Unfabling the East

Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham-Hyacinthe, 119, 145, 150, 574n117; on despotism, 363–67, 368, 369, 382, 399, 425; on revolution, 265; on “true” traveler, 174–75, 176, 181, 184–85, 364

Anson, George, Lord, 109, 593n16

Anville, Jean-Baptiste d’, 202, 243, 269, 305, 503

Arabs: hospitality of, 436–38, 443; nomadism and, 304, 322–24, 328, 477, 502; population growth of, 465; rhetoric of, 431

Aristotle, 269, 341, 342, 359

Arrian, 502

Arvieux, Laurent d’, 323

Asia: city characteristics of, 388–90; clichés about, 55–56, 73, 89, 107, 150, 198, 220, 237–38, 286, 289–90, 321, 341, 346, 349, 364, 452–53, 465, 492; conversation and oratory in, 430–31; Enlightenment perceptions of, 20–22, 31, 37–38, 51–53, 57–58, 171–72, 285, 484; European social status in, 166–69; geography of, 307–8; metaphors for, 504; prejudices against, 175–76, 185, 345, 394, 478; visual representations of, 210–12. See also women in Asia; and individual countries

Asians and Europeans: Asians in Europe, 140–41, 435, 448; disinterest in Europe, 484; “Franks” name for Europeans, 92, 306, 398, 457; impressions of Europeans, 81, 87–93, 101, 392, 461–62, 503, 531n87

Asiatick Society of Bengal, 6, 202, 204, 206, 230, 420, 500; Asiatick Researches, 186, 230

Astley, Thomas, 224, 226, 227

Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal Pasha), 3

Attila, 259, 263–64, 278, 335

Attiret, Jean-Denis, 183

Aurangzeb, 25, 128, 168, 266, 280, 336, 338, 346, 368, 452, 498–99, 569n6

Avril, Pierre, 305

Babur, 268

Bacon, Francis, Lord, 64, 404

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 308, 309

Balugani, Luigi, 112

Banks, Sir Joseph, 132, 149, 189, 195, 208, 214, 393

barbarians. See savagery and barbarism

Barbary, 122, 298–99

Barrow, Sir John, 93–94, 160, 178, 233, 246, 249, 337, 375–76, 377, 429–30, 512; on Vietnam, 359, 470; on women, 470, 477–78; writing style of, 185

Batavia. See Java

Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob, 244, 267

Bayle, Pierre, 8–9, 22, 223, 238

Bayly, Sir Christopher A., 158

Beawes, Wyndham, 53, 61

Beckford, William, 31, 290

Bell, John, 41

Benoist, Michel, 84–85

Bentinck, William, Lord, 517

Benyovsky, Maurice, Count de, 128

Bergk, Johann Adam, 230, 497

Bergmann, Benjamin, 322

Bering, Vitus, 134–35, 137

Bernal, Martin, 524n52

Bernard, Jean-Fréderic, 591n122

Bernier, François, 131, 168, 199, 201, 205–6, 237, 342, 347, 359, 368, 433, 468, 472; Aurangzeb and, 168, 266, 338, 569n6; methodology of, 219, 390

Bernoulli, Johann, 240

Bertin, Henri-Léonard, 140, 214

Bhutan, 68, 151, 173, 176, 389

Biruni, al-, 312

Björnstahl, Jacob Jonas, 217

Blome, Richard, 304–5

Blount, Sir Henry, 111, 122

Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 241, 552n90

Bodawpaya, 374

Bogle, George, 118–19, 137, 148, 165, 168, 517

Bonald, Louis, Vicomte de, 47

botany, 6, 115, 133, 208, 214–15

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 101, 104, 133, 296, 442

Boulainvilliers, Henri, Comte de, 14

Boulanger, Nicolas-Antoine, 352, 365

Bouvet, Joachim, 129, 152, 207, 214

Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus van, 146–47

Braudel, Fernand, 487

Breysig, Kurt, 9

Briggs, John, 220–21, 548n144

Brougham, Henry, Lord, 60, 366–67

Browne, William George, 142, 432, 454

Bruce, James, 112, 128, 132, 133, 136, 166–67, 182, 251; methodology of, 188, 216; translation of, 232–33

Bruin, Cornelis de, 181, 211, 239

Bruzen de la Martinière, Antoine-Augustin, 239

Bry, Theodor de, 211

Buache, Philippe, 306–7

Buchanan-Hamilton, Francis, 118, 120, 125, 191, 228, 433

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 241, 243

Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig, 20, 130, 132, 323, 325, 437–38, 490–91, 521n48

Burke, Edmund, 7, 8, 186, 241, 242, 382, 407, 484, 517; “Great Map of Mankind” concept, 7, 39, 81, 231, 245, 476, 504; on India, 69–70, 267, 279, 283, 369–70, 418, 424, 501, 515, 596n102; on Ottoman Empire, 45, 46

Burke, Peter, 6, 520n33

Burma (Myanmar), 92, 118, 266, 374, 403, 410, 436, 513; women in, 471

Burnes, Sir Alexander, 142

Burney, Sir Charles, 480, 481

Burney, Henry, 91

Burton, Sir Richard, 164, 491

Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 238, 411

Büsching, Anton Friedrich, 58–59, 64

Businello, Pietro, 524n34

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 49, 172, 238, 290

Cadalso, José, 73

Caillié, René, 147

Cambodia, 118

Campbell (“Ingiliz Mustafa”), 131

Campbell, John, 78, 224

cannibalism, 170–71, 211, 292–93, 299, 513, 562nn16–19

Cantemir, Demetrius, Prince, 100, 152–53, 197, 222, 270, 336, 555n148

Cape Town, 6, 38–39

caravans, 146, 537n148

caravanserais, 145

Carne, John, 460

Caron, François, 155, 189, 426

cartography, 15–16, 41, 137–38, 243; Chinese, 202; of Tartary, 305–7

caste system, 412–24, 583n116, 583n122

Castilhon, Jean-Louis, 68, 183, 427

Catherine II (the Great), 43, 85, 134, 137, 317, 337, 378, 469

Catrou, François, 222

Caucasus, the, 40, 97, 102, 134, 291, 360

Certeau, Jean-Antoine de, 274

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 127, 175, 197, 236–37, 369, 425, 516; women in, 453, 471

Chambers, Sir William, 250–51, 535n89

Chamisso, Adelbert von, 168–69

Champollion, Jean-François, 28, 123

Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean-Baptiste, 133

Chardin, Jean (aka Sir John), 29, 130, 212, 342, 395, 435; editing of, 216, 221, 239; on Iran, 23, 72, 84, 198, 216–17, 221, 239, 274, 291, 345–50, 390, 411, 433, 451; Montesquieu and, 72, 345, 347–48, 362, 572n46

