Accius, Lucius, xxii
Achilles, 187
actio iniuriarum, 143, 144, 169n1
Aelia Paetina, 101n18
Aeneas, 74n19
Aeneid (Virgil), 37n9, 231n2, 268n20, 269n47
Aeschylus’s brother, 210n19
Agamemnon (Seneca), xxii, xxiii
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 103n43
Agrippa, Menenius, 62, 63, 75n45
Akalaitis, Joanne, xxviii
Alcestis, 76n68
Alcibiades, 266
Alcmena, 138n39
Alexander the Great, 73n13, 155
Alexandria library, 196, 211n32
Alpheus, 40n56
American transcendentalism, xvii
animals: grief of, 12–13; life span of, 29; Stoicism on, xiii
Annales (Tacitus), ix, 104n49, 237
Antenor, 54
anticipation: of loss of wealth, 263–64; of misfortune, 51, 199–200, 202, 212n48; of suffering, 13–14
Antonia (Claudius’s daughter), 101n18
Antonia (Claudius’s mother), 104n47
Antonio’s Revenge (Marston), xxvii
Antonius, Gaius, 104n47
Antonius, Marcus, 37n6, 96–97, 104n47, 135nn5–6
Apicius, M. Gavius, 60, 75n41, 249, 268–69nn28–29
Apocolocyntosis (Seneca), 80
Apollinaris, Sidonius, xxii
Apology of Socrates (Plato), 237, 302n48
Appius Claudius Caecus, 293, 301n39
Areopagus, 191
Aristides, 64
Aristippus of Cyrene, 269n36
Aristogeiton, 210n20
Aristophanes, 265
Aristotle, xvi, 104n55, 110, 126, 135n2, 207, 228, 232n14, 232n21, 266
Athenodorus of Tarsus, 188–89, 192, 210n15
Athens, thirty tyrants of, 191, 210n20
Atlas, 101n13
Atticus, T. Pomponius, 114, 136n10
auctions, 136n17
Augustine, xvi
Augustus: and Athenodorus, 210n15; bereavements of, 10, 96; consolidation of power, 135n5; death of, 102n24; deification of, 39n42, 39n44, 102n26; descendants of, 39n43; and the forums, 210n11; marriage to Livia, 37n6; retirement of, 113–14, 135n4; and the triumvirate, 104n47
Aurelius, Marcus, xii, xiv, xvii
bereavement. See grief
Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, 20, 39nn37–38
Bion of Borysthenes, 194, 204, 211n27
Boethius: Consolation of Philosophy, xxvi
Bona Dea, 135n7
books, 196; illuminated, 211n33
boredom, 186–88
Britain, 20, 39n39, 79, 93–94, 102nn30–32
Britannicus, Tiberius Claudius, x, 101n18, 102n25
Brutus, Lucius Junius, xv, 21, 39n48
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 55, 57–58, 74n24, 104n48
Burrus, Sextus Afranius, x
business activities, 192, 200–202
Caepio, Fannius, 135n5
Caesar, Julius. See Julius Caesar
calamities. See misfortune
Caligula: assassination of, 138n46, 145, 148, 167; and the bridge of boats, 131, 138n46; and Canus, 181, 202–3, 213n49; on death of sister, 98–99; and extravagant eating, 59; insults by, 146, 147–48, 166–67; and Mithradates, 200, 212n45; and Ptolemy, 200, 212n45; relationship with Seneca, ix; treatment of citizens, 94; treatment of his guest Pompeius, 200, 212n41
Caligula (Suetonius), 171n37
Candide (Voltaire), xiii
Canus, Julius, 180–81, 202–3, 213nn49–50
Carthage, 81
Cassius, Gaeus, 104n48
Catiline, 28, 41n75, 114, 135n7
Cato the Younger: and Brutus, 57, 74n31; death of, 28, 31, 34, 41n76, 205, 213n53, 279, 285, 289, 300n13, 300n15; drinking habits of, 206, 207, 213n56; and hypocrisy, 255, 258; insults to, 143, 147, 149–50, 163; and misfortune, 279; political ambition of, 64, 170n16; as a sage, xx, 146, 149–50, 156, 181, 193, 211n26; and self-knowledge, 281; wealth of, 258, 270n52
Chauci, 102n29
child rearing, 17, 24, 284, 291, 301n36
Christianity, xi, xvi, 277, 280–81, 299n12
Chrysippus of Soli: on early treatment of grief, 73n1; and fate, 301n44; influence of, xii; on insults, 147, 165; and misfortune, 277, 301n44; and nature, 268n12, 301n44; and public service, 183, 220, 223, 227, 228, 231n4, 231n7, 232n13
