NOTES
Variations on Desire: A Mouse, a Dog, Buber, and Bovary
1. Quoted in Mary Carruthers and Jan M. Ziolkowski, The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 7.
2. Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 144.
3. Ibid., 144.
4. Martin Buber, Between Man and Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 11.
5. Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, trans. Alan Russell (Baltimore: Penguin, 1965), 71.
6. Ibid., 325.
7. D. W. Winnicott, “The Relationship of a Mother to Her Baby at the Beginning,” The Family and Individual Development (London: Routledge, 1995), 15.
My Mother, Phineas, Morality, and Feeling
1. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 44.
2. A. R. Luria, Higher Cortical Functions in Man (New York: Basic Books, 1962), 256.
My Strange Head: Notes on Migraine
1. Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 3.
2. A. R. Luria, The Man with a Shattered World: The History of a Brain Wound, trans. L. Solotaroff (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 42.
3. “Varieties of Religious Experience,” in William James: Writings 1902–1910 (New York: Library of America, 1987), 21.
4. Mark Solms, “Dreaming and REM Sleep Are Controlled by Different Brain Mechanisms,” in Sleep and Dreaming: Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations, ed. Edward F. Pace-Schott, Mark Solms, Mark Blagrove, and Stevan Harnad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 54.
5. Jacques Lusseyran, And There Was Light (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965).
Playing, Wild Thoughts, and a Novel’s Underground
1. Wilfred Bion, Taming Wild Thoughts (London: Karnac Books, 1997), 27.
Sleeping/Not Sleeping
1. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, line 34.
2. Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An Autobiography Revisited (New York: Pyramid Books, 1967), 24–25.
3. Jorge Luis Borges, “Insomnia,” in Poems of the Night, ed. Efrain Kristal, trans. Christopher Maurer (New York: Penguin, 2010), 37.
4. Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, lines 28–29.
5. Aristotle, On the Generation of Animals, Loeb Classical Library 366, trans. A. L. Peck (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 1.1.778b28–33.
6. The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, vol. 1, On Sleep, trans. J. I. Beare (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 722, 1.1.451b7–8.
7. “The Meditations,” in Essential Works of Descartes, trans. Lowell Bair (New York: Bantam Books, 1961), 60.
8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 164.
9. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 14 (1917), Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams (London: The Hogarth Press, 1957), 222.
10. Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 266.
11. D. W. Winnicott, “The Deprived Child and How He Can Be Compensated for the Loss of Family Life,” in Deprivation and Delinquency (London: Tavistock, 1984), 186.
My Father/Myself
1. Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and the Problem of Domination (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), 102.
2. Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953), 540.
3. George Oppen, Collected Poems (New York: New Directions, 1975), 109.
4. Henry James: Novels 1881–1886 (New York: Library of America, 1985), 109.
5. D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (London: Penguin, 1991), 117.
6. Paul Auster, The Invention of Solitude (New York: Penguin, 1982), 19.
7. Ibid., 81–82.
8. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), 102.
9. Ibid., 103.
10. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 19 (1924), The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex (London: Hogarth Press, 1961), 178.
11. Benjamin, The Bonds of Love, 100.
12. Quoted in Julia Brigg, introduction to To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf (New York: Everyman Library, 1938), xvi.
13. Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994), 97–108.
14. Franz Kafka, Letter to His Father/Brief an den Vater, trans. Ernst Kaiser and Eithne Wilkens (New York: Schocken Books, 1953), 19 and 21.
15. “Of Friendship,” in The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. Donald M. Frame (Stanford: Stanford University Press: 1957), 136.
16. Susan Howe, My Emily Dickinson (New York: New Directions, 2007), 18–19.
17. Ibid., 19.
18. Ibid., 19.
19. Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 11.
20. Howe, My Emily Dickinson, 24.
21. Ibid., 25.
The Real Story
1. James Atlas, “Confessing for Voyeurs: The Age of the Literary Memoir Is Now,” The New York Times Magazine, May 12, 1996, 26.
2. Michael A. Stone, Abnormalities of Personality: Within and Beyond the Realm of Treatment (New York: Norton, 1993), 285.
3. Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders (New York: New American Library, 1981), v.
