, October 14, 1921. For a description of the early motordrome that Elvie rode in, I am indebted to Lowell Stapf, a longtime operator of carnivals in Texas who was based in Amarillo.
As it happened: Description of Elvie’s job driving a motorcycle in the carnival motordrome is from interviews with her son Charlie Bogle and her daughter-in-law Linda Bogle.
a young woman who was found murdered: The Clarksville Times, July 28, 1919.
People in Clarksville had a saying: Interview with Mary Hansler, a retired Red River County clerk who grew up in Sherry. Hansler is also the source of the view that working in a carnival was not proper and was unwomanly.
that she herself was a gypsy: Interview with her son Charlie Bogle.
Elvie and Louis began drinking heavily: Interview with Linda Bogle.
In private, her aunt began to call Elvie “trash”: Interview with Betty Morris Dodd.
“surely one of the greatest incentives”: Campbell, Gone to Texas, p. 366.
Elvie used her driving skills: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
Louis was less fortunate: For the arrest, trial and conviction of Louis for selling moonshine, see the Lamar County District Court clerk’s minute book 5, for 1925.
“There seems to be an unmistakable drift”: The Deport Times, May 18, 1923, Deport being a small town near Paris.
On July 20, 1925, Louis was arrested: Lamar County District Court clerk’s minute book 6 and 7 for 1925.
committed to the new Texas state mental hospital: Interview with Charlie Bogle. Also, the Texas Department of State Health Services death certificate for Florence.
Dr. Liza Gold: Interview with Dr. Liza Gold.
Louis’s mother, Mattie: Interviews with Charlie and Linda Bogle.
Elvie gave birth: John Bogle’s date of birth is from the Texas Birth Index for the years 1903–1997. The description of the houses the growing Bogle family lived in at the time is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle.
Other children soon followed: Dude’s date of birth is from the Texas Birth Index for the years 1903–1997. That is also the source for Charlie Bogle’s date of birth.
Elvie cooked the same food: Information about the meals Elvie Bogle cooked is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle. Dude recounted his love of fishing in an interview. And both Dude and Charlie talked about their father’s racial views in interviews. The lack of money in the family for Christmas presents is from an interview with Charlie. Also, the photos of the boys without shoes were provided by Charlie.
Not long after Charlie was born: The Bogle family’s lack of knowledge about the Depression is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle.
In 1914, the Texas legislature: The passage of a Texas state compulsory school attendance law is from Walter L. Buenger, The Path to a Modern South: Northeast Texas Between Reconstruction and the Great Depression (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), p. 111. The fact that Louis and Elvie registered their children for school, as required by the law, but then did not send them to school because of the parents’ work in the carnival is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle. The Paris school records also showed that the children were officially registered, and listed a different address for the family in Paris each year from 1931 to 1941.
Louis said he was a veteran: On Louis’s claim to be a veteran of World War I, see the listing for Louis Bogle in the 1930 census for Lamar County. On the fact that Louis never actually served in the war, see his draft certificate from Tennessee.
Despite their lack of education: That Louis and Elvie continued working in carnivals into the mid-1930s is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle, who also provided details about their mother’s prowess in riding her motorcycle in the motordrome.
Elvie and Louis continued to augment their tiny pay: Information about Louis continuing to brew moonshine and Elvie selling it is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle.
“It was the Depression”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
As William Humphrey wrote: William Humphrey, Farther Off from Heaven (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1976), p. 176.
Elvie and Louis particularly admired: Interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle. Dude and Charlie also remembered Pretty Boy Floyd stopping at their house in Paris. In addition, Charlie proudly recalled Floyd giving his mother money to buy shoes for the boys.
The caption under the picture: The old black-and-white photo Charlie kept on the wall of his trailer home in Salem that he thought was of his uncle, the nineteenth-century gunman John Wesley Hardin, was still there at Charlie’s death in 2016. And Charlie delighted in telling the story of how his supposed uncle had shot a man dead because he was snoring in a hotel room next to him in Abilene during a cattle drive. For more on the real John Wesley Hardin, see Randolph B. Campbell, Gone to Texas: A History of the Lone Star State (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 305.
Charlie loved to hear: That Charlie and Dude began to identify with legendary Texas outlaws from the stories their parents told is from interviews with Charlie and Dude.
In fact, imitation forms the basis: For the origin of social learning theory and its role in criminology, see Freda Adler, Criminology (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 61.
The discipline “criminology”: For the origin of the field of criminology and the role of Raffaele Garofalo, see Adler, Criminology, p. 6.
the “father of modern criminology”: Ibid., p. 50.
“In East Texas in those days”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
Dude went fishing: Interview with Dude Bogle. On Dude being sentenced to ten days in the Lamar County jail, see the Lamar County Criminal Minutes Index for April 15, 1939.