Cicero, Marcus Tullius: and Catiline, 114, 135n7; and Clodius, 114, 135n7, 170n17; Consolation, 3; and Crassus, 114, 135n7; death of, 28, 41n75, 205, 213n53; death of daughter, xv, 3, 41n75; On Duties, xvi; On the Ends of Good and Bad, 235; on gladiators, 198–99; influence on European literature, xvii; On the Nature of the Gods, 277; and political freedom, xv; and Pompey, 114, 135n7; on public service, 180; and Stoicism, xii, xiii; and time, 114; Tusculan Disputations, 177; and Vatinius, 166, 171n36, 301n33
citizens of the universe, xvi, 40n60, 45, 47
civic duty. See public service
Claudius: attitude to exiles, 94, 102n32; campaign in Britain, 79, 93–94, 102nn30–32; campaign in Germany, 93–94, 102n29; children of, 101n18, 102n25; death of brother Germanicus, 97; exile of Seneca, ix; historical writings of, 101n15; imperial panegyric for, 80, 93–97; marriage to Agrippina, x; portrayal in Apocolocyntosis, 80; relationship with Polybius, 79, 87
Claudius Caudex, Appius, 124, 137n23
Cleanthes, xii, xix, 183, 227, 232n13, 301n42
Clement of Alexandria, xvi
Cleopatra, 135n6
clientship, 108–9, 121, 126, 131–32, 138n47
Clodius Pulcher, P., 114, 135n7, 150, 170n17
Codex Ambrosianus, 219
collecting, 122
conflagration of the world, 101n3
Consolation (Cicero), 3
Consolation of Philosophy (Boethius), xxvi
consolations, genre of, 3, 45. See also grief
Consolation to Helvia (Seneca), x, xviii, 45–72; date of, 45
Consolation to Marcia (Seneca), 3–36; date of, 3
Consolation to Polybius (Seneca), x, xviii, 3, 79–100; date of, 79
Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, 102n29, 165
Cordus, Aulus Cremutius, 3, 6–7, 31–32, 34–36, 37n1
Corinth, 81
Corneille, Pierre, xxvii
Cornelia (mother of Gracchi), 21, 39n50, 46, 67, 75n56
Cornelia (wife of Livius Drusus), 21–22, 40n52
Coruncanius, Tiberius, 258, 270n52
cosmic city, 231n7
cosmos. See universe
Crantor: On Grief, 3
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 114, 135n7, 170n19, 258, 270n52, 289
Cyrus the Great, 212n43
Danaids, 136n15
dancing, 206
death: beliefs about, 4, 26–27; benefits of, 26–29, 34–35, 88–90; fear of, 63, 128, 136n12, 199; as freedom, 34, 239, 279, 285, 296; and god, 280, 296–97; inevitability of, 16, 90, 91–92; learning how to die, 116, 126–27, 239, 296–97; and nature, 90–91; nothingness of, 26–27; quickness of, 296–97; timing of, 28–33, 35; virtue in face of, 180–81, 205; wisdom of wishing for, 32
Delrio, Martín Antonio, xxvii
Demetrius the Cynic, 154, 171n23, 194–95, 211n30, 255, 279, 286, 293, 300n18
Democritus, 126, 201, 204, 209n6, 213n51, 266, 295, 301n46; Euthumia, 180, 185
Dentatus, Curius, 124, 137n22, 191, 210n21, 258, 270n52
Descartes, René, xvi
desire, 59, 61, 63, 88, 111, 186, 193, 200, 243–44
destruction of the world, 36, 81
determinism, xiii
dialectic, xviii
Diderot, Denis, xxii; Essai sur la vie et les écrits des Sénèque, 237–38
dinner parties, 122–23, 192–93
Dio, Cassius, ix; Roman History, 237
Dio Chrysostom, 45
Diogenes Laertius, xii
Diogenes of Sinope, xvi, 194, 195, 211n29
Diomedes, 54
Dionysius, 23–24, 40n58, 213n58, 270n61
disgrace, 63–64
divine. See god
drinking, 170n21, 206, 207, 214n59
Drusus, M. Livius (tribune 91 BCE), 115, 136n11
Drusus, M. Livius (tribune 122 BCE), 21, 40n52
Drusus, Nero Claudius (Livia’s son), 9, 10–12, 37n6, 37nn11–12, 38n20, 96, 102n31
Drusus Julius Caesar (Tiberius’s son), 39n45
Dryden, John: Oedipus, xxvii