Charles V, 337

Charles XII, 261, 335

Chateaubriand, François-René de, 125–26, 151, 182, 219, 304

Chaudhuri, K. N., 21

China, 3, 20, 21–24, 25, 26–28, 63, 78, 79, 115–17, 127, 129, 204–5, 207–8, 404–10, 493, 511–12; borders of, 40–41; Chinese novels, 233, 410, 582n1; cities in, 389–90; despotism debate on, 360, 361, 371–77, 379; Dutch in, 146–47, 180–81; Great Wall of, 40–41, 125, 148, 211, 259, 496; historiography in, 244, 503; imports from, 8; impressions of Europeans, 93; infrastructure in, 145, 539n30; Jesuits in, 6, 7, 19–20, 28, 67, 77, 84–85, 91, 100, 112, 115–16, 130–31, 132, 155–56, 164, 167, 177–78, 198, 201–3, 207, 238, 249–50, 285, 290, 372, 376, 405, 461, 490, 555n167; Manchu conquest and rule of, 23, 259–61, 266, 275, 286, 305, 310, 371–72, 482, 503; mandarins in, 5, 67, 89, 130, 156, 373, 376, 405–6, 410; misinformation about, 172, 238, 249–50, 594n32; modern, 33, 259; politeness in, 428–30; political system of, 373, 376, 404–10, 425; population size, 178, 464; polygamy in, 460–61; royal succession in, 346–47; social classes in, 404–10; trade in, 388–89

chinoiserie, 23

Christianity: Asian resistance to, 6, 24, 67, 87, 113, 488; Enlightenment view of, 472, 476, 563n44

Churchill, Awnsham and John, 224, 226

civilization theory, 506–17

civil society. See under sociology

Clarke, Edward Daniel, 319

Clarke, Thomas Brooke, 359–60

“clash of civilizations” thesis, 4, 55, 57, 485

Clastres, Pierre, 81

Cleyer, Andreas, 208

Clive, Robert, Lord, 137, 280

clothing choices, 93, 130, 163–65, 490–91, 503

Cochinchina. See Vietnam

Cochrane, John Dundas, 129

Cockell, William, 276

Cœurdoux, Gaston-Laurent, 180, 416, 418–20, 422–24, 433

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 45, 57, 198, 347

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, 97, 206, 421, 516

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 32, 290

colonialism, 3, 4, 10–11, 24, 27, 32, 39, 60, 69–72, 267, 297, 321, 331, 484, 490, 516; justification for, 382–8, 500–501, 513–14; Kant on, 62–63, 69

Columbus, Christopher, 66, 95, 103

Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de, 260, 354, 401, 439, 464, 504, 508, 514–16

Confucianism, 67, 130, 334, 372, 376, 407, 460, 461

Cook, James, 8, 27, 97, 101–2, 133, 137, 213, 239; on Batavia, 392; death of, 142, 434; first voyage, 132, 189, 195, 442; second voyage, 62, 102, 185, 212, 234

Cook, Thomas, 30

Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, 370, 408

cosmopolitanism. See Enlightenment: cosmopolitanism of; hospitality

Court de Gébelin, Antoine, 75

Craven, Elizabeth, Lady, 317, 449

Crawfurd, John, 92, 157–58, 160, 187, 200, 290–91, 340, 355–56, 359, 402, 411, 513

Crimea, 316–22, 482, 566n130

Cromwell, Oliver, 276, 286

Cromwell, Thomas, 339

Crusades, 54–55, 83, 261, 292, 332, 378, 477

Cuhn, Ernst Wilhelm, 232

cultural transfer, 66–72

Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord, 272

Dallaway, James, 199

Dampier, William, 181, 292

Daniell, Thomas, 212

Daniell, William, 212

Danish Arabia expedition, 90, 136, 142, 161–62, 188, 190, 193, 463

Dapper, Olfert, 211

decline, decadence, and stagnation, discourses of, 498–506

Degérando, Joseph-Marie, 546n86

Delacroix, Eugène, 457

Delisle, Guillaume, 42, 305

Delisle, Jean-Nicolas, 214, 390

Démeunier, Jean-Nicolas, 7–8, 69, 81–82, 428, 441, 462, 474, 578n6

Desideri, Ippolito, 112, 118, 152, 218, 312, 433, 469–70

despotism, 334–83, 402, 404, 426–27, 466–68, 493, 515; “oriental despotism” concept, 73, 121, 183, 220, 281, 283, 287, 317, 335–36, 339–42, 347, 358–63, 366–68, 381, 396–99

Desvaulx, Nicolas-Jacques, 419

Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 28

Diderot, Denis, 70, 484, 517

Dinglinger, Melchior, 369

discourse models: autistic, 10–12, 15; disillusioned humanism, 12–15; three levels of, 20–22

doctors, popularity of European, 168, 394, 457

Dohm, Christian Wilhelm, 19

d’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea, 124, 130, 341, 380, 381, 382, 399

Doughty, Charles, 164

Dow, Alexander, 205, 368, 548n144

Drummond, Alexander, 129

Dubois, Jean-Antoine, 179–80, 395, 416, 419, 421, 423–24, 433, 492

Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 59–60, 496–97

Duchet, Michèle, 330

Duff, James Grant, 120

Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 116, 202, 221, 225, 250, 305, 312–14, 315, 372–74, 390, 407, 409, 429–30, 469

Du Mans, Raphaël, 156, 198, 349, 570n10

Dunbar, James, 76–77

Dutch East India Company (VOC), 19, 24, 39, 67, 110, 189, 223, 237, 390–92, 516

East India Company (EIC), 67, 96, 109, 112–13, 120, 149, 157–58, 179, 237, 279, 282, 369, 493; Marsden and, 195–96; Mill and, 185–86

economic analysis, 242, 491–95, 505

Eden, Richard, 222

education, 29, 358, 507

Egypt, 10, 21, 28, 45, 55, 82, 90, 122–23, 266, 308, 453; Alexandria, 497; French invasion of, 123, 148, 193–94, 245, 382, 516, 520n29; Mamluks in, 403–4, 453; pyramids of, 122, 423, 496; Savary on, 123, 174, 217, 219

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, Earl of, 125

Elizabeth I, 341

Ellis, Henry, 102, 182–83

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 93, 95, 119, 168, 187, 213, 216, 233, 371, 389, 433, 489

empiricism. See evidence vs. hearsay

Engelhardt, Moritz von, 319–21

Engels, Friedrich, 332

Enlightenment: cosmopolitanism of, 5–9, 72, 177; multilingualism of, 19–20

Entzauberung concept, 30–31

ethnocentrism, 74–77, 80–81. See also Eurocentrism

ethnography (and anthropology), 9, 69, 74, 80–81, 189, 231, 289, 298, 310, 312, 316, 387