Charlie had begun stealing money: Interview with Charlie Bogle. On Charlie’s arrest for stealing the milkman’s money, also see the Lamar County Criminal Minutes Index for February 3, 1941, and April 9, 1942. On the farmer’s wife getting into bed with Charlie, that is also from an interview with Charlie.
“To me, they were heathen”: Interview with Mae Smotherman, whose mother, Lula, was Louis Bogle’s sister. Also from an interview with Cassandra Czarnezki, a granddaughter of Lula’s, who has done research to compile a history of her extended family.
charged with stealing a truck: Interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle, and the Lamar County Criminal Minutes Index for November 10, 1938.
Gatesville State School for Boys: There is a powerful, haunting account of what life was like for boys sentenced to Gatesville in Robert Perkinson, Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2010), pp. 34–35, 253–56, 362. Also see John Neal Phillips, Running with Bonnie and Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), pp. 13–20.
twenty-five lashes with the heavy strap: Interviews with John’s brothers Dude and Charlie Bogle.
He would carry his shoeshine box: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
“I was taking after my daddy and mommy”: Ibid.
“I knew about gals”: Ibid.
About this time, in 1942: Ibid.
His brother and closest friend: Interview with Dude Bogle.
“I loved to fight”: Ibid. The photos of Dude in Burma during World War II were in his trailer home in Helena, Montana.
After Charlie and Dude were gone: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
The family may have been poor: Interviews with Charlie and Linda Bogle.
He was arrested in Topeka: Interview with Dude Bogle, and Dude’s arrest record from the years 1946–1949, which is contained in his Oregon State Police file.
Charlie had picked up his own: Charlie’s arrest record in the late 1940s is from an interview with him and also from his Washington State prison records.
“I was the only one that went in”: From Charlie’s confession, which is included in his Washington State prison file.
He was taken to the state prison at Monroe: Charlie’s conviction and prison sentence are from an interview with him and his Washington State prison file.
“I had to take the rap”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
“The Bogles live in a very small shack-type house”: Mabel Ray’s report on the Bogles’ living conditions in Amarillo is contained in Charlie’s Washington State prison file and is dated September 16, 1948.
Elvie also advised Ray: From Ray’s report on Charlie contained in his Washington State prison file.
Dude found one consolation: Interview with Dude Bogle.
“They didn’t show me anything”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
“There is nothing between us”: Quoted by E. N. Smith, a longtime detective in Amarillo who rose to be the city’s police chief.
“without a bad bone in his body”: Interview with Margaritte Garcia.
“She never worked a day”: Ibid.
One day Mrs. Garcia saw: Ibid.
“This is the first actual house”: Ibid.
“the pick of the litter”: Ibid.
Officially, Rooster was born without a name: From Rooster’s Texas birth certificate, courtesy of Linda Bogle. On Rooster’s growing suspicions about the reason he was born without an official name, interviews with Rooster’s two wives, Kathy and Linda Bogle. On Elvie going back and getting Rooster an official name, the Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, certificate of birth, dated November 22, 1956, courtesy of Linda Bogle.
he was always called Rooster: Interview with Kathy Bogle, Rooster’s first wife.
“They call me Rooster”: Interview with Jimmy Wilson, a classmate and rival of Rooster’s.
his second-grade report card: Courtesy of Linda Bogle.
“He wanted to be a Bogle”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
Mrs. Garcia’s two boys: Interview with Margaritte Garcia.
Phillip Garcia: Interview with Phillip Garcia.
Dennis Lindvay: Interview with Dennis Lindvay.
When it came time to elect: Ibid.
Rooster had been getting into trouble: Interviews with Rooster’s two wives, Kathy and Linda Bogle, and an interview with his classmate Jimmy Wilson.
Rooster had become well known to the police: Interview with E. N. Smith.
a teenager kicked him in the head: Interview with Kathy Bogle, who was Rooster’s girlfriend at the time.
“Rooster was always in trouble”: Interview with Margaritte Garcia.
“only pretended to discipline Rooster”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
To compound the problem: Interview with Margaritte Garcia. On Elvie Bogle being furious when Louis whipped Rooster, interview with Linda Bogle.
“the largest predictor of delinquency”: John L. Laub and Robert J. Sampson, Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 95.
“our research suggests”: Ibid., p. 97.
They were attracted by: Interview with Kathy Bogle, who lived near Rooster at the time.
He often practiced his kicking: Ibid.
One night Rooster snuck her out: Ibid.
At the time, Rooster had another girlfriend: Interviews with Jimmy Wilson and Kathy Bogle.
“He slammed her up against the wall”: Interview with Jimmy Wilson.
Wilson challenged Rooster: This account of the fight is from interviews with Jimmy Wilson and Pat Dunavin.