duties, 180, 183–84, 188–91, 210n11. See also public service
Ecerinis (Mussato), xxvi
ecpyrosis, 101n3
education: grammatici, 136n19; of slaves, xiv; on trivia, 123–25; of women, xiv, xv, 68
Egnatius Rufus, Marcus, 135n5
Egypt, 74n34
elephants, 124–25, 137n27, 137n31
Eliot, T. S., xxvi
Elius, 293
Elizabethans, xxvi–xxvii
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, xvii
emotions, xiv, xx–xxi. See also anger; apatheia; desire; fear; grief; pleasure
endurance, 145, 151, 154, 157–58, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169n6. See also misfortune
Epictetus, xii, xiv, xxiii, xxiv, 300n18
Epicureanism: and clientship, 108; and happiness, 235; and hypocrisy, 255, 266; and injury, 164; and physics, 231n8; and pleasure, 228, 236, 250–52, 268n12; and public service, 223; and Seneca, xvii; study of, 126
Epistles (Horace), 210n14
Erasmus, xxii
Essai sur la vie et les écrits des Sénèque (Diderot), 237–38
Euclides of Megara, 171n23
Evander, 54
exile: and alienation from the everyday, 46; as a change of location, 52–55; consolation for, 45; and contempt, 64; definition of, 52; and freedom of the mind, 45–46, 61–62, 72; and individual virtue, 45, 55–56, 57–58; inner, 46; of Ovid, 104n56; and poverty, 58, 60; and proximity to the divine, 56–57; and public life, 210n18; of Seneca, ix–x, 45–47, 79–80, 94, 100; and Stoicism, 45; and universal citizenship, 45, 47; and universal nature, 45, 55–56
externals, xi, xxi, 202, 237, 246
extravagance, 58, 62, 183, 195, 196
Fabianus, Papirius, 33, 41n87, 119–20, 125, 136n14
Fabricius Luscinus, C., 287, 300n21
fate: and god, xx, 294; inevitability of, 294; and life span, 29–30; and suffering, 15–16; unchanging nature of, 12. See also fortune
Favorinus, 45
feast days, 206–7
Fidus, Cornelius, 165
food: imported, 58–59; local, 59; overindulgence in, 58–59, 60, 249, 287; simple, 182–83
fortune: and duty, 189–90; gifts of, 198, 212n36, 242; good or bad fortune, 99; reversals of, 180–81, 210n17; savagery of, 97–98; and virtue, 157; and wealth, 194–95; and the wise man, 164. See also fate; misfortune
forum, 209n11
fragility of the human body, 16–17
freedmen, 211n30
freedom: from anxiety, 162; death as, 34, 239, 279, 285, 296; of the mind, 45–46, 61–62, 72, 145, 168, 238; from pain, 242–43; from pleasure, 238, 242–43, 244; political, xv–xvi, 145
free will, xiii
friendship, 193–94
future time, 32, 33, 61, 109, 117, 119, 120, 127, 245
Gabinius Secundus, 102n29
Gaius. See Caligula
Gaius Caesar, 39n43, 96, 103nn43–45
Gaius Julius Caesar. See Julius Caesar
Galerius, Gaius, 76n64
Gallio, L. Junius, 73n2, 235, 240
Georgics (Virgil), 136n13, 269n38
Germany, 93–94, 102n29, 102n31, 292
god: and death, 280, 296–97; and fate, xx, 294; man as part of the divine, 226, 231n10; and misfortune, 277–78, 279, 280–81, 283–85, 290–93, 295–96; obedience to, 253; as a parent, 283, 284; proximity to, xxiv, 56–57; role of, 224–25; and theodicy, 277
golden mean, 104n55
Gracchus, Gaius, 21, 40n51, 46, 67, 75n56, 115
Gracchus, Tiberius, 21, 40n51, 46, 67, 75n56, 115
grain supply, 130–31
grammatici, 136n19
Greene, John: A Refutation of the Apology for Actors, xxvii