4. Henry Fielding, Tom Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 361.
5. John Cleland, Fanny Hill or The Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (London: Penguin, 1985), 39.
6. Vicessimus Knox, “On Novel Reading,” in Novel and Romance 1700–1800: A Documentary Record, ed. Ioan Williams (London: Routledge, 1970), 228.
7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions, trans. J. M. Cohen (London: Penguin, 1953), 17.
8. Leopold Damrosch, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 30.
9. Ibid., 15.
10. William James, The Principles of Psychology (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 288.
11. David Hume, A Treatise on Human Nature (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1962), 311.
12. Siri Hustvedt, “Yonder,” in A Plea for Eros (New York: Picador, 2006), 41.
13. Giambattista Vico, The New Science, trans. Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), 313.
14. Wilhelm Wundt, Outlines of Psychology, trans. Charles Hubbard Judd (London: Williams and Norgate, 1902), 261.
15. The Vygotsky Reader, ed. Rene van der Veer and Jaan Valsiner (London: Blackwell, 1994), 284.
16. Randy Buckner and Daniel Carroll, “Self-Projection and the Brain,” Trends in Cognitive Science 11, no. 2 (2006): 50.
17. Ibid., 55.
18. Julia Kristeva, Time and Sense (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 238.
19. Julia Kristeva, Time and Sense 239.
20. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin (New York: Vintage, 1982), 3:843.
21. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 104–5.
22. Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An Autobiography Revisited (New York: Pyramid Books, 1967), 70.
23. Julia Kristeva, Time and Sense, 243.
24. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, trans. David F. Swensen and Lillian Marvin Swenson (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1959), 399.
Excursions to the Islands of the Happy Few
1. Benjamin H. D. Buchloh, Neo-Avantgarde and Culture Industry: Essays on European and American Art from 1955 to 1975 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000), 329.
2. R. Llinás, U. Ribrary, D. Contreras, and C. Pedroarena, “The Neuronal Basis for Consciousness,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 353, no. 1377 (1998): 1841–49.
3. Hans Kohut, “Forms and Transformations of Narcissism,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 14 (1966): 246.
4. D. W. Winnicott, Deprivation and Delinquency (London and New York: Routledge, 1984).
5. John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss (New York: Basic Books, 1969).
6. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
7. Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures, trans. F. G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), 113.
8. Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot: A Tragicomedy in Two Acts (New York: Grove Press, 1954), 28.
9. Stafford Beer, preface to Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, by H. R. Maturana and F. J. Varela (Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Riedel Publishing, 1980), 64.
10. Mignon Nixon, Fantastic Reality: Louise Bourgeois and a Story of Modern Art (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005).
11. Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991).
12. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1994).
13. V. S. Ramachandran, A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness: From Imposter Poodles to Purple Numbers (New York: Pi Press, 2004).
14. David Freedberg, The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
15. A. R. Luria, The Man with a Shattered World: The History of a Brain Wound, trans. L. Solotaroff (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972).
16. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible, trans. C. Lefort and A. Lingis (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969), 27.
17. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), xxxi.
18. Robert Musil, The Man Without Qualities, trans. Sophie Wilkins (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 502.
19. Ibid., 503.
20. Ibid., 503.
On Reading
1. Danilo Kis, A Tomb for Boris Davidovich, trans. D. Mikic-Mitchell (New York: Penguin, 1980).
2. The Passions of the Soul, in Essential Works of Descartes (New York: Bantam, 1961).
3. Gottfried Leibniz, Monadology in Discourse on Metaphysics and the Monadology, trans. George R. Montgomery (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1992).
4. There are many studies on change and inattentional blindness. See R. Rensink, “When Good Observers Go Bad: Change Blindness, Inattentional Blindness, and Visual Experience,” Psyche 6 (2000): 9; A. Ariga, H. Yokasawa, and H. Ogawa, “Object-Based Attentional Selection and Awareness of Objects,” Visual Cognition 15 (2007): 685–709. For the broader philosophical implications, see Eric Switzgebel, “Do You Have Constant Tactile Experience of Your Feet in Your Shoes? Or Is Experience Limited to What’s in Attention?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 14 (2007): 5–35.