Eton, William, 48

eunuchs: harems and, 168, 199, 385, 401, 452; music and, 401; politics and, 56, 346, 372, 468

Eurocentrism, 1–5, 9–10, 32–33, 43, 58–65, 76–80, 364, 368, 513, 516–17, 526n99; in nineteenth-century scholarship, 489–90

Europe/Asia border, 37–41, 44, 50, 524nn53–54

evidence vs. hearsay, 170–209, 219, 251–52; firsthand observation emphasis, 181–87, 217, 305, 398–99. See also travel writing: critical evaluation of

exotic observer literary genre, 72–74, 82, 528n25

Falck, Johann Peter, 142

Falconer, William, 242, 326–37, 439–41

Fassmann, David, 275

Fay, Eliza, 448–49

Ferguson, Adam, 8, 75–76, 77, 81, 241, 294, 302–3, 326, 358, 439, 475, 476

Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, 263

Fétis, François-Joseph, 480–82

feudalism, 280, 318, 361, 375, 405, 424–27, 475

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 69

Firishta, 205

Fisch, Jörg, 471

Fischer, Johann Eberhard, 134, 306

Flachat, Jean-Claude, 100

Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de, 22, 59

Formosa (Taiwan), 172, 247–48, 250, 290

Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, 480, 481

Forster, E. M., 449

Forster, Georg, 58, 69, 92, 185, 212, 216, 230–31, 239; as translator, 234, 236

Forster, Johann Reinhold, 58, 62, 92, 128, 136, 153, 170, 185, 212, 230, 239, 283, 517; library of, 240; as translator, 234–35, 236

Foucault, Michel, 12, 491

Fourier, Charles, 592n127

Fox, Charles James, 370

Francisi, Erasmus, 387

Francklin, William, 247

Franklin, Benjamin, 6, 124

Fraser, James Baillie, 182, 275–76, 425

French Revolution, 22, 52, 60, 265, 486, 495, 513

Fréret, Nicolas, 214, 508

Froger, François, 74

Fryer, John, 411, 452

Fullerton, William, 283

Galland, Antoine, 23, 31, 57–58, 72, 290

Gatterer, Johann Christoph, 9, 45, 241, 265, 307

Gaubil, Antoine, 100, 108, 203, 214, 244, 250, 548n142

Gemelli Careri, Giovanni Francesco, 127–28, 132, 182, 198, 372

Genghis Khan, 2, 61, 83, 244, 261, 267–68, 272, 286, 300–301, 309, 313, 335

George III, 239

Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, 199, 314–16, 461

Gerbillon, Jean-François, 100, 135, 305, 312

Gervaise, Nicolas, 239

Ghirardini, Giovanni, 128–29

Gia-Long, 338

Gibbon, Edward, 21, 44, 57, 59, 201, 244, 251, 262, 337–38, 382, 477, 496, 499, 502, 508, 517; on Attila and the Huns, 261–62, 264, 278, 309, 328; on barbarism, 299–300; on the Crusades, 83, 261, 292, 563n44; on Genghis Khan, 61, 268, 328; on Islam, 83, 328–29; on Janissaries, 412, 523n30, 577n178; on nomadism, 265, 327–29, 485–86; on revolutions, 265; style of, 61, 83, 205, 241, 284, 491; on Theodoric, 289; on Timur, 270, 271–72; on women rulers, 468–69

Gladwin, Francis, 204

Gmelin, Johann Friedrich, 393

Gmelin, Johann Georg, 134–35, 143–44, 149, 168, 183–84, 200–201, 305, 315–16, 517

Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, 134–35, 142, 216–17, 316, 390

Goa, 197, 388

Godwin, William, 58, 464

Goës, Bento, 111

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 217, 229, 233, 240, 241; world literature and, 29, 96–97, 171, 204, 410, 508

Goldsmith, Oliver, 73

Golkonda, 266, 360

Golovkin, Yuri Alexandrovich, 117, 180

Golovnin, Vasily Mikhailovich, 114

Goody, Jack, 428

Görres, Joseph, 237

Graaf, Nicolaas de, 239, 391

Grant, Charles, 278, 418, 515, 573n76

Great Britain: Chinese influence on, 374; colonial confidence of, 505, 516; India and, 10, 18, 21, 25, 27, 48, 70, 95, 101, 119–20, 123, 125, 137–38, 150, 157–58, 159, 185–86, 202, 242, 258, 260, 266–67, 279–85, 331, 363–64, 366–71, 408, 421, 426, 499; Irish conflicts, 510; in North America, 6; Puritan revolution in, 266, 286; Scottish conditions, 400, 425; slavery ban by, 401

“Great Game” conflict, 121, 150, 258

Great Tartary, 43

Greaves, John, 122

Greece, 47, 48, 50, 75, 125–26; Greek War of Independence, 28–29, 49, 516; looting of, 125

Green, John, 224–25, 226, 227

Greenblatt, Stephen, 163

Gregory, George, 507–8

Grimaldi, Claudio Filippo, 112, 189

Grolius, Jacob, 223

Grosier, Jean-Baptiste, 116, 205, 219–20, 238, 375, 382, 464, 469

Groskurd, Christian Heinrich, 235

Grueber, Johann, 111–12, 149, 221

Gründler, Johann Ernst, 86, 88–89

Guignes, Chrétien Louis Joseph de, 376–77

Guignes, Joseph de, 203, 220, 270–71, 308, 309, 314, 337, 376, 503

Guizot, François, 513

Güldenstädt, Johann Anton, 134

Guthrie, William, 53

Gyllius, Petrus, 181

Gypsies, 331

Hager, Johann Georg, 58

Hager, Joseph, 149, 531n6

Haidar Ali, 281–85, 287, 486

Hakluyt, Richard, 222, 227–28

Hall, Basil, 104–8, 117

Halley, Edmund, 132

Hamel, Hendrik, 104, 108

Hamilton, Alexander, 83, 103, 118, 128, 153, 157, 389; prejudices of, 177, 197

Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, 37, 130, 171, 173, 217; on barbarism, 299, 300–301, 332; methodology of, 188; on Ottoman Empire, 50, 52, 124, 82–83, 181, 238, 380, 411, 453, 498; on pederasty, 453; on Timur, 272

Handel, George Frideric, 296, 558n55

Hanway, Jonas, 68, 276–77, 278

harems, 26, 56, 73, 100, 168, 183, 199, 347, 361, 385, 450–52, 454–60, 461, 468, 470; in Aleppo, 394, 395–97; seraglio distinction, 587n13; slave trade and, 401