grief: of animals, 12–13; anticipation of, 13–14; benefits of bereavement, 26; comfort from family, 22, 68–70, 92–93; compared to a wound, 8, 49, 50; concealment of, 85–86; consolation for, 3; distractions from, 67–68; end to, 13; enduring nature of, 7–8; fresh vs. old, 48; greater suffering of others, 18–21; limits on, xx, 66; at loss of physical presence, 65; memory of the dead, 100; and nature, 13; philosophy as a cure for, 46, 68; pleasure from knowing the deceased, 17–18, 90, 100; pointlessness of, 12, 81–82, 84–85; pretense of, 204; as the product of false beliefs, 4; and reason, 100; sharing of, 93; and Stoicism, xx–xxi, 3–4, 37n14, 38n21, 79, 99–100, 104n55; strength of, 67; talking about the deceased, 11; and time, 13; variety of reactions to, 13; and weeping, 66, 204; and women, 21–22, 66–67
Grotius, Hugo, xvi
Gryllos, 38n33
Gyara, 52
haircuts, 122
Hamlet (Shakespeare), xxvii
happiness: ability for, 50–51; definitions of, 235, 243; Epicureanism on, 235; and nature, 246; and pleasure, 236, 244–45; and poverty, 62–63; Stoicism on, 235; and virtue, 235, 236, 243, 253–54
hardness, 145, 151–52, 159, 161
Harmodius, 210n20
Hasdrubal, 137n31
hedonism, 250. See also Epicureanism
Helvia, ix, 49–50, 68–71, 73n2
Helvidius Priscus, x
Hercules, 146, 150, 170n18, 181, 205, 213n55
Herodotus: Histories, 212n43
Heywood, Jasper, xxvi
Hieron II, 137nn23–24
Hipparchus, 210n20
Hippocrates of Cos, 135n1
honesty, 205–6
honor, disadvantages of, 89
Horace: Epistles, 210n14
human body, fragility of, 16–17
humor, 204
hypocrisy, xviii, 237, 238, 254–59, 265–66
Illiad, 124
illuminated books, 211n33
imperial panegyric, 80, 93–97, 102n23, 102n28
indifferents, xiv, 179, 180, 236, 239, 259, 301n38. See also wealth
injury, 143–44, 150–53, 156–58, 164–65, 168, 169n2
insult, 64, 143–45, 150–53, 159–63, 165–68, 169n1
interiority, xviii, xxi, 179–80, 183–84, 206
Isis, 271n67
Jugurtha, 137n26, 138n42, 200, 212n44
Julia Augusta. See Livia (Augustus’s wife)
Julia (Augustus’s daughter), 37n7, 39n43, 103n43, 114, 135nn5–6
Julia (Julius Caesar’s daughter), 39n40, 103n41
Julia Livilla (Caligula’s sister), ix, 45
Julius Caesar: and the Alexandria library, 211n32; and Bibulus, 39n37; in Britain, 20; and Cato, 28, 41n76; death of, xv, 135n5; death of daughter, 20, 39n40; defeat of Pompey, 135n9, 300n13; deification of, 39n42, 102n26; in Egypt, 74n34; in the first triumvirate, 135n7, 170n19, 289; and Marcellus, 57–58, 74n30; and Publilius Syrus, 212n39
Kane, Sarah, xxvii
Kyd, Thomas: The Spanish Tragedy, xxvii
laughter, 204
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, xiii, xvi
leisure: importance of, 206–7; time wasted in, 121–24. See also retirement
Leo, Friedrich, xxv
Lepidus, Marcus, 104n47, 135n5
Letters to Lucilius (Seneca), 177, 178, 278
Liber, 207, 213n58, 262, 270n61
library at Alexandria, 196, 211n32
life: compared to wealth, 110; crafting of, 238, 246; learning how to live, 116; life span and fate, 29–30; living right now, 108, 119; and nature, 90–91; as a sea voyage, 89, 117, 179, 185; shortness of, 29, 110; unpredictability of, 30–31; waste of, 110–11. See also time
Life of Claudius, The (Suetonius), 102n32
literature: as a monument, 99; Stoicism’s influence on Western, xvii
Livia (Augustus’s wife), 8, 9, 10–12, 37n6, 37n15, 37n18, 38n20
Livia (Drusus’s daughter), 38n20
logic, xii–xiii, xviii–xix, 231n8
Lucan, ix, xi, xvi, xvii, 76n60, 210n19
Lucian, 300n18
Lucius Caesar, 39n43, 96, 103n43
Lucretius, xix, 187, 210n14; On the Nature of Things, 146
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 95, 103n39
Lucullus, Marcus Licinius, 95, 103n39
Lysimachus, 213n49
Macbeth (Shakespeare), xxvii
Macer, Herennius, 167
Marcellus, C. Claudius, 37n6
Marcellus, M. Claudius (consul 51 BCE), 57–58, 74n30
Marcellus, M. Claudius (Octavia’s son), 8–9, 37n9, 37nn6–7, 39n43, 75n54, 103n42, 103n43
