Nachlinger, Jan (author’s friend), 16, 95
National Geographic Society, 228
Natural crossings, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296
Natural selection, 23, 29, 30, 31, 40n, 85n, 103, 139, 169, 197, 208, 263
Nazca Plate, 59
Nelson, Gareth (Gary), 47–48, 49, 50, 51–52, 53–54, 65–67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 83, 84–85, 86, 87, 89–90, 91, 92, 100, 106, 110, 117, 118, 119, 135, 165, 192, 209, 212, 226, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275
Nematodes, 293–294
Nene Goose, 75
Neomachilellus bristletail, 261
Neomachilis bristletails, 52, 259 (fig.), 262–263, 264, 306
Neotropical Sunbittern, 242
New Caledonia, 4, 7, 69 (fig.), 82, 97, 98, 108, 152, 166, 171, 225, 242–244, 246n, 251, 252
New Guinea, 3, 69 (fig.), 80 (fig.), 82, 265, 286
New World
taxa involving, 27, 148, 156, 157, 206, 212, 213, 214–215, 216, 219, 223, 261, 262, 279, 286–287, 295 (fig.), 302–303
tracks and, 82
unnatural crossings involving, 282, 283–285
See also North America; South America
New World monkeys, 210–215, 216, 217–218, 223, 291, 293–294, 300
New York, 155
“New York School” dispersalists, 45, 65, 66, 71, 78, 85, 87, 118, 169, 273
See also specific scientists
New Zealand
ark analogy involving, 163, 234, 246
and biota like an oceanic island, 251
and the Chatham Rise, 240
comparing past floras of Australia with, 107–108
as a continental island, 12 (box)
and the Cretaceous, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102n, 103–104, 109
fading prominence of panbiogeographers in, 277
as a focal point of biogeography, 100–101, 110
fossil records of, 101–102, 102–104, 105–106, 109, 160, 246
and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 7, 17, 18, 99, 170
and the Gondwanan relict idea, 96–97, 99, 100–102, 110, 152, 160, 161
humans crossing to the Chathams from, 239
and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)
and the Mesozoic, 63
and the Miocene, 104, 106, 107
myth applied to, 252
and the Oligocene, 98–99, 104, 106
as pivotal point in the vicariance-dispersal debate, 225
and the Pleistocene, 104
and the Pliocene, 104
taxa involving, 3, 14, 16, 17–18, 25, 49, 54, 63, 64 (fig.), 65, 69 (fig.), 86, 87 (fig.), 95–97, 99, 100, 103–109, 110, 111, 117, 160, 161, 162–163, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 225, 226, 227, 241–242, 244–246
See also Chatham Islands; Zealandia
“New Zealand Biogeography—A Paleontologist’s Approach” (Fleming), 107
New Zealand Geological Survey, 106
Newfoundland, 37
Newtonian physics, 91–92
Nicobar Islands, 209
Nonaerial animals, generalization about dispersal and, 262
Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), 108, 109
Normal dispersal, defined, 10 (box)
Normark, Ben, 124
Norops sagrei (brown anole), 72
and Australia, 200
Carboniferous and Permian period, 37
distance of Hawaiian Islands from, 73, 260
eastern seaboard of, 287
and the Eocene, 215
and the Great American Interchange, 289–290
and land bridges, 2, 42, 156, 172
and the Panamanian Isthmus, 288, 289–290
rock formations in, 61
taxa involving, 2, 29, 179, 200, 214, 215, 238, 245, 259 (fig.), 260–261, 262, 265, 267, 286, 289–290, 294, 295 (fig.)
treeline in mountains of, 17
North Equatorial Counter Current, 219
North Island, 99
North Island Robin, 241 (fig.)
Northern Channel Islands, 173
See also specific northern landmasses, islands, and bodies of water
Nothofagus trees/shrubs. See Southern beeches
Nuuanu Pali Wayside Park, 258
Oahu, 257–261
Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. 2 (Guppy), 201
Ocean basins, early assumptions about, 33
See also Fixed continents and ocean basins, belief in
Ocean crust, 36, 38, 55, 58, 242
Ocean floor, studies of, 55, 56–58, 59, 60
See also Plate tectonics; Seafloor spreading
Oceanic dispersal
inevitability of, 304
invoking, facing constant disbelief when, 198
long-distance dispersal usually as, 11 (box)
molecular dating providing evidence of, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 75, 148, 153–154, 157–160, 161–163, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 186–187, 206, 212, 213, 215, 219, 231n, 241–242, 243, 244, 245, 248–249, 286, 290, 295 (fig.)