He remained unconscious: Information about Rooster’s severe injuries, his hospitalization and the surgery he underwent are from news stories about the fight in the Amarillo News and the Amarillo Globe from September 6, 1957, to October 7, 1957.
He suffered from epilepsy: Rooster’s physical and mental condition after he was released from the hospital are from his Texas Department of Corrections file dated April 24, 1961.
His personality changed too: Interview with Kathy Bogle.
One group of people who have suffered: For findings about the connection between brain damage and changes in behavior, see Drew Barzman and John Kennedy, “Does Traumatic Brain Injury Cause Violence?,” Current Psychiatry 1, no. 4 (April 2002): 49–55. Also see Alan Schwarz, “Research Traces Link Between Combat Blasts and PTSD,” The New York Times, January 9, 2016.
Dude wanted to try out: The planning of the burglary is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle.
Tom Scivally was happy: Interview with Tom Scivally.
Dude invited Charlie: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
Dude instead enlisted two other men: The account of the burglary is from interviews with Dude and Charlie Bogle; an interview with E. N. Smith, the lead Amarillo police detective on the case; an interview with the store’s owner, Tom Scivally; and news stories in the Amarillo Globe Times and the Amarillo Daily News from December 8, 1958, to April 3, 1959.
“I’m coming with you”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
The five men then drove back: Ibid.
“The boys weren’t smart enough”: Interview with Russell Towery, the son of A. B. Towery.
The cash portion: Interview with E. N. Smith.
“She was hard as nails”: Ibid.
“Ma Barker”: Interview with Russell Towery.
They shipped him back to Amarillo: On Rooster being arrested in New Orleans and then sentenced to five years in prison in Texas, from Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections file. Also, interviews with Charlie and Linda Bogle.
A report by a psychologist: The report by the psychologist and the separate report by a psychiatrist are both contained in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections file.
Dr. M. D. Hanson: Dr. Hanson’s findings about Rooster and his letter to Elvie Bogle are contained in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections file.
Charlie was not so fortunate: Charlie’s bad experience at Eastham is from interviews with him.
Clyde Barrow, the outlaw: For a good account of Eastham when Clyde Barrow was sent there, see Jeff Guinn, Go Down Together: The True Untold Story of Bonnie and Clyde (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 67–88.
“I changed”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
“If there was any kind of break-in”: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
“But I can’t even drive”: Ibid.
“The word came expressly”: William G. Robbins, Oregon: This Storied Land (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2005), p. 41.
It might make a good new home: Interview with Charlie Bogle.
An early emigrant: Harold Peters, ed., Seven Months to Oregon: Diaries, Letters and Reminiscent Accounts (Tooele, Utah: The Patricia Press, 2008).
“his mother seems to be over protective”: Roy Crumley’s progress report on Rooster, June 26, 1966, in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections parole file.
Kathy’s family was even poorer: On Kathy’s marriage to Rooster, interview with Kathy Bogle.
“Doubtful that subject will ever hold”: Report on Rooster is by his parole officer, Roy Crumley, in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections parole file.
“They looked like a bunch of hillbillies”: Interview with Margaritte Garcia.
“at which point he slipped”: Report by Rooster’s Oregon parole officer, Leonard McHargue, contained in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections parole file, January 8, 1962. That Rooster got an insurance settlement of $928 for his supposed accident, also from McHargue parole report, on September 7, 1962.
“Lie down and say you’re pregnant”: Interview with Kathy Bogle. The “accident” was also reported by McHargue in his September 7, 1962, parole report.
“subject states that most of his free time”: McHargue parole report, dated October 2, 1962, in Rooster’s Texas Department of Corrections parole file.
“Subject has no prospects for employment”: Ibid.
“Too lazy to work for welfare”: McHargue parole report dated April 3, 1963.
he was arrested for having sex: On Rooster’s arrest for having sex with a fourteen-year-old girl, see the sentencing document in the case, “The state of Oregon vs Dale Vincent Bogle,” with a sentencing date of January 13, 1965, found in the Marion County Circuit Court. On the nature of the crime, interview with Linda Bogle, who learned about it from Rooster.
It was around Christmas: Rooster’s meeting with Linda White and their growing relationship are from a series of interviews with Linda.
“It was just a big con job”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
“It was horrible”: Ibid.
Yet she kept seeing Rooster: Ibid.
“When he was drinking”: Ibid.
“How does that feel”: Ibid.
Tim recalled that there were days: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“Are you ever going to smoke again?”: Interviews with Tim, Tracey and Bobby Bogle.
Rooster had each of his boys learn to box: Ibid.
“Rooster thought presents and toys”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
He made himself sound like: Interviews with Tim, Tracey and Bobby Bogle.