Stig Dagerman
1. Stig Dagerman, The Snake, trans. Laurie Thompson (London: Quartet Books, 1995).
2. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 20 (1926), Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety (London: Hogarth Press, 1959), 132.
3. Søren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Anxiety, trans. Edna Hong and Howard Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), 61.
4. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, trans. H. E. Barnes (New York: Washington Square Press, 1966).
The Analyst in Fiction: Reflections on a More or Less Hidden Being
1. Sigmund Freud, On Aphasia: A Critical Study (1891), trans. E. Stengel (New York: International Universities Press, 1953), 55.
2. Italo Svevo, Zeno’s Conscience, trans. William Weaver (New York: Everyman’s Library, 2001), 3.
3. Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (New York: Charles Putnam and Sons, 1955), 7.
4. Philip Roth, Portnoy’s Complaint (New York: Vintage, 1994), 274.
5. George Makari, Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 334.
6. Otto Kernberg, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism (Lanham, MD: Aronson, 1985).
7. Lisa Appignanesi, “All in the Mind,” The Guardian, February 16, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/feb/16/featuresreviews.guardianreview2.
8. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender Is the Night (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 208–9.
9. Ibid., 208.
10. Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins, trans. L. M. Friedman (New York: Norton, 1991), 184–85.
11. D. W. Winnicott, “Counter-Transference,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (London: Karnac Books, 1990), 160–61.
Critical Notes on the Verbal Climate
1. Immanuel Kant, What Is Enlightenment? trans. H. B. Nisbet (New York: Penguin, 2009), 1.
2. New York Daily Plebeian, April 20, 1844, http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/DBQs2002/DBQ2002_Immigration.htm.
3. Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).
Three Emotional Stories
1. Siri Hustvedt, “Yonder,” in A Plea for Eros (New York: Picador, 2006), 41.
2. Augustine, Confessions, trans. H. Chadwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 10:220–21.
3. Sandra Rudnick Luft, Vico’s Uncanny Humanism: Reading the New Science Between Modern and Post Modern (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 143.
4. Endel Tulving, “How Many Memory Systems Are There?” American Psychologist 40, no. 4 (1984): 385–98; Tulving, “What Is Episodic Memory?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 2, no. 3 (1993): 67–70; Henry L. Roediger and Fergus I. M. Craik, eds., Varieties of Memory and Consciousness: Essays in Honour of Endel Tulving (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989).
5. Jacek Debiec and Joseph E. LeDoux, “The Amygdala and the Neural Pathways of Fear,” in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, ed. Priyattam Shiromani, Terence Keane, and Joseph LeDoux (New York: Humana, 2009), 23–39; LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are (New York: Viking, 2002); Karim Nader, Glenn E. Schafe, and Joseph LeDoux, “Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval,” Nature 406, no. 6797 (2000): 722–26.
6. “Brute and Human Intellect,” in William James: Writings 1878–1889 (New York: Library of America, 1992), 911.
7. Jerome Bruner, Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 3–10.
8. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
9. Emile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, trans. M. E. Meek (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971), 217–22.
10. A. R. Luria, Higher Cortical Functions in Man, trans. B. Haigh (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 31–35.
11. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. C. Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 43.
12. Ibid., 43.
13. Paul Ricoeur, Time and Narrative, trans. K. McLaughlin and D. Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1:68.
14. Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, and Charlotte L. White, eds., Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998), 3:75.
15. D. Hassabis, D. Kumaran, S. D. Vann, and E. Maguire, “Patients with Hippocampal Lesions Cannot Imagine New Experiences,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007): 1726–31; D. Hassabis, S. D. Kumaran, and E. Maguire, “Using Imagination to Understand the Neural Basis of Episodic Memory,” The Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 52 (2007): 14365–74.
16. Dorothée Legrand and Perrine Ruby, “What Is Self-Specific?: Theoretical Investigations and Critical Review of Neuroimaging,” Psychological Review 116, no. 1 (2009): 258.
17. F. Frassinetti, F. Ferri, M. Maini, and V. Gallese, “Bodily Self: An Implicit Knowledge of What Is Explicitly Unknown,” Experimental Brain Research, 12 (2011): 159.