natural, influence of, 285, 286–288, 293–296
number of studies supporting, epiphany resulting from, 14–15
observed cases of, 19, 46, 93, 112, 173, 201, 253, 279
probability of, awareness of, 32
ubiquity of, awareness of, 281
underestimating, 146
unnatural, impact of, examples of, 99, 282–285
See also specific taxa, landmasses, islands, and oceans
Oceanic island, defined, 12 (box)
Ocotea (Lauraceae) plants, 296
Oecomys rodents, 296
O’Grady, Patrick, 264, 265, 266
O’Hara, Robert, 197–198
O’helo papa, 75
Okinawa, 173
Old World
and land bridges, 156
rise in population of people in, 284
taxa involving, 27, 156, 157, 206, 212, 214–215, 219, 279, 283, 284
unnatural crossings involving, 282, 283–285
Old World monkeys, 210–215, 216, 217–218
Oligocene, 98, 99, 104, 106, 213, 246n, 270
“On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species” (Wallace), 29, 110, 153n
Ope’ape’a, 75
Oregon coast, 305–306
Oreskes, Naomi, 40
Origin of Continents and Oceans, The (Wegener), 38
Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 24, 30, 32, 38, 88, 100, 168, 178, 179, 197, 219–220, 267, 276
Original continent. See Pangea
Ortelius, Abraham, 34
Ostriches, 3, 69, 80 (fig.), 244–245
Oval-leaf clustervine, 75
Overall picture, seeing the, importance of, 141, 146, 147
Owl-eyed night monkeys, 223
Pacific Ocean
crossings involving, 75, 154, 162, 165, 215n, 224, 293
and generalizations about Hawaiian crossings, 262, 263, 303
and the Panamanian Isthmus, 13
tectonic plates and rift involving, 6–7
unnatural crossings involving, 99, 283
volcanoes encircling, 58
See also specific islands; specific landmasses bordering the ocean
Paleontological data, reams of, 236–237
See also Fossil records
Paleozoic, 268
Panamanian Isthmus, 13, 224, 288, 291n
Panbiogeography, 23–24, 77 (fig.), 80 (fig.), 81, 270n
Panbiogeography (Croizat), 78–79, 83
Pangea, 36–37, 38, 45, 61, 67, 145, 151
See also Gondwana
Paradigm shift, process of, 272, 273–275
Parasites, 133–134, 139, 242, 293–294
Parlor game interest, 281
Paterson, Adrian, 241
Patterson, Colin, 66–67, 77, 269
Pa’u o Hi’iaka, 75
Pennsylvanian period, 34
Peru, 283
Phyllodactylid geckos, 295 (fig.)
Phylogenetics, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 89, 124, 153, 199–200, 199–200, 245, 262
Physics, theories in, 270n
Phytophthora infestans oomycete, 284
Pied Oystercatcher, 241
Pikaia (worm-like chordate), 298–299, 301
Pilgrims, 287
Pisonia trees, 259
Pittosporum shrubs/trees, 162
Pizarro, Francisco, 283
Plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus), 291, 292 (fig.)
Plate tectonics, 4, 6, 15, 58–59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 97, 117–118, 170, 180, 217, 229, 269–270, 275–276, 281
See also Continental drift
Platnick, Norm, 68, 87, 89–90, 118
Platyrrhini monkeys. See New World monkeys
Pleistocene, 104, 135, 238, 239, 250
Podocarp conifers, 162, 163, 240, 242
Poland, 9
Pole, Mike, 106–111, 117, 118, 160–161, 163, 164, 246n
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 122–123, 124–126, 129, 133, 271
Popper, Karl, 1, 87, 91, 192, 196, 215
Posadas, Paula, 233n
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), 283–285, 297
Pough, Harvey, 179
Power law, 237n
Preconceptions, blinded by, 185–186, 261, 268
Pre-paradigm period, 273–275
Primates, 131, 209, 220, 287–288
See also specific type
Príncipe, 175–177, 178, 179, 180–181, 189, 190 (fig.), 191 (fig.), 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 28
Principles of Physical Geology (Holmes), 55
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (journal), 187, 188
Proficient dispersers, 101, 160, 168–169, 172, 219
Pseudogenes, 260
Pterosaurs, 102, 222 (box), 234
Ptychadena newtoni frog, 177, 189–192, 195
Pueo, 75
Pygmy hippos, 44
Pygmy sundew (Drosera meristocaulis), 152–154, 155
Pyramid Lake, 207–208
Radiation, impact of, 223, 291–296
Radiometric dating, 54–55, 61, 136
Ranunculus lyalli buttercup, 18, 105, 162
Ratites, 3, 4, 11 (box), 13, 33, 69, 80–81, 89, 111, 244–246, 244–246, 269
Red Sea, 97
Refutation. See Falsification
Relationships of groups, importance of, 52–53
Relaxed clock methods, 140–141, 157, 186, 268
Religion, influence of, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 81, 178–179, 197n, 207, 219, 234
Renealmia (Zingiberaceae) gingers, 296, 301
Renner, Susanne, 160, 170, 171 (fig.)