“Those talks really impressed me”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
As the children got older: Interviews with Tim, Tracey, Bobby and Tony Bogle.
Rooster needed the cash: Interview with Linda Bogle.
Eventually, Rooster learned enough: Interviews with Linda and Tim Bogle.
Rooster took a special: Interviews with Linda, Tony, Bobby and Glen Bogle.
Bobby had drilled a small hole: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
“We really didn’t have a childhood”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
The boys did not have toys: Interviews with Tony, Bobby, Michael, Glen, Tracey and Tim Bogle.
Perhaps because Tony was the eldest: Interviews with Tony, Bobby, Tracey and Tim Bogle.
he ordered Tony to stand sideways: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Kathy was lax: Interviews with Tony, Bobby, Tracey, Tim and Linda Bogle.
“My mother wasn’t very responsible”: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
To make matters worse: Interview with Linda Bogle.
Not surprisingly, Tony, as the eldest: Interview with Tony Bogle.
“My boy did nothing wrong”: Ibid.
Four of his fingers were cut off: Interviews with Tony, Bobby and Glen Bogle.
Tony had also begun to set: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony’s cousin, Tammie Bogle: Interview with Tammie Bogle.
“My mother and my other mother”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Judge Albin Norblad: Interview with Judge Albin Norblad.
“With a family like that”: Ibid.
a natural experiment: David Kirk, “Residential Change as a Turning Point in the Life Course of Crime,” Criminology 50, no. 2 (2012): 329–53. Also, two interviews with Kirk on his research findings.
“Sons follow their fathers”: “Breaking Up the Family as a Way to Break Up the Mob,” The New York Times, February 10, 2017.
This was because of a quirk of history: The best estimate of the strongly Southern background of the early Oregon Trail pioneers is in John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp. 403–5.
Pro-slavery politicians dominated: For a good account of how close Oregon came to seceding from the Union when Abraham Lincoln was elected, see Tom Marsh, To the Promised Land: A History of Government and Politics in Oregon (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press), pp. 37–44.
many other mental hospitals: For a masterful account of the new asylums in the United States in the 1800s, see David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp. 130–44.
The Oregon State Insane Asylum: For a detailed history of the Oregon State Hospital, see Diane L. Goeres-Gardner, Inside the Oregon State Hospital: A History of Tragedy and Triumph (Charleston, OR: The History Press, 2013).
Tony Bogle found himself a patient there: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony was assigned to what was called the Forty Ward: For Tony’s time at the Oregon State Hospital, I have drawn from my interviews with him and also from his presentence report, prepared by the Adult Probation Department of Pima County, Arizona, as part of his trial there for murder in 1993. The presentence report has the great benefit of being able to draw on all of Tony’s criminal and mental-health records, including his file from the Oregon State Hospital and the MacLaren School for Boys in Oregon.
Tony had a history of setting fires to kill animals: For Tony setting animals on fire and stealing from mailboxes, see his Pima County, Arizona, presentence report in 1993.
In the divorce: On Rooster getting a divorce from Kathy and then marrying Linda, interviews with Kathy Bogle and Linda Bogle.
“I can’t keep him”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
MacLaren, as everyone called it: For an excellent and devastating description of MacLaren, see Mikal Gilmore, Shot in the Heart (New York: Doubleday, 1994), pp. 144–61. Mikal Gilmore was the younger brother of Gary Gilmore, the murderer made famous by Norman Mailer in his Pulitzer Prize–winning best seller The Executioner’s Song.
“When I arrived at MacLaren”: Interview with Tony Bogle.
Tony was discharged: Ibid.
It was there in April 1982: Tony’s account of the sodomy charge against him at MacLaren is from ibid.
“He tossed the book at me”: Ibid.
Kathy would go out to bars: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
Tracey in a swimming pool: Ibid.
“One day my mother dropped me off”: Ibid.
After Rooster saw that his checks: Interviews with Tracey and Linda Bogle.
“When we saw him get off the plane”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
“Out came this stripper”: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
One of these innovative programs: Interview with Scott Henggeler.
A few months after Bobby was sentenced: Interview with Tracey Bogle.
“Our father had raised us”: Ibid.
“it was not about stealing”: Ibid.
Norblad sentenced Tracey to MacLaren: Ibid.
They decided to drive the truck: Interviews with Tracey and Bobby Bogle.
Tony, who was doing his time: Interviews with Tony and Bobby Bogle.
classic American prison style: For a history of the development of prisons in America, see David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp. 79–100. Also see Rothman, “Perfecting the Prison: United States, 1789–1865,” in Norval Morris and David J. Rothman, eds., The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 100–116.
“Everything passes in the most profound silence”: Quoted in Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum, p. 97.
Richard Louis Dugdale: Richard Louis Dugdale, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1887).