Harris, John, 224

Harrison, John, 109

Hasan ibn-al-Sabbah, 332

Hastings, Warren, 70, 118, 204, 369–70, 408, 556n9

Haven, Frederik Christian von, 161–62, 188

Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, 51–53, 55, 241–43, 257–58, 265, 314, 466–68, 476, 526n99

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 241, 286; on Asia, 29, 310–13, 488, 501, 504–5, 509; on castes, 421–23; on China, 379, 422, 565n98, 576n155; “elemental-historical” concept, 259, 271, 279, 285, 287, 388, 309–10, 327–28, 372; on India, 426

Hennings, August, 358–59, 417–19

Henri IV, 337

Herbelot, Barthélemi d’, 56–58, 72, 223, 268–69

Herbert, Thomas, 545n43

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 46–47, 65, 69, 72, 237, 241, 308–10, 315, 488, 504–6; on Brahmins, 419; on Gypsies, 331

Herodotus, 122, 181, 300

Herrmann, Friedrich, 230

Hinduism, 11, 413, 500

Hintze, Otto, 9

Hippocrates, 55

Hirschfeld, Christian Cayus Lorenz, 242, 250–51, 442–43

Hobbes, Thomas, 356, 404

Hodges, William, 183, 211–12

Hodgson, Marshall G. S., 381

Holwell, John Zephaniah, 500

Hooke, Robert, 175, 214

hospitality, 144, 146, 242, 292, 311, 321, 434–45, 509

Hottentots (Khoikhoi), 79, 511

Hu, Jean, 140

Huet, Pierre Daniel, 308

Humboldt, Alexander von, 29, 30, 40, 51, 69, 72, 95, 149, 185, 195, 212, 216, 241, 434, 444, 487, 517; in the Americas, 28, 93, 98–99, 132, 136, 216, 239, 487; on barbarism, 299; conversational abilities, 96–97; missed opportunities, 220; on nomadic warriors, 261; in Russia, 44, 144, 220, 487; on Volney, 191

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 195, 241

Hume, David, 81, 341, 431, 441, 443, 462, 507; on gallantry, 474–75, 476

Hüttner, Johann Christian, 156, 233

Ibrahim, 265, 336

Idéologues (France), 191, 433

imperialism, 1–3, 10–11, 15, 18, 27, 60, 101, 366, 513–17, 525n77; Russian, 133–35

imports from the East, 8, 483

India, 10, 11, 23, 25, 27, 70–72, 119–20, 137–38, 148, 205–6, 364, 367–71, 426, 492, 500–502, 516; botany and, 208–9; castes in, 11, 86–87, 209, 280, 331, 387, 412–24; court “newswriters” in, 158; dangers of, 143; European mercenaries in, 131; “Great Game” and, 258; Indian Mutiny, 331; landed property in, 367–68, 374; Malabar Coast, 86, 88, 209, 414–15; Marathas in, 131, 280–84, 370, 425–26; Munshis in, 159; Mysore, 131, 281–82, 284, 370; Nadir’s invasion of, 273; Peshawar, 95, 389; Sanskrit and, 153, 206–7; sati (widow burning) in, 102, 201, 47–72, 471–73, 516, 517, 591n114; Tamil speech, 431; warfare in, 260; women laborers in, 470. See also Great Britain: India and

Indonesia. See Java; Sumatra

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 457

Innocent IV, 189

Iran, 19, 25, 41, 139–40, 198–99, 410–11; Afghan invasion of, 259, 266, 272–79; Chardin on, 23, 72, 84, 198, 216–17, 221, 239, 274, 291, 345–50, 390, 411, 433, 451; civilized reputation of, 300; Isfahan, 198, 272, 274, 348, 390; land ownership in, 347–48; open-border policy of, 120–21; reaction to The Adventures of Hajji Baba, 56; sensual reputation of, 452

Islam, 25, 40, 54–55, 57, 123, 190–91, 203, 268; converts to, 129–30, 282; despotism and, 380; Gibbon on, 83, 328–29; nomadism and, 326, 327; polygamy and, 461, 462–63; Schlegel on, 509; Tatars and, 310, 318, 321

Ismailov, Leon Vassilevich, 41, 144

Japan, 3, 10, 19, 24, 25, 26–27, 67–68, 69, 113–14, 199, 237; botany in, 208; civilized status of, 300, 361, 427; Dutch relations in, 24, 63, 68, 91–92, 113, 155, 208, 237; feudal system in, 426–27; interpreters in, 155; modern, 3, 258, 486; Russian relations in, 114; society in, 384; view of Europeans, 81, 91, 442, 484; women in, 470

Jartoux, Pierre, 108

Jaubert, Amédée, 433

Java, 27, 113–14, 137, 356, 369, 402, 411, 463; Batavia, 6, 24, 39, 67, 103, 129, 143, 211, 146, 153, 166, 390–93, 401, 578n26; British takeover of, 516; women in, 470

Jefferson, Thomas, 6

Jesuit missionaries: in China, 6, 7, 19–20, 28, 67, 77, 84–85, 91, 100, 112, 115–16, 130–31, 132, 155–56, 164, 167, 177–78, 198, 201–3, 207, 238, 249–50, 285, 290, 372, 376, 405, 461, 490, 555n167; credibility of, 177–78; editing of, 221; epistolary industry of, 213–14; linguistic abilities, 152; on Mongols, 312, 314; in Vietnam, 118

Johnson, Samuel, 210, 241–42, 246–47, 393

Jones, Sir Harford, 111

Jones, Sir William, 6, 32, 65, 124, 171, 186, 206–7, 280, 304, 337, 382, 500, 509, 517; on Arabic, 431; linguistic abilities of, 153, 160, 162, 206; translations and, 204, 206, 277

Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 77–81, 83, 86, 269, 299, 346, 372, 407

Kaempfer, Engelbert, 181, 212, 214, 239, 463; editing of, 19; on Iran, 19, 135, 143, 198, 274, 342, 345, 451; on Japan, 19, 92, 114, 204, 208, 209, 229–30, 237, 250, 395, 427

Kamchatka Peninsula, 128, 134, 294–98, 320, 387, 477, 563n31, 563n33

Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 387, 441, 468, 476–77

Kangxi emperor, 23, 85, 100, 116, 127, 155, 202, 208, 274, 289, 337, 338, 372–73, 462, 548n155

