1. The following translation originally appeared in James Duerlinger, Indian Buddhist Theories of Persons, Vasubandhu’s “Refutation of the Theory of a Self “(London: CurzonRoutlege, 2003). We gratefully acknowledge permission to republish this work. Headings have been added to help the reader follow the argument. The additions made to the more literal translation are drawn from Yaśomitra’s commentary, which refers the initial question back to the last part of the last verse of chapter 8, in which Vasubandhu enjoins those who seek liberation to practice the teachings of the Buddha.