Marius, Gaius, 55, 129, 138n42, 212n44
Marlowe, Christopher, xxvii
Marston, John: Antonio’s Revenge, xxvii
Medea (Seneca), xxiv–xxv
meditation, xiv, xxi, 136n12, 193
Mela, Marcus Annaeus, ix, 73n2, 76n59
memory: of the past, 120–21; of pleasure, 17–18, 90, 100
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 270n50, 280, 301n45
Metellus, L. Caecilius, 125, 137n31, 293, 301n39
mime, 136n18
mind: freedom of, 45–46, 61–62, 72, 145, 168, 238; magnificence of, 145, 146, 147, 154, 160, 169n6; richness of the, 61; sickness of the, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 209n2; strength of, 63
misfortune: anticipation of, 51, 199–200, 202, 212n48; benefits of, xxi, 49, 278, 284, 285–97; dealing with, xxi, 64, 196–200, 279, 283–85, 286–97; and the divine, 277–78, 280–81, 283–85, 290–93, 295–96; and nature, 280, 281; and self-knowledge, 281, 289; and virtue, xxi, 289–90
money. See wealth
Monty Python, 210n19
mourning. See grief
Mucius Scaevola, Q., 287, 300n20
Murena, Lucius Licinius Varro, 135n5
music, 122
Musonius Rufus, C., xi, xii, xv, 45
Mussato, Albertino, xxvii; Ecerinis, xxvi
Narcissus (freedman), 79
Natural Questions (Seneca), xix, 278, 281
nature: gifts of, 198, 212n36, 225–26; and grief, 13; and habit, 197; and happiness, 246; and life and death, 90–91; and misfortune, 280, 281; and Stoicism, 180, 242, 268n12
Neptune, 152
Nero, ix, x–xi, xv–xvi, 102n25, 178, 300n18
Newton, Thomas: Seneca His Tenne Tragedies Translated in English, xxvi
Nomentanus, Cassius, 249, 268–69nn28–29
Novatilla, 69
Novatus, Lucius Annaeus (Gallio), 73n2, 76n59, 146
Numantia, 81
Octavia (Augustus’s sister), 8–9, 10, 37n6, 37n8, 37n10, 75n54, 96, 103n42
Octavia (Claudius’s daughter), 101n18
Odyssey, 124
Oedipus (Dryden), xxvii
Oedipus (Seneca), xxiii–xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii
On Anger (Seneca), xiv, xv, 146, 180
On Benefits (Seneca), 236
On Duties (Cicero), xvi
On Grief (Crantor), 3
On Leisure (Seneca), 108, 109, 146, 177, 219–29; date of, 219; incompleteness of, 220–21, 271n72
On Providence (Seneca), 277–97; date of, 278
On the Constancy of the Wise Person (Seneca), 143–68, 177, 219; date of, 146, 170n9
On the Ends of Good and Bad (Cicero), 235
On the Happy Life (Seneca), xi, xviii, 219, 235–66; date of, 237; incompleteness of, 271n72
On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero), 277
On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 146
On the Shortness of Life (Seneca), 107–33; date of, 107
On Tranquility of Mind (Seneca), 146, 177–208, 219; date of, 178
Ovid: exile of, 104n56; Metamorphoses, 270n50, 280, 301n45; Tristia, 104n56
Pacuvius, Marcus, xxii
pain. See suffering
Pallas, Marcus Antonius, 79
Pantellaria. See Cossura
passions. See emotions
past time, 120–21
Paulina, Pompeia, 107
Paulinus, Pompeius, 107, 108, 109, 130–31
Paulus, L. Aemilius, 19, 38n35, 95, 103n37
pax Romana, 292
people: choice of friends, 192–94; following the crowd, 240–41; opinions of other, 222; time wasted by other, 107–8, 111–12, 117, 118, 131–32
Peripatetic school, 235
Perseus of Macedonia, 103n37
Petrarch, xxvi
Phaedra’s Love (Kane), xxvii
Phaedrus (Plato), 214n60
Phaethon, 270n50, 280, 281, 295, 301n45
Phèdre (Racine), xxvii
Philippi, Battle of, 104n48
philosophy: benefits of, 125–26; as a cure for grief, 46, 68; retirement to, 107, 108, 219–21; Stoicism’s influence on Western, xvi–xvii
Phocion, 75n51
Phoenissae (Seneca), xxi, xxii
physics, xii–xiii, xix, 224, 231n8