Another relatively early investigation: Thomas Ferguson’s study of delinquent boys in Scotland was published as The Young Delinquent in His Society Setting: A Glasgow Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1952).
“the influence of another convicted member”: Ibid., p. 67.
It found that half of all the convictions: David P. Farrington et al., “The Concentration of Offenders in Families and Family Criminality in the Prediction of Boys’ Delinquency,” Journal of Adolescence 24 (2001): 580–81.
A number of other studies: For the Pittsburgh study, known as the Pittsburgh Youth Study, see Rolf Loeber et al., Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998).
the number of children with a parent in prison: See The Crime Report: Your Criminal Justice Network, November 21, 2010.
The number of children with a parent behind bars: Patrick McCarthy quoted in The Crime Report: Your Criminal Justice Network, May 10, 2010.
But in a recent book surveying: Interview with Joseph Murray, a criminologist at the University of Cambridge.
Bobby wanted to look: Interview with Bobby Bogle and the transcript of the 1993 joint trial of Bobby and Tracey Bogle in Marion County Circuit Court, pp. 136, 720.
he extracted a promise: Trial transcript, pp. 393, 407.
he listed the shop: Ibid., pp. 436–37.
had bought him a tan sport jacket: Ibid., pp. 93–94.
Fijalka had bad news: Trial transcript of closing arguments, pp. 132–38, and interview with Tim Bogle.
now armed with a .38-caliber revolver: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“things got nutso”: Trial transcript, pp. 679–81.
“Bobby and Tracey were talking nonsense”: Trial transcript, p. 689.
To calm things down: Ibid., p. 703.
“You’re sure there’s no way”: Ibid., p. 720.
“This was a chance”: Ibid.
“They didn’t want any trouble”: Ibid., p. 97.
the brothers barged into the house: This account of Bobby and Tracey’s assault on Dave Fijalka and Sandra Jackson is from their testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 102–25. Also, interviews with Bobby and Tracey Bogle.
It took Dave Fijalka several hours: Testimony of Willets, California, police officer Blaine Johnson, in the trial transcript, pp. 499–503.
might be a stolen car: That Julio Morales called the California Highway Patrol, from his testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 499–503.
Officer Johnson sped to the scene: From Officer Blaine Johnson’s testimony in the trial transcript, pp. 541–49. Officer Johnson also recalled that Scott Mayo had arrived with a gun in his waistband.
At the opening of their trial: Tracey’s directive to his lawyer to try to exclude non-Christians from the jury is from Steven Krasik’s testimony during motions hearing on the first day of the trial, November 10, 1993.
“Tracey feels there is a biblical proscription”: Steven Krasik’s motions to the judge before the trial began, in trial transcript.
At the end of the trial: Tim Bogle’s statement to the judge is from an interview with him.
It was Mother’s Day: On Kathy Bogle being sad and lonely on Mother’s Day, interview with Kathy Bogle.
she was charged and then convicted: For Kathy’s indictment and conviction for hindering prosecution and custodial interference, see her Oregon Department of Corrections criminal history.
Dick Austin had fourteen convictions: From Dick Austin’s Washington State Department of Corrections file.
“I am recuperating from a long life”: Interview with Kathy Bogle.
By the end of Mother’s Day: Interview with Perrin Damon, then the spokeswoman for the Oregon Department of Corrections.
“This is an old story”: Interview with Tim Bogle.
Her older sister, Bert: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
Kaufman County, Texas: That Clyde Barrow broke Bonnie Parker out of jail in Kaufman County, Texas, in Jeff Guinn, Go Down Together: The True Untold Story of Bonnie and Clyde (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 92–123.
“When he came out”: Interview with Deputy Kenneth Garvin of the Kaufman County, Texas, sheriff’s office.
Both of Kathy’s brothers: Interviews with Kathy Bogle and Bertha Wilson.
At the time Corey was born: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
In July 1990: For a full account of the kidnapping and murder of Sandra Jackson, see the coverage in the local newspaper, the Terrell Tribune, July 23, July 25, July 26, July 30, August 2, August 7, August 14, August 16 and September 12, 1990, and February 7 and August 8, 1991. Also see the guilty plea by Corey Lee Wilson on February 1991 in the transcript of his trial for murder in Kaufman County, Texas, pp. 691–763.
They were turned in by Lana: On Lana Luna acting as an informant for the sheriff’s department and turning in her own son, see the transcript of Corey Lee Wilson’s murder trial for his mother’s testimony, pp. 442–97.
he was released in 2015: According to a spokesman for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
“When you get right down to it”: Interview with Bertha Wilson.
She now had to wear false teeth: Interview with Kathy Bogle.
“For Kathy there is no need to plan”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
were arrested at Kathy’s trailer home: Ibid.
