INDEX

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aboriginal people 83

Abraham, Eyal 123, 239

Aché people 54–6, 62, 105

Adam, Emma 191

addiction 37, 93, 133

adolescent children 111, 229–30

academic achievement 212–13

brain development 229–30, 243, 244

one-on-one time with 249

quality relationships with 212

self-esteem 213

social skills 213

supporting 212, 229, 230

adoption 58, 65–6

affiliation 161

Afro-American fathers 216–18, 220

agreeableness 26, 146, 149

Ainsworth, Mary 174

Aka tribe 102, 105–6, 165, 180, 208

alcoholism 133, 134

altricial young 7

amygdala 182, 230

animals

developmental stages 228

energy investment 226–7

great apes 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 227

play 159

antenatal classes, male-only 95

antisocial behaviours 37, 93

genetic determination 132, 134

‘risk gene’ 133–4

anxieties about impending fatherhood 41–2, 48, 77, 88, 95

assisted fertility techniques 51, 58

see also donor insemination (DI)

attachment

antenatal as predictor of postnatal 37

anxious/ambivalent attachment 175, 176, 190, 247

avoidant behaviour 175, 176

bio-behavioural synchrony 25, 136, 140

brain chemistry 122

cross-generational influences 168–9

father–child 32, 35–6, 166–9, 171–2, 173, 174, 247–8

identity and 34

insecure 37

mother–child 29, 33, 173

parental relationship, effect of 35–6

prenatal 30–2, 166, 170

primary attachment figure 171, 243

The Risky Situation 175

secure attachment 168, 175, 230, 247

The Strange Situation 174–5

survival-related function 173

two-way 29, 166–7, 168

ultrasound scans and 30–2

see also bonding

attachment disorder 242

Atzil, Shir 181, 183

autism spectrum disorder 136, 242

Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) 251–2

barber chair chat 96

Basques 83

bath time 99

Bearder, Simon 16

behavioural development 37, 121, 242

see also social and cultural development

Belsky, Jay 146

beta-endorphin 95, 154, 157, 159–61, 162

release during play 159, 162–3, 165

Bigras, Marc 175–6

bio-behavioural synchrony 25, 136, 140, 141, 164, 180, 238–40, 241

biological phenomenon of fatherhood xi, 50, 51, 54, 56–7, 58, 131, 139

bipedalism 6, 7

birth

couvade rituals 74, 78, 83

father’s experiences of 71–101

father’s presence at 79, 81, 83–4, 85, 260, 261

NICE guidelines 260–1

traumatic 147

see also labour

body mass index (BMI) 251–2

bonding

bio-behavioural synchrony 25, 136

delay in 155–7, 166, 189

environmental factors 169

maternal 21

neurochemicals 22–5, 38, 47, 130, 157, 161, 162

post-birth 84, 87, 91–2, 153–77

pre-birth 21–48

two-stage process 157, 177

see also attachment

Bowlby, John 29

Bradford, Kay 198

brain 128–9

adolescent 229–30, 243

affiliative circuits 24

effect of caretaking behaviour on 139, 142, 230–1

hominin brain 3–4, 12

maternal 121–2

paternal brain changes 122–4, 126

post-birth development 8, 9, 139, 164, 191, 228, 243–4

receptors 135, 160

size 3–4, 6, 7, 8, 12

breastfeeding 8–9, 22, 24, 117, 155

Buchanan, Ann 209–10

caretaking activities, exclusive 94–5, 99, 158, 177

CD38 gene 136

celebrity dads 52, 114, 118

child development

developmental stages 228

father’s contribution to 225–54

see also adolescent children; behavioural development; linguistic development; social and cultural development; teaching and learning

child mental health, father’s impact on 37, 93, 244–5, 247–8, 248, 253

child mortality 109–10

chromatin 250

Chung, Alissa 137

Ciciolla, Lucia 212–13

Clowes, Lindsay 57

co-parenting 33, 34, 39, 46, 52, 58–9, 106, 113, 118, 166, 185, 189, 194

Coley, Rebekah 218–19

Condon, John 32–3, 37, 167–8, 173

conscientiousness 26, 146, 147, 149

controlling environments 143

cooperative behaviour 10–12, 173, 226

Corboz-Warnery, Antoinette 196

cortisol 77, 95, 191, 248–9

children and 191

negative impact of 191, 248–9

couvade 73–4

couvade syndrome 76–8

rituals 74, 78, 83

crying, response to 39, 127–8

cultural diversity of fatherhood 49–67, 102–3, 104, 105–6

Cummings, Mark 190, 198

Darwin, Charles 132

Darwin, Zoe 91

Dawkins, Richard 10

‘deadbeat dad’ 272

DeLisi, Matt 133

Dempsey, Deborah 63

depression

in children 247–8

see also postnatal depression

difficult behaviours

ability to cope with 142–3, 170

see also antisocial behaviours

direct parental care 112, 116

discipline 179

undermining attempts at 186

dispersed fatherhood 62

see also social fathers

DNA 250

domestic chores, fathers’ contribution to 266

donor insemination (DI)