Piso, C. Calpurnius, xi
planets, 24–25, 40n63, 53, 56, 73n12
Plato, xiii, xvi, xxi, 23, 32, 40n58, 62, 146, 193, 207, 232n14, 255, 266; Apology of Socrates, 237, 302n48; Phaedrus, 214n60
plays of Seneca, xxi–xxviii; Stoicism in, xxii–xxiii
pleasure: and anxiety, 128–30; disadvantages of, 286; Epicureanism on, 228, 236, 250–52, 268n12; freedom from, 238, 242–43, 244; and happiness, 236, 244–45; memory of, 17–18, 90, 100; and virtue, 238, 245–46, 247–53
Pliny the elder, 136n20
Poetices libri septem (Scaliger), xxvi
political freedom, xv–xvi, 145
political terminology, 237
politics. See public service
Polybius: career of, 79; literary talents of, 79, 82, 86, 87–88, 92, 99; relationship with Claudius, 79, 87
Pompeia, 103n41
Pompeia Paulina, xi
Pompeius (guest of Caligula), 200, 212n41
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great): and Cicero, 114; death of, 41n74, 74n34, 137n28, 205, 213n53; defeat of, 28, 41n76, 74n30, 135n9, 137n28, 300n13; and Demetrius, 194, 211n30; in the first triumvirate, 20, 39n40, 135n7, 170n19, 289; marriage to Julia, 39n40, 103n41; theater of, 31, 124–25, 137n27
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Younger), 95, 103n40, 135n9
Pompeius Magnus, Sextus, 95, 103n40, 135n9
possessions, 14–15, 51, 57, 61, 179, 180, 182, 183, 194–95. See also wealth
poverty, 58–63, 165, 194, 258, 263. See also thrift
present time, 120, 121, 136n16
pride, 197–98
prior knowledge, 23–26
property. See possessions
Ptolemy Philadelphos, 211n32
Ptolemy XIII, 137n28
public annals, 102n34
public calendar, 102n34
public service: burdens of, 130–33; duty of, 183–84, 188–91, 210n11; retirement from, xv, xxi, 107, 113–14, 131, 188–89, 219–21, 222–29; and Stoicism, xv–xvi, 180, 183, 222–29, 231n4
Publilius Syrus, 38n24, 199, 212n39
Pythagoras, 126
Quintius Cincinnatus, L., 129, 138n43
Racine, Jean: Phèdre, xxvii
rationality, xiii, xx, 146, 281
Refutation of the Apology for Actors, A (Greene), xxvii
Regulus, M. Atilius, 62–63, 75n39, 181, 205, 213n55, 288, 301n28
restlessness, 186–88
retirement: to philosophy, 107, 108, 131, 219–21; from public service, xv, xxi, 107, 113–14, 131, 188–89, 219–21, 222–29; Seneca’s, xi, xv–xvi, xxi, 213n6, 219; Stoicism on, 219–21, 222–29, 232n18. See also leisure
rhetoric, xviii–xix
Richard III (Shakespeare), xxvii
Roman History (Dio), 237
Roman law: actio iniuriarum, 143, 144, 169n1
Rome: founding of, 54–55, 74n19, 137n34; and migration, 47, 52; pomerium, 125, 137n3
Romulus, 137n34
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, xvi
Rutenberg, Michael Elliot, xxvii–xxviii
Rutilia, 67
Rutilius Rufus, P., 31, 41n81, 205, 213n53, 255, 287, 300n23
St. Paul, xi
Salutati, Coluccio, xxvi
Scaliger, Julius Caesar: Poetices libri septem, xxvi
Sciathus, 52
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, P. Cornelius, 19, 21, 34, 38n35, 39n50, 63, 75n56, 95, 103n37
Scipio Africanus the Elder, P. Cornelius, 95, 102–3nn35–36, 129, 138nn44–45, 206
Scipio Asiagenes, Lucius Cornelius, 103nn35–36
sea-calm, tranquility as a, 179, 210n12
sea voyage, life as a, 89, 117, 179, 185
Sejanus, Lucius Aelius, 4, 6, 7, 20, 31–32, 37n2, 200, 212n42
self-disgust, 179, 185, 186, 243
self-examination, xiv, 177–78, 182, 192, 209n7
self-reliance, 46, 147, 171n23