18. Shaun Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 24.
19. Ibid., 11–12.
20. William James, The Principles of Psychology (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 299.
21. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 4–5 (1900), The Interpretation of Dreams (London: Hogarth Press, 1953), 460.
22. Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past, trans. S. Moncreif and T. Kilmartin (New York: Vintage, 1982), 1:48.
23. Quoted in Dan Zahavi, Subjectivity and Selfhood (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 57.
24. Joseph Jaffe, Beatrice Beebe, Stanley Feldstein, Cynthia Crown, and Michael Jasnow, Rhythms of Dialogue in Infancy (Boston, MA: Blackwell, 2001), 2.
25. Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 55.
26. Zahavi, Subjectivity and Selfhood, 112.
27. Jaak Panksepp, “Neural Nature of the Core SELF: Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia,” in The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry, ed. T. Kircher and A. David (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 204.
28. Antonio Damasio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York: Pantheon, 2010), 21.
29. Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 14 (1915), Instincts and Their Vicissitudes, 118.
30. Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind, 78–79.
31. A. N. Meltzoff and R. Brooks, “Intersubjectivity Before Language: Three Windows on Preverbal Sharing,” in On Being Moved: From Mirror Neurons to Empathy, ed. S. Braten (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2007), 150.
32. L. S. Vygotsky, Thought and Language, trans. A. Kosulin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986), 84–89.
33. Katherine Nelson, ed., Narratives from the Crib (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 158.
34. Ibid., 163.
35. Françoise Davoine and Jean-Max Gaudillière, History Beyond Trauma, trans. S. Fairfield (New York: Other Press, 2004).
36. Quoted in D. Brown, A. W. Sheflin, and D. C. Hammond, eds., Memory, Trauma, Treatment, and the Law (New York: Norton, 1998), 94.
37. Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 18 (1920), Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 31–32.
38. Brewster Ghiselin, The Creative Process: Reflections in the Arts and Sciences (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1952), 32.
39. Ibid., 28.
40. Bruner, Actual Minds, 3.
41. Edward F. Kelly and Emily Williams Kelly, Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century (with CD of F. W. H. Myers, Human Personality, 1903) (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), 445.
42. Ernst Bertram and R. E. Norton, Nietzsche: Attempt at a Mythology (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 198.
43. F. W. H. Myers, Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death (London: Longmans, Green, 1903).
44. R. Jung, C. Gasparovic, R. S. Chaves, R. A. Flores, S. M. Smith, A. Caprihan, et al., “Biochemical Support for the Threshold Theory of Creativity,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 16 (2009): 5319; R. Jung, J. M. Segal, H. J. Bockholt, R. A. Flores, S. M. Smith, R. S. Chavez, et al., “Neuroanatomy of Creativity,” Human Brain Mapping 31, no. 3 (2010): 398; C. R. Aldous, “Creativity, Problem Solving and Innovation in Science: Insights from History, Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience,” International Education Journal 8, no. 2 (2007): 177.
Freud’s Playground
1. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 12 (1914), Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through (London: Hogarth Press, 1958), 154.
2. Anna Freud, The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense (London: Karnac, 1995).
3. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 22 (1932–33), New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, 95.
4. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 21 (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents, 117.
5. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures, 95–97.
6. Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 262.
7. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures, 97.
8. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 2 (1893–1895), Studies on Hysteria, 302.
9. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 7 (1905), Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, 116.
10. Sigmund Freud, Remembering, Repeating, 154. Transference as an “artifical illness” borrows directly from Jean Martin Charcot’s notion that while under hypnosis, hysterical patients reproduced their symptoms in “artificial” hysteria.
11. The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence Between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung, ed. William McGuire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 12–13.
12. The Clinical Diary of Sándor Ferenczi, ed. Judith Dupont, trans. Michael Balint and Nicola Zarday Jackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).
13. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 4–5 (1900), The Interpretation of Dreams, 460.
14. D. W. Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena—A Study in the First Not-Me Possessions,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34 (1953): 90.
15. D. W. Winnicott, “Playing: A Theoretical Statement,” in Playing and Reality (London: Routledge, 1971), 51.
16. Ibid., 51.
17. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1950), 11.