disclosure 59–61, 62

donor selection 61–2

gay and lesbian couples 61–2, 63–4

heterosexual couples 59–63

dopamine 23–4, 95, 129, 130, 131, 135

bonding neurochemical 23, 38, 47

dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) 133–4

dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) 134

reward chemical 23, 129

Doyle, Otima 216

drug use 90, 133

Dunbar, Robin 161

Edward, Karen-Leigh 89

emotion regulation 143–4, 241, 248

empathy 27, 39, 77, 101, 130, 239, 240, 248

endorphins 129, 161

see also beta-endorphin

environmental risk 106

epigenesis 249–53

evolution of fatherhood 3–18, 110, 126, 225–6

brain size and 3–4, 6, 7, 8, 12

cooperative behaviour 11–12, 226

efficiency rule 11, 15, 180, 183, 225

hunting skills and 12–13

kin selection 14

‘mate guarding’ 15

protective role 15

teaching role 4, 13, 15

executive function 232, 233, 253

expectations and reality of fatherhood, gap between 90, 118, 120–1, 157

extraversion 26, 27, 47, 146

Family Foundations Intervention 199–200

Favez, Nicolas 196

Feinberg, Mark 199

Feldman, Ruth 24, 136, 140, 163, 238–9

Fivaz-Depeursinge, Elisabeth 195

Fleming, Alison 127–8

flexibility of fathering 54, 124, 125, 126, 182

Flouri, Eirini 209

fMRI scans 130, 181

Folger, Tor 64

Foster, Jenny 43

Frascarolo, France 196

Frith, Lucy 61

Galdiolo, Sarah 26, 27

Gaudino, James 109

gay parents 44–6, 58, 183

adopted children 65–6

co-parenting 46, 58–9

fathering identity 44–6

flexible role construction 45–6, 123

neural flexibility 123, 183

primary caretaker 46, 183

social and biological dads 63–4

genetics 132–3, 250

dose response 132–3, 134

genetic determinism 132

genetic inheritance of parenting 137–9, 144–5

imprinted genes 252–3

paternal genetics 133–4, 135

‘risk genes’ 132–4, 136

gestation periods 8, 9

Gettler, Lee 40

Giallo, Rebecca 94

Goodsell, Todd 171

Gordon, Ilanit 189

Gordon, Mellissa 212

Grace, Victoria 60

great apes 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 227

grey and white matter 122, 231, 239, 240

Grossmann, Karin and Klaus 173–4

Habib, Cherine 34, 170

Hackett, Patrick 129

Han, Rachel 142

Harach, Lori 222

Hawkins, Alan 198

health

impact of fatherhood on 76

see also mental health, poor

healthcare professionals, treatment of fathers 78–82, 85–6, 259–60

Hendler, Talma 239

Hill, Kim 56

Homo ergaster 9–10, 11–12

Homo heidelbergensis 3–4, 12–13, 15

Hong, Ryan 148

hormones see beta-endorphin; cortisol; dopamine; oxytocin; testosterone

hunter-gatherers 102, 105, 107

hunting skills 4, 12–13, 106, 208

Hurtado, Magdalena 56

identity of ‘dad’