Kant, Immanuel, 62–64, 69, 72, 241, 444, 515, 517

Kappeler, Andreas, 28

Kashmir, 237, 307, 309

Kindersley, Jemima, 217, 448, 450, 499–500

Kipling, Rudyard, 75

Kircher, Athanasius, 108, 149, 211, 218

Kirkpatrick, William, 118, 433

Klaproth, Julius von, 96–98, 117

Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 129

Kleemann, Nikolas Ernst, 317

Knolles, Richard, 238

Knox, Robert, 127, 175, 236, 336, 453, 471

Ko, Aloys, 140, 189–90

Koffler, Jean, 433

Köhler, Johann Tobias, 234

Koran, 190, 203, 321, 461

Korea, 103–8, 113, 117, 360

Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig, 508–9

Koselleck, Reinhart, 491

Kotzebue, Otto von, 109, 168

Krasheninnikov, Stepan Petrovich, 134, 294–98

Krusenstern, Adam Johann von, 109, 114, 155, 388

Krusínski, Tadeusz Juda, 274–75

Kublai Khan, 337

Lach, Donald F., 520n39

La Condamine, Charles Marie de, 136

Lafitau, Joseph François, 533n56

Lahontan, Louis Armand, Baron de, 218

La Loubère, Simon de, 23, 79, 181, 239, 403

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de Monet, Chevalier de, 235

Lamb, Charles, 149

Lamprecht, Karl, 9

Langlès, Louis Mathieu, 199, 235, 236, 239

Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich von, 246

language issues and interpreters, 152–63, 196–97, 199. See also translation

Laos, 118

Lapérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de, 101, 109

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 299

Latin America, 98

Lavie, Jean-Charles de, 351, 354

Lawrence, T. E., 164, 326

Leake, William Martin, 125

Le Comte, Louis, 115, 239, 373, 389, 407

Le Gentil, Guillaume, 133

Leguat, François, 179

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 5, 32, 54, 86, 112; China and, 189, 207–8; correspondence of, 207–8, 214; on Ottoman Empire, 45; on Tatar threat, 2, 260

Lemonnier de La Bissachère, Pierre Jacques, 431

Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Nicolas, 116

Lepyokhin, Ivan Ivanovich, 135

letters between scholars, 214, 217

Lettres édifiantes et curieuses series, 115–16, 250, 416

Leyden, John, 153

Li, Jacobus, 156

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 66

Liebersohn, Harry, 218

Lind, James, 109

Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri, 355, 363, 402, 446

Linnaeus, Carl, 142, 215, 241

Locke, John, 22, 240, 241, 268, 342, 389

Longobardi, Niccolò

Louis XIV, 24, 74–75, 117, 335, 340, 341, 349, 352

Louis XVI, 335

Lucas, Philip, 189

Lueder, August Ferdinand, 262

Luhmann, Niklas, 491

Lungtok Gyatso (ninth Dalai Lama), 149–50, 152

Macartney, George, Lord, 156–57, 185, 334–35, 337, 339, 375–76, 377, 489; Macartney Mission, 89, 93, 97, 101, 117, 118, 146, 156, 178, 211, 213, 231, 233, 246, 249, 337, 392

Macau, 115, 157

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 342, 404

Mackenzie, Sir Colin, 138

Madison, James, 6

Magalhães, Gabriel de, 115

Mahdi, 277

Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de, 204–5

Mailly, Jean-Baptiste, 55

Maistre de la Tour, 282, 283

Malaya, 330, 409, 424, 494

Malcolm, Sir John, 96–98, 100, 121, 137, 272, 286, 433, 502; on Abbas I, 338–39; on despotism, 371; on Nadir, 278–79, 285

Malek Shah, 338

Malte-Brun, Conrad, 55, 60, 229–30, 231, 413

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 241, 242, 250, 464–66

Manchuria, 258, 311, 314

Manchus. See China: Manchu conquest and rule of

Manning, Thomas, 149–52, 159, 168, 183, 218, 220

Manuzzi (Manucci), Nicolò, 221–22

Marlowe, Christopher, 268, 270

Marmontel, Jean-François, 81

Marsden, William, 185, 198, 201, 239, 241, 292, 433, 452–53, 463, 503; background of, 195–96; on civilization, 510–13; Marco Polo and, 229

Martini, Martin, 202–3, 239, 266, 336

Marx, Karl, 505, 593n18

Maurice, Thomas, 267, 269–70

Mawlay Isma’il, 570n8

Mayhew, Henry, 332–33

Mazarin, Jules Raymond, Cardinal 57

Megasthenes, 502

Mehmed II, 335, 336

Mehmed III, 197

Mehmed IV, 336–37

Mehmed Efendi, 400, 448, 538n2

Mehmed Pasha, 336, 570n9

Meiners, Christoph, 47–48, 59, 185, 241, 243, 277, 358, 366, 374, 402, 446–47, 512

Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les mœurs, les usages des Chinois series, 116

Mendoza, Juan González de, 496

Menou, Jacques Abdullah, 129

Mentzel, Christian, 208

Messerschmidt, Daniel Gottlieb, 133–34, 305

Mexico, 43, 61, 97, 127, 194, 487

Michaelis, Johann David, 190, 193, 214, 463

Milburn, William, 181

Mill, James, 185–87, 285, 338, 371, 407–8, 420–21, 423–24, 426, 492, 501–2; methodology of, 186–87, 192, 219, 248, 250; on women, 478

Mill, John Stuart, 494, 505

Millar, John, 248, 250; on slavery, 400, 402; on women, 475–76

Mir Vais, 274

M’Leod, John, 104, 108

Modave, Louis Laurent de Féderbe, Comte de, 582n109

modernization and progress, 3, 26, 121, 356, 439–40, 443–44, 481, 486, 507, 516; women’s treatment as sign of, 473–79. See also civilization theory

mœurs. See mores and manners

Moltke, Helmuth von, 91

Mongolia, 40, 97, 100, 135, 259–61, 305, 312–13; Karakorum, 304

Mongols, 2, 22, 83, 189, 260–62, 269, 274, 300–302, 304, 309–15, 323–24

Montagu, Mary Wortley, Lady, 217, 396, 400, 449, 450, 455–56, 457, 458, 468

Montanus, Arnoldus, 211

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, 18–19, 62, 72–74, 80–81, 84, 241–43, 309, 331, 355; on Attila, 264; on barbarism, 294, 302–3; Chardin and, 72, 345, 347–48, 362; on China, 386; on despotism, 342–46, 349–51, 357, 359–61, 365, 370, 375, 379, 381–82, 385, 426–27, 430, 456, 466–68, 485, 515; on Eastern women, 454, 456, 469; on feudalism, 424–25; on India, 415–16; Persian Letters, 72–74, 80, 82, 84, 86, 171, 218, 385, 451–52, 458; on polygamy, 462–63; on Romans, 329, 350; on Russia, 43; on slavery, 401; social theories of, 385–87, 398, 399, 412, 422, 439–40, 441, 443, 476, 503; Spirit of the Laws, 73, 242, 342–46, 350–52, 385–86

monuments, 495–96

Moorcroft, William, 142–43, 168, 221

Moore, Thomas, 172, 290

mores and manners, 385–86, 396, 428–32, 501, 503. See also hospitality

Morier, James Justinian, 39, 111, 139–40, 541n97; The Adventures of Hajji Baba, 56, 139