Vickey had numerous arrests: Interview with Vickey Bogle Fowler.
she started shouting at her probation agent: Interview with Linda Bogle. Also, Kathy Bogle’s Oregon Department of Corrections file.
“I’m not a drug addict”: See Kathy Bogle’s Oregon Department of Corrections file.
The case manager immediately contacted: The case manager from the Oregon Home Healthcare Provider checks in to help Kathy in jail, from the Oregon attorney general’s press release about Kathy on September 28, 2009.
Kathy had claimed for more than two years: Ibid.
In September 2008 both women were indicted: See the indictment against Kathy Bogle and Linda Bogle on September 24, 2009, by the Marion County grand jury.
Linda was charged with five counts of theft: Ibid.
“It was an idea”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
After being caught: Linda pled guilty and was placed on probation, from the Oregon attorney general’s press release about the case, dated September 28, 2009.
“She’s scammed people”: Interview with Linda Bogle.
“I think I’ve lost my mind”: Interviews with Kathy Bogle and Judge Albin Norblad.
“She can no longer put things together”: Interview with Jeannie Kelley.
“They have permission to be here”: From the transcript of Kathy’s trial in Marion County Circuit Court.
Kathy Bogle alone had cost: Interview with Judge Albin Norblad.
it is virtually impossible to collect: Interview with Derrick Gasperini.
two-thirds of the 600,000 inmates: Bureau of Justice Statistics report of April 2014 by Howard Snyder et al.
“nothing works” doctrine: Robert Martinson, “What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform, The Public Interest 35 (Spring 1974): 22–54.
symptoms of severe mental illness: Information concerning Tracey’s bout with mental illness in prison is from his Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health File, obtained with his consent.
Ann Heath: Ann Heath’s observations about Tracey are from a series of interviews with her.
Tracey was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia: Heath’s diagnosis is in Tracey’s Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health Evaluation report, dated January 15, 1997.
Dr. Marvin Fickle: Dr. Fickle’s diagnosis of Tracey is in his Oregon Department of Corrections Mental Health Evaluation report, dated October 3, 2001.
“I want to do good”: Interview with Tracey as I drove him upon his release from prison, August 10, 2009. All that follows that day is from our conversation as we drove around Salem.
to register as a sex offender: Tracey’s comments at the Oregon State Police office when registering as a sex offender happened while I was driving him to his required appointments after his release from prison.
build his dream house: Tracey outlined his plan for building a dream house while we were at Stepping Out Ministries.
he would get a gun: Said while we were at Stepping Out Ministries.
“Tracey is stunted emotionally”: Interview with Tammie Bogle Silver, Tracey’s cousin.
Tracey was giddy: Interview with Tracey after he had been at Chemeketa Community College.
He also bought a car: Interview with Tracey.
“The government is robbing me”: Ibid.
“The kids thought I was really cool”: Ibid.
“It’s kind of boring out here”: Ibid.
“But that department has been shut down”: Ibid.
she was now pregnant: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“I got a girl pregnant”: Interview with Tracey.
was accepted for admission that fall: Ibid.
“I’ve done something that no one”: Ibid.
he could tell Tracey was drinking again: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“getting drunk every day”: Interview with Bobby Bogle.
It finally happened: Interview with Tim Bogle, and Marion County Jail Inmate Roster for May 7, 2011.
Tracey got lucky: Marion County Circuit Court criminal cases record for September 11, 2011.
to enroll at Portland State University: Interview with Tim Bogle.
Giambattista della Porta: See Freda Adler, Criminology (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 53, and Nicole Rafter, The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime (New York: New York University Press, 2008), pp. 20, 44.
Cesare Lambroso: Adler, Criminology, pp. 54–56, and Rafter, The Criminal Brain, pp. 108–10.
Ernest Hooten: Adler, Criminology, p. 57, and Rafter, The Criminal Brain, pp. 150–59.
the University of Maryland was forced to call off: Charles Babington, The Washington Post, September 5, 1992, and Daniel Goleman, The New York Times, September 15, 1992.
“It is like the return of the native”: Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene: An Intimate History (New York: Scribner, 2016), p. 380.
traits like impulsivity and novelty seeking: Ibid., p. 382.
Researchers estimate: Interview with John Laub, professor of criminology at the University of Maryland.
Terrie E. Moffitt: Terrie Moffitt, “Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children,” Science 297 (August 2, 2002): 851.
“It is a complex dance”: Interview with Terrie Moffitt.
a meta-analysis of twenty-seven studies: Amy L. Byrd et al., “MAOA, Childhood Maltreatment and Antisocial Behavior: Meta Analysis of a Gene-Environment Interaction,” Biological Psychiatry 75, no. 1 (January 2014).
this coincidence of genes and environment: Email from Terrie Moffit to the author, March 18, 2013.