attachment relationships and 34, 35

father of DI children 61–2

formation 22, 72–3

gay fathers 44–6

imagining 35

social fathers 59

transformation 43, 44

independence 37, 174, 182, 233

indirect parental care 112, 116

infertility 58

infidelity 132

instinctual fathering 16, 17

interleukin-6 161, 162

‘involved father’ xii, 33–4, 82, 112, 257, 262

economic and cultural barriers to 267–8

see also co-parenting

Jayakody, Rukmalie 219, 220

Jenkins, Bill 109

Jeynes, William 210–11

joy of fatherhood 100

Junttila, Niina 90

Key, Cathy 14, 15

Kim, Pilyoung 122, 123

kin selection 10–11, 14

Kipsigis tribe 103, 208

Kok, Rianne 230

Kovan, Nikki 137

Kuczynski, Leon 222

labour

advocacy role during 86

onset of 22, 85

physical support during 86

lactation see breastfeeding

Lancaster, Sandra 34, 170

laughter 160

Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP) 195–6

Le Stunff, Catherine 253

lesbian parents

adopted children 65–6

donor sperm 58–9, 61

LeVine, Robert 106, 107, 111

Li, Peipei 142

lifestyle changes 76, 87

limbic system 181–2, 183, 239

linguistic development 37, 232, 235, 236, 242, 253

non-human language skills 5

Lions Barber Collective 96

Locke, John 132

loneliness 90

see also social withdrawal

Mace, Ruth 110–11

Malmberg, L. E. 235

Mäntymaa, Mirjami 242

marginalization of fathers 78–81, 260

and risk of PND 90

marital conflict

conflict management 194, 198

impact on children 191–2

inevitability of 201

intervention programmes 199–200

maternal gatekeeping 185–7

spillover effect 190

vulnerability of fathers to 190

Mascaro, Jennifer 129

massage 94–5, 99, 158

maternal gatekeeping 185–7

maternity care model, outdated 262

maternity leave 115, 116

matrilineal societies 49–50, 57

medicalization of childbirth 75, 79, 124

Meldrum, Jaren 171

Mendel, Gregor 132

mental health, poor

coping strategies 91–2, 190

gap between expectations and reality as factor in 120–1

guilt issues 91

lack of targeted services 90–1

masculinity issues 91

professional help 100–1

risk reduction 187

and social withdrawal 90, 190

stigma of 90

see also postnatal depression

mentalizing 181, 207, 239, 240, 243

midnight bottle 99

midwives 259, 260

Miller, Tina 42

mothering privilege 30

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 260–1

nature–nurture 133, 134

see also genetics

Nāyar people 49–50, 57, 62

negative experiences of childhood 142, 143

neocortex 122, 128, 160, 182, 183, 207, 232, 238, 239

nesting 28–9

neurochemistry of fatherhood 22–5, 126, 130–1

see also brain; dopamine; oxytocin; testosterone

neurones 231

neuroticism 26, 146, 149

neurotransmitters 129, 135

non-human species, fatherhood in 5–6

non-nuclear family arrangements 58

see also social fathers

nuclear family 51, 59

obesity 251, 253

‘old-fashioned dad’ 33, 112–13, 118, 257

one-on-one time

with adolescents 249

with babies 91, 177

online support communities 97, 98

openness 26, 47, 146, 149

oxytocin 22–3, 24, 130, 135, 136, 154, 162, 163–4

baby–parent synchrony 140–1

baseline 23, 24, 130, 136, 140, 141, 142

bonding neurochemical 23, 38, 47, 130, 157, 161

oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) 135–6

parent-to-parent synchrony 24, 25, 131, 140, 180

pathways, development of 139

release during caring behaviour 95, 122, 154, 180, 238

release during play 164–5, 180

synthetic 140–1

Paquette, Daniel 174, 175–6

parental relationship 178–202

brain activity, differences in 181–3

constructive communication 189

emotional intimacy 197, 198

impact on child’s development 192–3

mutually supportive 185, 187, 189, 199

predictor for family functioning 196–7

relationship satisfaction 185, 187, 188

roles, renegotiation of 193–4

shared viewpoints 197, 198

see also marital conflict

parenting behaviours

alignment 194, 202

cross-generational influences 141–3

gendered 179, 180

genetic transmission 137–9, 144–5

impact on child brain development 139, 142, 230–1

impact of personality on 145–9

mirroring 137–8

see also poor parenting patterns

parent–baby synchronous behaviours 139–40, 141

Parfitt, Ylva 187

paternity leave 53, 114–15, 116–17, 258, 263

Nordic model 267

North America 264–7

‘use it or lose it’ system 267

pay gap 114

peer support 95, 97, 98, 101

Pembrey, Marcus 251, 252

Pendry, Patricia 191

personality

changes in 26, 27–8, 47

five dominant elements 25–6, 146

impact on parenting behaviour 145–9

parental alignment 26–7

Pérusse, Daniel 138

Pilkington, Pamela 94

Pitman, Robyn 222

pituitary gland 22

placenta burial 71–2, 74–5

play

animal play 159

beta-endorphin rush 159, 162–3, 165

cooperative behaviour 173

cultural differences 165

effect on executive function 233–4

evolutionary role 159

gendered toys 38