18. L. S. Vygotsky, “The Role of Play in Development,” in Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, ed. Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Sylvia Scribner, and Ellen Souberman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 99.
19. Martin Buber, Between Man and Man (London: Routledge, 1965), 6.
20. Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, trans. Reginald Snell (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004), 77–81.
21. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 7 (1905), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 168.
22. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 20 (1926), Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, 133.
23. V. Gallese, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi, and G. Rizzolatti, “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,” Brain 119 (1996): 593–609.
24. William Preyer, The Mind of the Child/The Senses and the Will: Observations Concerning the Development of the Human Being in the First Years of Life, trans. H. W. Brown (New York: Appleton, 1905).
25. Jacques Lacan, “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function,” in Ecrits, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: Norton, 2006), 75–81.
26. Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and the Problem of Domination (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), 49.
27. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 12 (1912), Papers on Technique, 118.
28. B. Beebe, J. Rustin, D. Sorter, and S. Knoblauch, “An Expanded View of Intersubjectivity and Its Application to Psychoanalysis,” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 13 (2003): 777–803.
29. Andrew Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore, “Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates,” Science 198, no. 4312 (1977): 74–78; Giannis Kugiumutzakis, “Neonatal Imitation in the Intersubjective Companion Space,” in Intersubjective Communication and Emotion in Early Ontogeny, ed. Stein Bråten (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 63–88.
30. Colwyn Trevarthen, “The Concept and Foundations of Infant Intersubjectivity,” in Intersubjective Communication (ibid.), 17.
31. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 352.
32. Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994).
33. Mirella Dapretto et al., “Understanding Emotions in Others: Mirror Neuron Dysfunction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Nature Neuroscience 9 (2006): 28–30.
34. R. Joseph, “The Neuropsychology of Development: Hemispheric Laterality, Limbic Language, and the Origin of Thought,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 38 (1982): 243; G. L. Risse and M. S. Gazzaniga, “Well-Kept Secrets of the Right Hemisphere: A Carotid Amytal Study of Restricted Memory Transfer,” Neurology 28 (1979): 950–53.
35. Endel Tulving, “What Is Episodic Memory?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 2, no. 3 (1993): 67–70.
36. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 19 (1923), The Ego and the Id, 20.
37. M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).
38. Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition, vol. 18 (1920), Beyond the Pleasure Principle, 14–17.
39. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, vol. 11, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Norton, 1981), 60–64 and 239.
40. Vygotsky, “The Role of Play,” 97.
41. Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience, 282.
42. Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 148.
43. Siri Hustvedt, The Shaking Woman or A History of My Nerves (New York: Picador, 2009).
44. Marjorie Taylor, Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 15.
45. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Development 2000–2001, ed. Margaret E. Hertzig and Ellen Farber (London: Routledge, 2002), 110.
46. Somogy Varga, “Explaining Impaired Play in Autism,” Journal für Philosophie und Psychiatrie 3, no. 1 (2010): 7.
47. D. W. Winnicott, “Primitive Emotional Development,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 26 (1945): 140.
48. Taylor, Imaginary Companions, 34–61.
49. Todd Feinberg, From Axons to Identity: Neurological Explorations of the Nature of the Self (New York: Norton, 2009), 90–91.
50. Ibid., 85.
51. Sigmund Freud, Interpretation of Dreams, 590.
52. Ibid., 596.
53. Ibid., 103.
54. Quoted in Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 286.
The Drama of Perception: Looking at Morandi
1. Quoted in Karen Wilken, Giorgio Morandi: Works, Writings, Interviews (Barcelona: Ediciones Poligrafa, 2007), 146.
2. Quoted in Laura Mottioli Rossi, ed., The Later Morandi: Still Lifes, 1950–1964 (Venice: Mazzota, 1999), 13. Catalogue for the exhibition at the Peggy Guggenheim Gallery, Venice, April 30–September 13, 1999.
3. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” trans. Carleton Dallery, in The Primacy of Perception, ed. John Wild (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 164.
4. Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessel, eds, Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), 502–3.