“We don’t have a lot of studies”: Interview with Terrie Moffitt.
“a double insult”: Interview with John Laub.
The local authorities: Tony’s marriage to Paula, from Tony’s copy of their marriage license.
Perhaps because she had been sexually abused: From Paula’s presentence report for theft in Pima County, Arizona, in 1992.
If the jail officials had looked: Copies of the psychological and psychiatric reports on Tony referred to here are found in the presentence report on Tony, prepared for sentencing him in his later murder trial in Tucson. It included all available criminal and mental-health records on Tony going back to his childhood.
They soon moved out to a small: Tony and Paula meeting Chief is from testimony at Tony’s later trial for murder in Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, court transcript, pp. 217–25.
by announcing soon after they moved in: Murder trial transcript, p. 193.
“like a hermit, kind of spacey”: Testimony of Robert Trimble, court transcript, pp. 217–25.
“He got on top of me”: Paula’s description of Chief getting on top of her is from the transcript of her testimony in Tony’s murder trial, pp. 18–24.
Tony and Paula counted their money: Ibid., pp. 25–28.
“Tony told me to blame it all on him”: Ibid., p. 30.
“Tony would not trust anybody”: Interview with David Sherman.
Chet Hopper: Tony’s various stories to Detective Tony Miller are contained in the transcript of Miller’s testimony in Tony’s murder trial, pp. 130–44.
“My wife, man, did not murder anybody”: Tony’s quote is in Detective Miller’s interview with him, introduced as evidence in Tony’s trial for murder, in transcript, p. 118.
Tony broke and said he alone: Tony’s admission is in Detective Miller’s interview with him, in trial transcript, p. 173.
“Do you have any feelings”: Interview by Detective Miller with Tony, in trial transcript, p. 213.
“My wife and I gave some false statements”: Tony’s conversation with the guard is included in the trial transcript, pp 136–84.
“Back in Reno all I wanted to do”: Tony’s conversation with Detective Miller in the Pima County Jail is contained in the trial transcript, pp. 119–44.
“Chief tried to rape me”: Paula changing her statement about her role in the crime is from Detective Miller’s transcript of his interview with her on December 18, 1991, included in the trial transcript for Tony in a separate file, marked “Paula Bogle Video Tape Transcription,” pp. 1–84.
If Paula had accepted a suggestion: Interview with David Sherman.
“He was a cop’s prosecutor”: Interview with Tony Miller.
Peasley had an extraordinary record: See the Arizona Daily Star, September 9, 2011, and Jeffrey Toobin’s profile of Peasley in The New Yorker, January 17, 2005.
“It’s not fair that my husband”: Paula at her trial for theft, The Arizona Star, February 10, 1994.
“I didn’t really need to figure out”: Interview with Kenneth Peasley.
“An analysis of the statements”: This petition by James Cochran, dated January 29, 1992, is in the transcript of Tony’s murder trial, as part of a series of loose legal documents filed with Judge Veliz with no page numbers.
“During an interview”: Affidavit by Richard Bozich, June 17, 1992, in trial transcript, ibid.
“his orientation to reality was off”: Interview with David Sherman.
“Don’t worry”: Ibid.
“Now, let me tell you”: Sherman’s opening statement to the jury was on the second day of the trial, in transcript, pp. 20–29.
“the cause of death”: From the testimony by the medical examiner, Dr. Ann Hartsough, on the second day of the trial, in transcript, pp. 104–40.
a chance of getting Tony acquitted: Interview with David Sherman.
“When you went in the apartment”: Peasley’s cross-examination of Tony, on the third day of his murder trial, in transcript, pp. 222–64.
“We may never know”: Sherman, in his closing argument to the jury, on the fifth day of the trial, in transcript, pp. 40–55.
“there have been many lies”: Judge Veliz speaking to the jury after Tony testified on the third day of the trial, in transcript, pp. 26–28.
“the most evil human being”: Bert Wilson’s testimony, on the fourth day of the trial, in transcript, pp. 12–44.
“This man had an unusually disturbing childhood”: Report by Dr. Martin Levy, on p. 5 of the Defense’s Mitigation Memorandum, in the trial transcript.
“If you were going to go out and create”: Interview with David Sherman.
developed a program of meetings: For a description of the Jacksonville program, see Fox Butterfield, “Aggressive Justice System in Jacksonville, Fla., Intervenes to Ward Off Juvenile Court,” The New York Times, October 4, 1997.
“Flip a coin”: Interview with Tony.
“Too mean to die”: Interview with Louis Bogle.
“I asked him who it was”: Interview with Tammie.
Tammie’s three children: Information on Jason, Shannon and Amy is from interviews with Tammie.
“I am walking with Jesus”: Interview with Tammie.
“Jesus is as real to me”: Ibid.
“Throughout our family”: Ibid.