Retrograde motion, 272
Rhantus beetles, 265
Rheas, 3, 69, 80 (fig.), 244–245
Rhinella toads, 295 (fig.)
Ribbon snakes, 125
Rivas, Jesús, 152
Rodents, 15, 44, 141, 219, 299
See also specific type
Rodrigues, 76
Ronquist, Fred, 164–166, 167 (fig.), 170–171
Rosen, Donn, 48, 66–67, 68–69, 77, 84, 85, 91, 227, 269, 275
Round Island, 244
Salinity reduction, 192–193, 198
Sampson, Scott, 249
Sanger, Fred, 130
Sanmartín, Isabel, 164–166, 167 (fig.), 170–171
São Tomé, 175–177, 178, 179, 180–181, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 261
“Sarawak paper” (Wallace), 29, 110, 153n
Scaptomyza fly, 264–265
Schaefer, Hanno, 160
Schistocerca gregaria locust, 279, 280 (fig.)
Schoener, Amy, 72
Schoener, Tom, 72
Schuchert, Charles, 266, 267, 268
Science
textbook version of, 62
Scientific revolutions, structure of, view on, 272, 273
Scotland, 37
Sea of Cortés, 7, 8, 9, 190, 198, 200
Seafloor spreading, 57, 58, 59–60, 60n, 61, 90, 163, 216, 267, 270
See also Plate tectonics
Seed experiments, 26, 27, 32, 82, 168, 186, 198
Seeds, properties of, 79, 153, 169
Seychelles, 19, 180, 182, 186–187, 199, 225, 251, 252
Shahputra, Rizal, 131
Shared derived traits, defined, 49
Shattered-glass analogy, 70
Short-Eared Owl, 75
Sierra Nevada, 17, 156, 187–188
Sigmodontine rodents, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296
Silversword plant, 75
Simplicity vs. complexity, addressing, 90–92, 146, 269–270
Simpson, George Gaylord, 45, 50, 65, 67, 78, 79, 83, 118, 147, 164, 266–267, 268, 290
Sister groups, defined, 12 (box)
Skinks, 203, 204–206, 223, 242, 281, 293, 295 (fig.)
Skottsberg, Carl, 277
“Slacker” species, notion of, 263, 264–265
Smithsonian Institution, 170
“Smoking gun” concept, 218n
Snails, 26, 44, 93, 198, 219, 224, 281
Snakes, 97, 100, 141, 198, 206–207, 219, 247, 249, 294, 295
See also specific type
Snider-Pelligrini, Antonio, 34, 36
Somali tectonic plate, 182
Sonoran Desert, 156
Sooglossid frogs, 251
Sophora bean trees, 162
Carboniferous and Permian period, 37
continental shelf of, 229
contingency and unpredictability scenario involving, 300
and the Cretaceous, 248n
early assumptions about, 33
and ease of Atlantic crossings, 79
and the Eocene, 223
and the Falklands, 229, 230–231, 232, 233
final separation of, timetree depicting, 214 (fig.)
and the fit with Africa, 34, 36, 37, 40
and the Gondwana relict idea, 152
and Gondwanan breakup, 4, 11 (box), 61 (fig.), 142 (box), 170, 288
and the Great American Interchange, 289–290
influence of natural crossings on, 288–296
island-hopping routes to, 217 (fig.)
as an isolated island, 288–289
and the Isthmus of Panama, 288, 289–290
and the Jurassic, 230 (fig.)
and the Mesozoic, 63
ocean currents heading east from, 219
taxa involving, 3, 15, 21, 25, 49, 54, 63, 64 (fig.), 69 (fig.), 79, 87, 108, 109, 135, 142 (box), 153–154, 155, 161 (fig.), 165, 166, 170–171, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207 (fig.), 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 223, 231, 233, 265, 267, 279, 283, 286, 289–296, 294, 295–296, 300, 301
and the Triassic, 272
unnatural crossing from, example of, 283–284
South American Plate, 58–59
South Equatorial Current, 205
South Island, 17–18, 99, 104–106, 162, 240
Southeast Asia, 9, 12–13, 82, 161 (fig.), 180, 209, 248
Southern Alps, 104
Southern beeches (Nothofagus), 3, 4, 14, 17, 18, 69, 89, 102, 103, 106, 109, 111, 117, 162, 163, 166, 240, 242, 244, 246, 269, 281, 299
Southern Hemisphere, 3, 4, 14–15, 69, 272
See also specific southern landmasses, islands, and bodies of water
Space, Time, Form (Croizat), 79
Spanish colonization, 283, 284, 297
Speciation event, defined, 50
Speciation, importance of, for islands, 236, 251
Spiders, 46, 172n, 219, 262, 281
Sporopollenin, 103
Sri Lanka, 173
Stephens Island, 99
Stewart Island, 163
Stochastic extinction, 235, 238
Stone runs, 226
String theory, 270n
Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), 272
Suess, Eduard, 33n
Sulawesi, 44, 173, 200, 209, 216, 286
Sunda Shelf, 189
Sundews (Drosera), 105, 152–154, 155, 299
Sunflowers (Asteraceae), 18, 162–163
Supercontinents. See Gondwana; Pangea
Surface tension, 72
Sweepstakes dispersal, defined, 10 (box)
Sweetwater Mountains, 156
Swordtail fishes and relatives, 68, 269
Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) trees, 296
Systematic Zoology (journal), 84
Systematics and Biogeography (Nelson & Platnick), 68, 87, 89, 118
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 220, 222
Tamarins, 214 (fig.)