5. Quoted in Gottfried Boehm, “Giorgio Morandi’s Artistic Concept,” in Morandi, ed. Ernst Gerhard Güse and Franz Armin Morat (Munich: Prestel, 2008), 15.
6. “Perception, Spatiality, and the Body,” in The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Philosophy, ed. Donn Welton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 165.
7. Boehm, “Morandi’s Artistic Concept,” 19.
8. Ibid., 20.
9. Siri Hustvedt, “Not Just Bottles,” in Mysteries of the Rectangle (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005), 131–32.
10. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (San Diego: Harcourt, 1999), 285–87.
11. Quoted in Leon Edel, Henry James: A Life (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), 250.
12. Kym Maclaren, “Embodied Perception of Others as a Condition of Selfhood: Empirical and Phenomenological Considerations,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 15, no. 8 (2008): 75–76.
13. Janet Abramowicz, Giorgio Morandi: The Art of Silence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 216.
14. Ibid., 197.
15. Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi, The Phenomenological Mind: An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science (London: Routledge, 2008), 145.
16. Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” 167.
Louise Bourgeois
1. Louise Bourgeois, Destruction of the Father/Reconstruction of the Father: Writings and Interviews 1923–1997, ed. Marie-Laure Bernadac and Hans-Ulrich Obrist (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2005), 1.
2. Ibid., 21.
3. Bourgeois, “Child Abuse,” Artforum 20, no. 4 (1982): 40–47.
4. Robert Storr, “Abstraction: L’Esprit Géométrique,” in Louise Bourgeois, ed. Frances Morris (London: Rizzoli, 2008), 26.
Old Pictures
1. Mark Solms and Oliver Turnbull, The Brain and the Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of Subjective Experience (New York: Other Press, 2002), 82.
2. John Berger, “Uses of Photography,” in About Looking (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 54.
3. Georges Didi-Huberman, Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière, trans. Aliza Hartz (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), 29.
4. Ibid., 32.
5. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980), 99.
6. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin, 1972), 47.
7. Quoted in Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory (London: Penguin, 1966), 17.
8. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens (San Diego: Harcourt, 1999), 120–22.
9. David Levi-Strauss, Between the Eyes: Essays on Photography and Politics (New York: Aperture, 2004), 74.
10. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Picador, 1977), 160.
11. Quoted in Daniel Brown, Alan W. Scheflin, and D. Corydon Hammond, Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law (New York: Norton, 1998), 440.
12. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation The Body in Theory: Histories of Cultural Materialism, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 12.
13. Paul Virilio, The Aesthetics of Disappearance, trans. Philip Beitschman (New York: Semiotext(e), 1991).
14. Quoted in Ralph Harrington, “The Railway Accident: Trains, Trauma and Technological Crisis in Nineteenth-Century England,” http/www.york.ac.uk/insti/irs/irshome/papers/rlyacc.htm.
Kiki Smith: Bound and Unbound
1. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), 150.
2. Deborah Solomon, “How to Succeed in Art,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, June 27, 1999, 38–41.
Truth and Rightness: Gerhard Richter
1. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” trans. Carleton Dallery, in The Primacy of Perception, ed. John Wild (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 162.
2. Dietmar Elger, “Landscape as Model,” Gerhard Richter: Landscapes, ed. Elger (Ostfldern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz, 2011), 16.
3. Claire Petitmengin, “Toward the Source of Thoughts: The Gestural and Transmodal Dimension of Lived Experience,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 14, no. 3 (2007): 58.
4. Ibid., 58.
5. Robert Storr, “Interview with Gerhard Richter,” in Gerhard Richter: Forty Years of Painting (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2002), 289.
Why Goya?
1. The Mirror of Art: Critical Studies by Baudelaire, trans. Jonathan Mayne (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1956), 183.
2. Ibid., 184.
3. Quoted in Philip Hofer, introduction to Francisco Goya y Lucientes, The Disasters of War (New York: Dover, 1967), 1.
4. David Sylvester, “Goya,” in About Modern Art: Critical Essays 1948–1997 (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 253–58.