“This patient will”: Report by Dr. R. F. Hyde, June 17, 1960.
“shade-tree mechanic”: Interview with Tammie.
“We begged our mother”: Ibid.
“Take off and run”: Ibid.
He was eventually sent to jail: Ibid.
“It was okay to beat me”: Ibid.
Tammie soon met and married her second husband: Ibid.
A Danish criminologist: Lars Hojsgaard Andersen, Rockwell Foundation Research Unit, Study Paper 119, June 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark.
His name was Steve Silver: Interviews with Tammie and Steve Silver.
“I just laughed at that”: Interview with Tammie.
He planned to turn: Information about Steve Silver’s plans for opening a halfway house for newly released sex offenders is from interviews with him and Tammie.
He ended up in prison: The details of Steve Silver’s difficult, abused childhood and his teenage crime spree are from interviews with him.
Flory Bogle Black: The details of Flory being molested by her father and her troubled life are from interviews with her and Tammie, as well as her Oregon Department of Corrections criminal record.
Tammie’s other brother, Mark Bogle, and his wife, Lori: Information on Mark’s and Lori’s criminal histories are from interviews with them and from their Oregon Department of Corrections criminal records.
one widely respected academic study: Mark A. Cohen and Alex Piquero, “New Evidence on the Monetary Value of Saving High Risk Youth,” Vanderbilt University Law School Law and Economic Working Paper, no. 08-07, and also an interview with Professor Cohen.
Her name was Sue Willard: For the dispute between Sue Willard and Steve and Tammie Silver over Stepping Out Ministries, I have relied on extensive interviews with the three of them and a spokesman for the Oregon Department of Corrections.
Ashley was born into a marriage: This account of the marriage of Tim Bogle and Chris Kanne comes from extended interviews with Tim and Linda Bogle as well as Chris.
forge new birth certificates: Tim showed me the forged birth certificates, which he still keeps.
the marriage-license application: Tim also showed me their marriage license, issued on March 6, 1989, by Marion County, and their marriage certificate, signed by the Rev. Art Cooper, an old family friend.
Tim was charged: The petition against Tim was filed by the Marion County Court Juvenile Division on March 22, 1989.
Tim and Chris were taken to juvenile court: Their punishment by Judge Connie Hass is in the records of the Marion County Court Juvenile Division for March 22, 1989. Tim also provided me with a confession he signed on May 15, 1989, and gave to Judge Hass.
“You need a job”: Rooster’s scheme to get Tim a job as a welder and to pass the ironworkers’ union test is from an interview with Tim.
“When Ashley was born”: Interview with Tim.
what Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck had discovered: John L. Laub and Robert J. Sampson: Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
“I always loved going to school”: Interview with Ashley Bogle.
Ashley’s motivation: Interviews with Tim, Linda and Ashley Bogle.
“I didn’t want to stand out”: Interview with Ashley.
It was also hard for Ashley: Ibid.
eventually diagnosed with bipolar disorder: Interviews with Tim and Linda Bogle.
“I was very shy”: Interview with Ashley.
Ashley had a perfect 4.0 grade-point average: Based on Ashley’s high school records.
“Fewer than one percent of all high-achieving”: From a copy of the invitation, which Tim Bogle provided.
“The whole Bogle stigma didn’t apply to me”: Interview with Ashley.
her GPA dropped: From Ashley’s final North Salem High School transcript on June 6, 2010.
Tim had been caught speeding: That Tim Bogle was arrested for speeding is from the Salem Police Department report on November 4, 2009, and the Marion County Correctional Facility inmate roster on the same date.
She soon discovered she was pregnant: Interview with Ashley.
Her younger sister, Britney: Interviews with Ashley and Linda Bogle.
was soon diagnosed with bipolar disorder: Interviews with Debbie and Linda Bogle.
she was kept in jail: Interviews with Debbie and Linda Bogle, and Oregon Department of Corrections file on Debbie, August 13, 2002, and April 27, 2005.
Jorden was first sent to prison: From the indictment of Jorden Bogle in Marion County Circuit Court, April 29, 2009, and the Oregon Department of Corrections record on Jorden’s admission to prison, April 23, 2009. For Jorden’s second prison sentence, see the Oregon Department of Corrections inmate roster for Jorden on April 16, 2017.
Kaleb was sentenced to prison: Salem Statesman Journal, June 21, 2013. Also see the Oregon Department of Corrections inmate roster for Kaleb on April 17, 2017.
Dr. Satyanarayana Chandragiri: Interview with Dr. Chandragiri.
“She is still pretty shy”: Interview with Tim Bogle.
“My brothers always end up here”: All the discussion in the epilogue is based on a series of interviews with Bobby Bogle, Jeremy Vanwagner and Bobby’s mother, Kathy.