oxytocin release 164–5, 180

preference for playing with dad 163, 164

rough and tumble 158–9, 162–3, 165, 172, 173, 233

survival-related function 159, 173

Western fathers 165, 173

poor parenting patterns 143–4

bonding and 168–9

impact on parenting styles 142, 143

overcoming 144, 149–50

professional help 150

post-traumatic stress disorder 242

postnatal depression

co-morbidity 90

economic and social costs of 93–4

impact on child’s development 242–3

maternal 88, 90, 93

paternal 88–97, 156

positive interventions 94–6, 100

testosterone levels and 96–7

pre-school setting 238, 240

precocial young 7

prefrontal cortex 122, 229–30, 232

pregnancy, fathers during

anxieties about impending fatherhood 41–2, 48, 77, 88, 95

attachment, developing 30–2, 35–6

biological and psychological synchrony 24–8

bonding with the baby 21–48

nesting 28–9

visualizing family life after the birth 197

working on your relationship 184, 188, 193–4, 195, 198, 200

problem-solving abilities 232

prolactin 77

promiscuity 54–5

male 5–6, 54–5

survival tactic 56

prosocial behaviours 248, 253

protection 15

see also survival, focus on

psychosomatic syndrome 77

see also couvade syndrome

Ramchandani, Paul 94, 243

Ratele, Kopano 57, 58

reading bedtime stories 158

resilience 143, 245–7

‘masculine’ traits 246

resources 277–84

Richaud de Minzi, María Cristina 247

Righetti, Pier 31

Rilling, James 129

risk-taking, physical and emotional 245, 247

The Risky Situation 175

Rochat, Roger 109

role model

lack of good fathering role model 36, 77

rejection of negative models 42, 43

wanting to be a 42, 113, 213–14, 215–16, 248

role(s)

flexibility 54, 105, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126

multiple roles and tasks 104, 111–12, 113, 171–3

renegotiation 193–4

tension between direct and indirect roles 116

Rominov, Holly 94, 95, 100

Roskam, Isabelle 26, 27

Royal College of Midwives 259

Satun people 71–2, 74–5

Scaiola, Chloé Lavanchy 196

Sear, Rebecca 110–11

self-esteem 42, 94, 213

‘selfish gene’ 10

separated or divorced couples 97, 185

Shefer, Tamara 57

singing 32

single-mother households, role of social fathers 54–5, 56, 218–20

skin-to-skin contact 158

smoking 251–2

social and cultural development 4, 107, 108–9, 208, 237–41

social fathers 49–67, 218

adopted children 65–6

and the child’s educational development 218, 219–20

cultural norms 49–50, 51, 54–7

donor insemination (DI) children 59–63

gay couples 63–4

social learning 206–7

social withdrawal 90, 241–2

South African fathers 43, 57–8, 62

sperm manufacture and motility 22

spillover effect 190

Sroufe, Alan 137

‘The State of the World’s Fathers’ (MenCare 2015 report) 262, 269–70

statutory maternity pay 114–15

stay-at-home fathers 103, 108–9, 114, 115, 120

Steen, Mary 80, 81, 86

stereotypes of inept dads 43, 257

Stevenson, Matthew 186

Storey, Anne 77

The Strange Situation 174–5

studies about the state of fathering 258, 262, 269–70

surrogacy 63, 65

survival, focus on 54, 75, 104, 105, 126, 182

early man 4, 13, 126

economic 107–8, 109, 111

environmental risk 106–7

flexibility requirement 105

kin selection 10–11

physical 106, 109–10, 111

social and cultural 107, 108–9, 111

Ta-Young, Loan 222

talking to the bump 37–8, 47

teaching and learning 15, 75, 111, 113, 182, 205–24, 244

academic education 208–13

animal learning 207

cognitive ability 207

cycle of learning 223

father’s unique role 208–10, 211, 212–13

hominin dads 4

learning mindsets and behaviours 211

scaffolding 214, 218, 219, 234

social fathers 218–20

social learning 206–7

two-way process 221–3

values 205, 214, 216–17

testosterone 38–9, 127–8, 130, 135

baseline 40, 127–8, 130

challenge hypothesis 39

couvade syndrome and 77

drop in levels of 39–40, 47, 77, 96–7, 127, 130, 131

empathetic behaviour and 128, 130–1

and mate-finding 39, 40

PND and 96–7

and the shift from mating to parenting 39–40, 128

toddlers 232

transition to parenthood 35, 38, 42, 43, 59, 77, 82, 86–7, 221

gendered experience of 188–9

trauma, experiencing 147, 148

Turner, Ralph 157

twin studies 138

Ulmer-Yaniv, Adi 161–2

ultrasound scans 30–2

4D scans 31–2

unplanned children 77

Vaske, Jamie 134

Victorian ideal father 215

weaning 228

Weisman, Omri 140

Western model of fatherhood 50, 51, 52

Whelan, Thomas 94

Wingfield, John 39

work

career compromises 119–20

‘family friendly’ policies 115

flexible working 119

return to 83, 113–14, 115–16, 117, 118

workplace culture 115, 265

work–home life balance 115–16, 118, 121, 268

Wynter, Karen 169

Yan, Jia 142

young fathers 42, 43

couvade syndrome 76–7

negative narrative of 43

transformed by being a dad 43

Zagoory-Sharon, Orna 140, 239

Zhang, Baoshan 246

Zietsch, Brendan 132