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus: attack by Suillius, xi, 237; criticism of, xi; death of, ix, xi, xvi; on death of Serenus, 178; Diderot on, 237–38; Dio on, 237; education of, ix; exile of, ix–x, 45–47, 79–80, 94, 100; family background of, ix; on god, xviii, xix; on the good life, xvii–xviii; and hypocrisy, xviii; ill health of, ix; influence on Christianity, xi, 277, 280–81, 299n12; influence on European literature, xvii; influence on the Elizabethans, xxvi–xxvii; and logic, xviii–xix; on moral progress, xx–xxi; plays of, xxi–xxviii; political career of, ix; relationship with Caligula, ix; relationship with Nero, ix, x–xi, xv–xvi; relationship with Sejanus, 4; retirement of, xi, xv–xvi, xxi, 213n6, 219; and rhetoric, xix; on slavery, xv, xviii; and Stoicism, xvii–xxi; wealth of, xi; on women, xv; works: Agamemnon, xxii, xxiii; On Anger, xiv, xv, 146, 180; Apocolocyntosis, 80; On Benefits, 236; On Clemency, ix, x; Consolation to Helvia, x, xviii, 45–72; Consolation to Marcia, 3–36; Consolation to Polybius, x, xviii, 3, 79–100; On the Constancy of the Wise Person, 143–68, 177, 219; On the Happy Life, xi, xviii, 219, 235–66; On Leisure, 108, 109, 146, 177, 219–29; Letters to Lucilius, 177, 178, 278; Medea, xxiv–xxv; Natural Questions, xix, 278, 281; Oedipus, xxiii–xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii; Phaedra, xxiv, xxvii; Phoenissae, xxi, xxii; On Providence, 277–97; On the Shortness of Life, 107–33; Thyestes, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii; On Tranquility of Mind, 146, 177–208, 219; Troades, xxiv, xxv–xxvi
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (father), ix
Seneca His Tenne Tragedies Translated in English (Newton), xxvi
Serenus, Annaeus, 143, 146–47, 177–70, 219
Seriphus, 52
Seven Wonders of the World, 101n2
Sextus Empiricus, xii
Shakespeare, William: Hamlet, xxvii; Macbeth, xxvii; Richard III, xxvii; Titus Andronicus, xxvii
shamefulness, 153
Sicily, 23–24
sickness of the mind, 177, 178, 179, 184, 209n2
simple life, 59, 182–83, 195–96
slaves: education of, xiv; insults from slaves, 160, 283, 299n11; Seneca on, xv, xviii; Stoicism on, xv; and thrift, 62, 194–95
sleep, 206
Smith, Adam, xvi
Socrates: and clientship, 108; death of, ix, 191, 205, 210n20, 228, 288–89, 301n31, 302n48; endurance of, 167; founder of skeptical Academy, 137n35; imprisonment of, 31, 63–64, 141n81; and injury, 156; and misfortune, 279; as a sage, 193; studying of, 126; use of in On the Happy Life, 236, 237, 238–39, 262–66; and Xanthippe, 167, 171n42; and young boys, 206
Spanish Tragedy, The (Kyd), xxvii
Spartans, 301n36
Spinoza, xvi
Stilpo of Megara, 144, 146, 147, 154–55, 171n23
Stoicism: apatheia, xiv–xv, 137n36; and the cosmic city, 231n7; and cosmopolitanism, xvi, xvii; ecpyrosis, 101n3; and equality, xiv, xv, xvii; and ethics, xii–xiv, 231n8; and exile, 45; Greek, xi–xii; and grief, xx–xxi, 3–4, 37n14, 38n21, 79, 99–100, 104n55; and happiness, 235; influence on Christianity, xvi; influence on Western intellectual tradition, xvi–xvii; influence on Western literature, xvii; introduction to, xi–xvii; and logic, xii–xiii, xviii–xix, 231n8; as a man’s path, 143, 146, 149; and nature, 242, 268n12; paradoxes, 143, 147, 150–51; and physics, xii–xiii, 231n8; and possessions, 179; propatheiai, 38n19, 171n28; and public service, xv–xvi, 219–21, 222–29, 231n4; and retirement, 219–21, 222–29, 232n18; Roman, xii–xvii; and the sage, xx; Seneca’s, xvii–xxi; in Seneca’s plays, xxii–xxiii; on slavery, xv; and time, 107, 136n16; and universal citizenship, xvi, 40n60, 45, 47; and virtue, 235; and wealth, xi; on women, xv; and world cycles, 41n79