5. Fred Licht, Goya (New York, London: Abbeville Press, 2001), 174–93.
6. Robert Hughes, Goya (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 307.
7. Michael Nyman, Facing Goya, libretto by Victoria Hardie, Warner Classics, CD 0927-45342-2, 2002.
8. Goya is referred to in connection with McCullin in almost every article written about him, and he himself has mentioned Goya in interviews: “When I took pictures in war I couldn’t help thinking of Goya.” See “The Images and Memories of War,” Open Country, BBC Radio 4, April 1, 2005, http://dartcenter.org/content/images-and-memories-war.
9. John Berger, “The Honesty of Goya,” Selected Essays, ed. Geoff Dyer (New York: Pantheon, 2001), 57.
10. Gregory Paschalidis, “Images of War and the War of Images,” Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2006, http://genesis.ee.auth.gr/dimakis/Gramma/7/06-paschalidis.htm.
11. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1973), 19.
12. See Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
13. See The Paul Virilio Reader, ed. Steve Redhead (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
14. Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 45.
15. Hughes, Goya, 314.
16. See Antonio Damasio’s discussion of his patient Eliot, whose frontal lobe damage creates an emotional detachment and lack of empathy that is debilitating. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: Quill: HarperCollins, 2000), 34–79.
17. Nelson Goodman, Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett, 1976), 248.
18. D. O. Hebb, The Organization of Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1949).
19. Margaret M. Bradley, Maurizio Codispoti, Bruce N. Cuthbert, and Peter J. Lang, “Emotion and Motivation I: Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing,” Emotion 1, no. 3 (2001): 276–98.
20. Giacomo Rizzolatti and Michael A. Arbib, “Language Within Our Grasp,” Trends in Neuroscience 21, no. 5: 188–94.
21. Battaglia and Freedberg presented their findings at a small seminar “Art and the Brain” at Columbia University on June 13, 2006. I was present that day and have summarized their findings as I remember them, but have no further information about publication of the paper.
22. Matthew Botvinick, Amishi P. Jha, Lauren M. Bylsma, Sara A. Fabian, Patricia E. Solomon, and Kenneth M. Prkachin, “Viewing Facial Expressions of Pain Engages Cortical Areas Involved in Direct Expression of Pain,” NeuroImage 25 (2005): 312–19.
23. It is obvious that I am among those who accept that Goya is the artist of the Black Paintings. For a discussion of the controversy, see my essay, “More Goya: There Are No Rules in Painting,” in Mysteries of the Rectangle: Essays on Painting (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005), 113–18.
24. Siri Hustvedt, What I Loved (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 202.
25. There is a single precedent I know of for altering a work of art. Robert Rauschenberg asked Willem de Kooning for a drawing to erase, which he got. See Mark Stevens and Annalyn Swan, De Kooning: An American Master (New York: Knopf, 2004), 358–60.
26. Maia Damianovic, “Dinos and Jake Chapman,” Journal of Contemporary Art, 1997, http://www.jca-online.com/chapman.html. It is notable that here the brothers are quoted as if they were a single being with one voice.
27. Siri Hustvedt, “Narratives in the Body: Goya’s Los Caprichos,” in Mysteries of the Rectangle, 62–91.
28. More interesting than the rather obvious references to medical technologies in this work is the idea of fusion, which refers back to the brothers themselves as sibling collaborators.
29. Quoted in Jonathan Jones, “Look What We Did,” The Guardian, March 31, 2003.
30. Baudelaire, The Mirror of Art, 186.
31. Hustvedt, What I Loved, 167.
32. Joseph E. LeDoux, “Emotion as Memory: Anatomical Systems Underlying Indelible Neural Traces,” in Handbook of Emotion and Memory, ed. S. A. Christensen (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), 280–81.
33. J. H. Krystal, S. M. Southwick, and D. S. Charney, “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychobiological Mechanisms of Traumatic Remembrance,” Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 150–72.
34. See Hustvedt on trauma: “More Goya,” 105–7.
35. Quoted in Daniel Brown, Alan W. Scheflin, and D. Corydon Hammond, Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 95–96.