Tasman Sea, 65, 97, 101, 108, 111, 162, 165, 166
Tasmantis. See Zealandia
Taxon, defined, 12 (box)
Taylor, Frank Bursley, 34, 36n
Technological “advances,” 237
Tectonic plates. See Plate tectonics
Tenrecs, 44, 143 (box), 247, 248
Tethyshadros insularis dinosaur, 221–222 (box)
Thamnophis snakes. See Garter snakes
Thamnophis validus snake, 5–6, 7–8, 9 (fig.), 188, 190, 198
Thermus aquaticus (Taq) bacterium, 122, 125
Tierra del Fuego, 233
Timetree, defined, 12 (box)
Timetree of Life project, 141
Timor, 173
Tinamous, 245–246
Tipping point, 277
Tipping Point, The (Gladwell), 47
Toltecs, 287
Tomtit, 241
Tonga, 215n
Tortoises, 14, 19, 168–169, 219
Tracks, 80–81, 82, 82–83, 84, 85, 91, 100, 117
Transantarctic relationships, 49
Tree-of-life metaphor, 234
Trewick, Steve, 161–163, 241, 271, 277
Trinidad, 279
Tristan da Cunha, 76, 266, 268
Troglosironid harvestmen, 243
Tsunami, 131
Tuataras (Sphenodon punctatus), 16, 95, 96–97, 99, 100, 102, 246
Turdus thrushes, 295 (fig.), 296
Turtle, 68, 102, 242, 249, 250
Tussock grass, 17, 18, 104, 105
Tyrannosaurus dinosaur, 236, 240
Uganda, 190
Uniformitarianism, 28
Unnatural crossings, impact of, examples of, 99, 282–285
See also Human introductions
Unpredictability
archetypes of, 299–303
Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), 93
Vences, Miguel, 182, 183 (fig.), 184–185, 186–187, 188–189, 189–191, 199, 271
Vicariance biogeography
appeal of, 269–270
back-and-forth debate involving, 273–274
evidence versus preconceived theories in, addressing, 268–269, 270, 271
fading of extreme, 278
and the focus on New Zealand, 100–101
hardening of, 85–86
lack of universal adoption, 276
lens of, 234
near dominance of, 100
pendulum swings involving, 268, 273
shift away from, back toward dispersal, 118, 166, 270–272, 277–278
See also Historical biogeography
Vicariance, defined, 11 (box)
Vicariance event, defined, 13
See also Climate change; Continental drift; Gondwanan breakup; Ice ages
Villumsen, Rasmus, 41
Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis, 60n
Volcanic mountains/islands. See specific mountains/islands
Volcanoes, 12 (box), 38, 56, 58, 60, 108, 178
Voyage of the Beagle, The (Darwin), 46, 293n
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 28–30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 78, 79, 81–82, 92, 96, 110, 153n, 198, 273n, 288
Wallace’s Line, 33
Wallis, Graham, 161–163
Watson, James D., 130
Weather unpredictability, 301
Wegener, Alfred, 34–41, 42, 45, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 229, 267
West Falkland Island, 250
West Indies, 206, 208, 223, 265, 279, 293
“What if” scenarios, 297
Whipsnake, 76
White-Faced Herons, 86, 87 (fig.)
Whittington, Harry, 298
Wiley, Ed, 91–92
Willets, 224
Wolves, 2, 226, 227, 231, 232 (fig.), 233
Wonderful Life (Gould), 297–298, 299
“World of Wild Animals” map, 1–3
Worm lizards (Amphisbaenians), 142–143 (box), 203, 204, 206, 207 (fig.), 223, 281, 295 (fig.)
Xenodontine snakes, 294–295, 301
Yellowstone National Park, 122
Yoder, Anne, 198, 248, 249, 250, 277
Zealandia, 4, 97–98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 117, 160, 162, 171, 221 (box), 240, 246
See also Lord Howe Island; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Norfolk Island