Suetonius, ix; Caligula, 171n37; The Life of Claudius, 102n32
suffering: anticipation of, 13–14, 199–200; bearing of, 98; and fate, 15–16; freedom from, 242–43; human, 25–26. See also grief; misfortune
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 18–19, 38nn31–32, 55, 124, 125, 137n3, 137n26, 287–88, 300nn23–25, 301n27
Syracuse, 23–24
Tacitus, ix, xi; Annales, ix, 104n49, 237
Tarquin, 39n48
Teles of Megara, 45
Tenne Tragedies, xxii
theodicy, 277
Thoreau, Henry David, xvii
Thrasea Paetus, x
thrift, 182–83, 195. See also poverty
Thyestes (Seneca), xxii, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxviii
Tiberius: adoption by Augustus, 39n43; death of brother, 10, 96; death of Sejanus, 4; death of sons, 20–21, 39n45; as pontifex maximus, 39n46; rebuilding of theatre of Pompey, 31; and Sejanus, 212n42; spectacles under, 290
Tiberius Claudius Nero, 37n6
tides, 283
Tigellinus, 178
time: as a commodity, 107, 112, 118; as currency, 107, 112, 118; and death, 28–33; and destruction of the world, 36; future time, 119, 120; and grief, 13; mastery of, 107–8; for oneself, 111–12, 116; past time, 120–21; present time, 120, 121, 136n16; and Stoicism, 107, 136n16; wasted by other people, 107–8, 111–12, 117, 118, 131–32; wasted by procrastination, 108, 119; wasted by trivial activities, 108, 121–25; wasted in vices, 108, 111, 115–16, 128; wasting of, 112–13, 189. See also life
Titus Andronicus (Shakespeare), xxvii
tragedies. See plays of Seneca
tranquility: definition of, 179–80, 185; as a sea-calm, 179, 210n12
Tristia (Ovid), 104n56
triumphal processions, 262, 270n61, 270n63
Troades (Seneca), xxiv, xxv–xxvi
Tullia, 3
Tusculan Disputations (Cicero), 177
underworld, 26
United States, xvi–xvii
universe: citizens of the, xvi, 40n60, 45, 47; cosmic city, 231n7; creation of, 56; destruction of, 36, 81; marvels of, 24–25; order of, xiii, 282–83; and time, 29
Valerius Asiaticus, 147–48, 166, 170n9
Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla, Manius, 124, 137n24
Varro, M. Terentius, 55, 74n23, 211n33
Vatinius, Publius, 149, 150, 165–66, 170n16, 171n36, 289, 301n33
Vespasian, 300n18
vices, 58, 60, 108, 111, 115–16, 120, 123, 128, 204, 222, 247, 250–51, 255, 288
Virgil, xvii, 88, 135n3; Aeneid, 37n9, 231n2, 268n20, 269n47; Georgics, 136n13, 269n38
virtue: availability of, 98; and exile, 45, 55–56, 57–58; and fortune, 157; and happiness, 235, 236, 243, 253–54; and injury, 153, 156; as its own reward, 247; and misfortune, xxi, 289–90; and pleasure, 238, 245–46, 247–53; and poverty, 258, 263; and Stoicism, 235; uphill vs. downhill, 238–39, 263; visibility of, 189; and wealth, 258, 263; worship of, 264–65
Voltaire: Candide, xiii
wealth: burden of, 111, 194; compared to life, 110; disadvantages of, 89; envy of, 183; and exile, 61; extravagance in books, 196; and fortune, 194–95; generosity with, 236, 238, 260–61; and hypocrisy, 238, 254–55, 258–59, 265–66; loss of, 194–95, 259, 263–64; of Seneca, xi; Stoicism on, xi; and virtue, 258, 263. See also possessions
women: ambition through their children, 64; education of, xiv, xv, 68; and grief, 21–22, 66–67; insults from, 162; and modesty, 66; Stoicism on, xv; strength of, 21–22
world. See universe
wrestling, 122
Xerxes, 138nn40–41, 171n22, 171n30
Zeno of Citium: and clientship, 108, 126; and hypocrisy, 231n4, 255; influence of, xi; lack of slaves, 62; and nature, 268n12; and public service, 183, 220, 223, 227, 231n4, 232n13; shipwreck of, 202; and universal civic awareness, 231n7