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 26, 122

Mughal Empire, 23, 25, 102, 145, 158, 205–6, 279, 280, 309–10, 342, 364; collapse of, 259–60, 422, 482, 498–99; indifference to European travelers in, 119. See also India; Iran

Muhammad, 329, 404

Muhammad Ali, 129, 285, 404, 486

Muhammad bin Tughluq, 335, 569n3

Müller, (Friedrich) Max, 180

Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 134, 144, 315–16

Munro, Sir Thomas, 371

Münster, Sebastian, 210–11

Murad I, 337

Murad IV, 197, 336

Murad Beg, 143

Murray, Hugh, 508, 510

music, 292, 295–96, 401, 480–82, 502

Mysore. See under India

Nadir Shah, 68, 259, 272–80, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 335, 349, 368, 486, 497

Napoleon Bonaparte, 55, 113, 119, 136–37, 270, 276, 279, 286, 368, 376, 381, 486; Egypt and, 123, 193, 515–16; Manning and, 150, 151

Narai, 24, 117, 338

Navarette, Domingo Fernández, 221, 372, 429

Nepal, 118, 425

Newton, Sir Isaac, 109

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 239, 243

Niebuhr, Carsten, 21, 89–90, 92, 102, 124, 130, 145, 157, 164, 176, 182, 185, 212, 239, 433, 517; on Arab nomadism, 323, 323–24, 437, 449–50; Danish Arabia expedition and, 90, 136, 161–62, 188, 277; in Egypt, 90; in India, 190; methodology of, 188, 192, 200, 215, 219, 390, 400, 490–91; on polygamy, 463; Russells and, 393

Nieuhof, Johan, 211

noble savage figure, 290, 298, 313, 320

nomadism and nomadic warriors, 40, 257, 259–79, 303–4, 308, 322–33, 485–86; women’s roles in, 470

Norden, Frederik, 122, 161

North America, 6, 13, 211, 434, 520n33; indigenes of, 1, 7, 14, 28, 71, 185, 290, 296, 302, 330, 331, 511, 533n52, 533n56; slavery in, 401

Nurhaci, 339–40

Ockley, Simon, 203, 204

Ogilby, John, 52–53

Olearius, Adam, 171, 211, 239, 316, 338

opium, 8, 28, 395–96

Oriental Academy (Vienna), 153–54

Orientalism, 5, 10, 31, 52, 207, 212, 501

oriental studies, 9, 10, 153, 203–7, 244–45

Orme, Robert, 338

Osbeck, Peter, 157, 188

Ossian (James Macpherson), 205, 301

Otter, Jean, 278

Ottoman Empire, 3, 7, 22, 23, 25–26, 40, 44–50, 55, 199, 238, 318, 325, 342, 377–81, 489, 498; barbaric reputation of, 300, 357, 378; city layouts in, 390; coups in, 265, 266; court silence in, 197–98; dragomans in, 154–55; European mercenaries in, 131; Iran and, 120; Janissaries in, 379, 412, 453, 523n30, 577n178; Montagu on, 455–56; Nadir’s attack on, 273, 275; Russo-Turkish War, 377; social hierarchy in, 398–99, 411–12; travel in, 121–24

Ouseley, Sir Gore, 139

Padmanaba, 206

Pagès, Pierre Marie François, Vicomte de, 323

Palden Yeshe (sixth Panchen Lama), 165

Palestine, 55, 126, 127

Pallas, Peter Simon, 42, 133–35, 137, 199, 214, 236, 239, 241, 307, 309, 314–15, 322; methodology and style of, 143, 147, 215, 315; on Tatars, 320–21

Panzi, Giuseppe, 84

Parennin, Dominique, 155, 250, 409, 548n142

Parrott, Friedrich, 319–21

Patagonia, 172

Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, 245

Pauw, Cornelius de, 177–78, 185, 245, 249, 374, 488

pederasty, 453

Pennant, Thomas, 234

Percival, Robert, 201, 471

Percy, Thomas, 167, 233

Perrin, Jean-Charles, 145, 418

Perry, Matthew C., Commodore, 237

Persia. See Iran

Peru, 43, 61, 97, 136, 511

Peter I (the Great), 41–43, 133–34, 283, 335, 337, 338

Peyssonnel, Claude Charles de, 264

Peyssonnel, Claude Charles de (fils), 317–19, 321, 378–79, 382

Phaulkon, Constantine, 24, 265

Philippines, 67, 172

Pingré, Alexandre, 390

Pinkerton, John, 228–29

piracy, 83, 111, 330, 516

Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph, 217, 239, 456

Plant, Johann Traugott, 7, 369

Plath, Johann Heinrich, 314

Playfair, William, 499

Pocock, J.G.A., 17, 327

Pococke, Richard, 122, 126, 239, 581n71

Poivre, Pierre, 110, 201, 391, 409–10, 424, 493–94

Polo, Marco, 95, 111, 228, 229, 238–39, 332

polygamy, 449–50, 452, 454, 460–68, 476–77; polyandry, 469

population concerns, 426, 463–64, 469; Malthus on, 242, 250, 464–66

Porter, Roy, 27

Porter, Sir James, 124, 173, 380, 382

Portuguese as lingua franca, 157, 206

Poser, Heinrich von, 188–89

Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich, Prince, 317

Potocki, Jan, Count, 97

Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, 61, 64

Prémare, Joseph de, 152

Prévost, Antoine François, 211, 225–26, 227, 231, 235, 252, 308, 407

Prichard, James Cowles, 237

primitivism. See savagery and barbarism

progress. See modernization and progress

Psalmanazar, George, 247–48, 250

Pückler-Muskau, Hermann, Fürst, 30

Pushkin, Alexander, 172, 290

Qianlong emperor, 75, 84–85, 89, 97, 183, 337, 372, 374, 408; Macartney and, 334–35, 339, 489

Quesnay, François, 374, 407, 410

questionnaires for scholar-travelers, 189–90, 193–95, 546n86

Racine, Jean, 23, 171

racism, 5, 59, 309–10, 315, 515

Raffles, Sir Stamford, 32, 137, 144, 153, 292–93, 337, 392, 395, 463, 470

Rajasinha II, 127, 336

Rama I, 266, 340

Ranke, Leopold von, 9, 239, 262–63

Ray, John, 214

Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, 70, 236, 241, 309–10, 359, 369, 391, 417–18, 427, 484, 517

Reede tot Drakenstein, Hendrik Adriaan van, 209

Régis, Jean-Baptiste, 312

relativism, 33, 70, 80, 93, 355, 356, 420, 473, 509, 514

Rennell, James, 120, 137

research trip methodology, 135–36

Revett, Nicholas, 125

revolution theory, 265–67, 275, 285, 351, 495, 513–14

Rezanov, Nikolai, 155

Rhodes, Alexandre de, 118

Ricci, Matteo, 406, 576n152

Rich, Claudius, 505

Richards, John F., 66

Richardson, John, 264, 362, 426, 477, 479

Rikord, Petr Ivanovich, 114

Ripa, Matteo, 141

Ritter, Carl, 7, 214, 223, 238–39, 240, 487–88

Robertson, William, 54, 71–72, 263–64, 340, 380, 419–20, 438, 507, 508

Robinson, William, 7

Robson, Francis, 282

Roe, Sir Thomas, 342, 368

Rogerius, Abraham, 206, 211

romanticism, 8, 22, 32, 71–72, 233, 290, 308, 320, 326, 333, 371, 426, 437, 505

Roque, Jean de la, 323

Rose, Gustav, 220

Rossini, Gioachino, 32

Roubaud, Pierre Joseph André, 338

Rougemont, Frédéric de, 413

Rouse, Charles William Boughton, 367, 382

Rousseau, G. S., 27

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 61, 241, 245, 294, 298, 301

Royal Asiatic Society, 28, 97, 516

Royal Geographic Society, 108

Royal Society, 127, 133, 149, 189, 214

Rückert, Friedrich, 29, 32

Rühs, Friedrich, 233

ruins, 121, 124, 126, 211, 495–98

Russell, Alexander and Patrick, 393–400, 433, 437, 451, 457–60, 579n32

Russia, 28, 38, 39–44, 133–35, 260, 297, 299, 304–5, 485, 512; Astrakhan, 316, 390; Cossacks in, 297, 316, 566n119; in Crimea, 319; despotism in, 378; “Great Game” and, 258–59; Great Northern Expedition in, 134, 136, 294, 305, 315; naval power, 114; Ottoman Empire and, 47, 48, 377–78; slavery in, 43, 403; travel hazards of, 144; tribal societies in, 314–15. See also Kamchatka Peninsula; Siberia

Rycault, Sir Paul, 23, 72, 124, 171, 189, 199, 238, 362

Rychkov, Nikolai Petrovich, 135

Ryûkyû (Liuqiu) Islands, 108, 117

“saddle period” reassessment of Asia, 490–95

Safi I, 336–37, 345, 570n10

Safi II, 337, 347, 452, 570n10, 587n17

Sasy, Sylvestre de, 332

Sahin Giray, 319

Said, Edward W., 5, 10, 12, 52

Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 134

Saladin, 54, 337–38

Sale, George, 203, 461

Salmon, 211

San Bartolomeo, Paolino da, 234–35

savagery and barbarism, 288–333, 341, 476, 485–86, 495, 499–500, 506–7; etymology and usages of “barbarian,” 298–303; modern, 332–33

Savary, Claude-Etienne, 123, 174, 217, 219, 358

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 494

Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 156

Scheuchzer, Johann Caspar, 19

Schiller, Friedrich, 263, 506–7

Schlegel, August Wilhelm, 32

Schlegel, Friedrich, 32, 71, 237, 488, 509, 582n91

Schlözer, August Ludwig, 9, 64–65, 110, 214, 215, 241, 245, 508

Schmidt, Isaac Jacob, 264, 306

Schouten, Jooset, 453

Schrödter, Joseph, 148

Schwabe, Johann Joachim, 226–27, 228, 244

Scott Waring, Edward, 247

Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, 144, 180

Selim I, 336, 452

Selim III, 381

Semedo, Alvarez, 115, 406, 433

Semler, Johann Salomo, 216, 244, 267

sexual practices and allegations, 452–58, 462, 563n31, 588n22

Shah Jahan, 338

shamanism, 211, 310, 315–16

Shaw, Thomas, 146, 198, 215–16, 217, 219, 239, 251, 323, 436–37, 550n38

Shelvocke, George, 102, 182

Shivaji, 280

Shore, Frederick John, 165

Shuja Shah Durrani, 95

Shuja ud-Daula, 260

Siam (Thailand), 3, 23, 24–25, 79, 91, 117, 187, 200–201, 265–66, 410–11; Ayudhya, 266, 390; ethnocentrism in, 528n28; Ka people of, 290–91; slavery in, 403; women in, 470

Siberia, 41–43, 128, 129, 133–34, 148, 214, 302, 305, 307; Tungus in, 315

Sicard, Claude, 220

Sidotti, Giovanni Battista, 113

Sima Guang, 204–5

slavery, 48, 61, 264, 343, 400–404, 409, 493, 509, 526n106; in Afghanistan, 274; in Crimea, 391; in India, 418; in Java, 391, 401, 580n61; in Russia, 43, 403; in Siam, 403, 409; in Turkey, 400; in Vietnam, 391

Sloane, Hans, 19

Smith, Adam, 69, 75, 241, 242, 303, 326, 417, 476, 494; on hospitality, 438–39, 443; on slavery, 400, 402

Smith, Andrew, 188

Société Asiatique, 28

Society of Dilettanti, 125

sociology and social forms, 8, 11, 76, 82, 385–445, 466–67, 486–87; “civil society,” 43, 303, 419, 428, 430; genres de vie, 433–34; sociabilité, 428

Solander, Daniel, 393

Solomon, 225, 337, 339, 460

Song Yun, 156–57

Sonnerat, Pierre, 178, 215, 249, 417, 488, 504

Sonnini, Charles S., 453

Southey, Robert, 233

Spence, Jonathan, 140

Spittler, Ludwig Timotheus, 45

Sprengel, Kurt, 235

Sprengel, Matthias Christian, 230–31, 236, 283–85, 526n106

Staunton, Sir George Leonard, 97, 231, 249, 392, 541n79

Staunton, Sir George Thomas, 96–98, 376

Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 134–35, 142, 145, 239, 294, 295–98, 387

Strahlenberg (aka Tabbert), Philipp Johann von, 42, 133, 306

Stuart, James, 125

Suleiman the Magnificent, 44, 338, 411

Sumatra, 195–96, 292–93, 453, 503, 510–11

Symes, Michael, 92, 158, 293–94, 513

Tabbert, Philip Johan. See Strahlenberg (aka Tabbert), Philipp Johann von

Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, 83, 343, 435, 506

Tahiti, 101–2, 104, 296, 322, 425, 442, 462

Tahmasp II, 273

Tahtāwi, Rifā’a al-, 101

Taizong, 372

Tarkapanchanan, Jagannatha, 206

Tatars (and Tartary), 2, 183–84, 260, 262, 267, 291, 303–7, 309–10, 312, 314–16, 440; in Astrakhan, 316; in Crimea, 316–22, 425, 436, 489; polygamy and, 461. See also Mongols; Mughal Empire

Tatishchev, Vassily Nikitich, 42

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, 23, 84, 181, 198–99, 218, 274, 342, 368, 492

Temple, Sir William, 76–77, 241, 262

Tenant, William, 218

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 130

Thévenot, Jean de, 142, 198, 342, 390, 497

Thom, Martin, 491

Thornton, Thomas, 47, 176, 381, 478–79

Thousand and One Nights, 23, 31, 58, 72, 290

Thunberg, Carl Peter, 91–92, 93, 114, 230, 235, 237, 597n102

Tibet, 22, 68, 93, 103, 112, 118–19, 144, 168, 259, 305, 307–8, 315, 360; Hegel on, 313; Lamaism and, 309, 310, 311, 313; Manning in, 149–52, 168, 183, 220; mapping of, 202; polyandry in, 469–70; population control in, 466, 469

Tibitsia, 140

Tieffenthaler, Joseph, 112, 278

Tierra del Fuego, 292, 296, 474

Timbuktu, 147

Timur (Tamerlane), 244, 267–72, 273, 275, 286, 287, 335, 497, 558n55

Tindal, Nicholas, 222

Tipu Sultan, 281–82, 284, 285, 287, 382, 516

Titsingh, Isaac, 204, 230, 376, 384

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 240, 400, 430, 434, 593n18

Tod, James, 426

Tokugawa Ieyasu, 339

Tombe, Charles-François, 129

Tonkin. See Vietnam

Tott, François, Baron de, 131, 267, 318–19, 572n45

tourism, 29–30, 127, 148, 435, 443–44

trade: global, 8, 43, 59–61, 65, 68–69, 449, 482–83; hospitality and, 439, 443; inter-Asian, 388–89, 483

transit of Venus, 132–33, 134

translation, 19, 152–58, 203–7, 232–36

travel conditions, 26–27, 99–100, 109–13, 119–21, 129, 141–47, 151, 200, 434–35; disappointment and boredom, 147–48, 359

travel guidebooks, 30

travel motives, “low” vs. “high,” 173–76, 181, 184–85, 192, 202

travel writing, 29, 84, 98–108, 121–29, 214–15; anthologies and compendia of, 211, 222–30, 244; critical evaluation of, 242–53; expectations and methodology of, 188–91, 212–13, 215–20, 241–42, 252, 490; Johnson on, 210; “philosophical traveler” ideal, 184, 192, 212, 323, 510; plagiarism and, 179–80, 182, 217–18, 246; publication of, 220–31, 252; readership for, 240–42; reputations in, 236–40

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 189–90, 241, 352–54, 357, 402, 463, 507

Turkey, 7, 28, 44, 46, 50, 120, 123–25, 341; Smyrna (İzmir), 124, 189, 389; women in, 470–71, 478–79. See also Ottoman Empire

Turner, Samuel, 68, 92–93, 118–19, 144, 148, 165, 173, 315, 389, 469; methodology of, 176, 199–200, 215

unicorns, 172–73

United States. See North America

Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time, 65, 408

Urvolk hypothesis, 237, 501, 553n108

utilitarianism, 22, 219, 371, 408

Valentyn, François, 223–24, 236

Valéry, Paul, 50–51

Valle, Pietro della, 239, 338

Van Hoorn, Pieter, 140

Varenius, Bernhard, 81, 238

Verbiest, Ferdinand, 312, 462

Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, 363

Victoria, 273, 370

Vidal de la Blache, Paul, 433

Vietnam, 3, 89, 117–18, 142, 164, 201, 359, 360, 401, 409, 425; economics of, 493–94, 593n24; language in, 159, 160, 431; women in, 470, 471

Virey, Julien Joseph, 354

Vlad III Dracula (“the Impaler”), 335–36

VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie). See Dutch East India Company

Vogel, Johann Wilhelm, 110, 198

Volney, Constantin François de Chassebœuf, Comte de, 54, 123, 132, 137, 166, 182, 184–85, 191–96, 212, 239–40, 325, 399, 433–34, 437, 465; on the Americas, 288; on despotism, 357–58, 378, 381, 382, 463, 468; on Egypt and Mamluks, 404, 497, 510; on nomadic warriors, 261, 264; on Ottoman Empire, 377–78; Savary dispute of, 218–19; style of, 215, 217, 323, 490

Voltaire, 1, 5, 14, 32, 191, 214, 241, 245, 249, 274, 300, 304, 355, 363, 508; on Charles XII, 261; on Europe/Asia border, 42; on feudalism, 424–25; on India, 416, 426, 500; on “oriental despotism,” 361–62, 368, 382; on Ottoman Empire, 379–80; on Russia, 314; on Timur, 270; on treatment of women, 448, 473–74

Wahhabism, 260

Walckenaer, Charles-Athanase, 82, 228, 236, 354, 356

Wallace, Robert, 463, 464

Wallenstein, Albrecht, Fürst von, 286

Wallis, Samuel, 101

Wan Li emperor, 576n152

Wansleb, Johann Michael, 122, 496, 552n77

Weber, Carl Maria von, 32

Weber, Max, 9, 30–31, 413

Wellesley, Richard Colley, Lord, 101, 191, 281, 370–71

Westernization, 66–67, 139–40, 479. See also modernization and progress

Wieser, Friedricht von, 3

Wilkins, Charles, 206

Wilks, Mark, 284–85, 340, 352

William of Rubruck, 228

Wilson, Horace Hayman, 219, 221, 236

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 125, 503–4

Windisch, Ernst, 207

Witsen, Nicolaas, 214, 223, 224, 305, 317

women in Asia, 446–79; in Aleppo, 395–97; ignorance of, 391; in public sphere, 390, 396–97, 448. See also harems

Wood, Robert, 436, 595n65

Wu Zetian, 468

Yang, Étienne, 140, 189–90

“yellow peril,” 2, 4, 32

Yemen, 21, 90, 92, 102

Yongzheng emperor, 372–73

Zend Avesta, 363

Zenobia, 469

Zeune, August, 307

Zhang Xianzhong, 336

Zheng Manu, 140

Ziegenbalg, Bartholomäus, 86–89, 414–15, 416, 422, 431

Zimmermann, Eberhardt August Wilhelm von, 173

zoology, 6, 234