36. Neurologist V. S. Ramachandran has argued that “the need to isolate a single visual modality before you amplify the signal in that modality” is an organizing principle of art in general, which, he says, explains “why an outline drawing or sketch is more effective as ‘art’ than a full colour photograph.” Ramachandran and William Hirstein, “The Science of Art: A Neurological Theory of Aesthetic Experience,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 6, no. 6–7 (1999): 24. This argument, however, seems too pat. Less isn’t always more, and the camera, like the paintbrush, is a tool for making art. Such a principle cannot explain the fascination of a Jackson Pollock or the great triptychs of Hieronymus Bosch, for example, works that overwhelm the viewer with visual detail.
37. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, “In Goya’s Greatest Scenes We Seem to See,” A Coney Island of the Mind (New York: New Directions, 1958), 9–10.
38. Ivo Andric, Conversation with Goya: Bridges, Signs, trans. Celia Hawkesworth and Andrew Harvey (London: The Menard Press, 1992), 10–11.
39. Ibid., 16.
40. Janis Tomlinson, Francisco Goya y Lucientes: 1746–1828 (London: Phaidon Press, 1994), 247–48.
41. Konstantin Pavlov, “Capriccio for/about Goya,” in Capriccio for Goya, trans. Ludmilla G. Popova-Wightman (Princeton, NJ: Ivy Press, 2003), 61.
42. Debora Greger, “Musée des Beaux Arts,” Western Art (New York: Penguin, 2004), 105.
43. It seems to me that the effect of the proliferation of photographs and films from war zones and disaster areas all over the world may be the very opposite of “derealization.” Goya’s images have come to seem more rather than less relevant to contemporary artists who are inundated with documentary evidence of slaughter around the globe.
Embodied Visions: What Does It Mean to Look at a Work of Art?
1. William James, The Principles of Psychology (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 191.
2. Quoted in Dan Zahavi, “Inner Time Consciousness and Pre-Reflective Awareness,” The New Husserl: A Critical Reader, ed. D. Walton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 158.
3. Jacques Lacan, “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function,” in Ecrits, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: Norton, 2006), 75–81.
4. William Preyer, The Mind of the Child, trans. H. Brown (New York: D. Appleton, 1888–1889), 195–99.
5. Andrew Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore, “Explaining Facial Imitation: A Theoretical Model,” in Early Development and Parenting 6 (1997): 179–92.
6. G. W. F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, 2nd ed., trans. J. B. Baille (London: George A. Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1949), 83.
7. D. W. Winnicott, “Mirror-Role of the Mother and Family in Child Development,” in The Predicament of the Family: A Psychoanalytical Symposium, ed. P. Lomas (London: Hogarth Press, 1967), 26–33.
8. See Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994).
9. V. Gallese, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi, and G. Rizzolatti, “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,” Brain 119 (1996), 593–609.
10. See Andrew Bowie, Schelling and Modern European Philosophy: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 1993), 45–54.
11. Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, trans. Antos C. Rancurello, ed. D. B. Terrell and Linda McAllister (London: Routledge, 1995), 88.
12. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962).
13. Thomas S. Kuhn, “Revolutions as Changes of World View,” chapter 10 in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
14. See Eric R. Kandel, James Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell, eds., Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), 492–505.
15. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 104.
16. L. F. Barrett and Moshe Bar, “See It with Feeling: Affective Predictions during Object Perception,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364 (2009): 1325–34.
17. Paul Auster, The Book of Illusions (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 286.
18. H. R. Maturana and F. J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living (Boston: D. Reidel, 1980).
19. Shaun Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
20. Claire Petitmengin, “Toward the Source of Thoughts: The Gestural and Transmodal Dimension of Lived Experience,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 14, no. 3 (2007).
21. Alva Noë, Action in Perception (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2004).
22. J. J. Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979).
23. Andreas Engel and Peter König, “Paradigm Shifts in Neurobiology: Towards a New Theory of Perception,” in Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences, ed. R. Casati Barry Smith, and G. White (Wein and Leipzig: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1994), 131–38.
24. James C. Anderson, “Aesthetic Concepts of Art,” Theories of Art Today, ed. Noel Carroll (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), 65–92.
25. Ibid., 86.
26. L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, ed. Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Sylvia Scribner, and Ellen Souberman (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press), 96.
27. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 109.
28. Vygotsky, Mind in Society, 99.
29. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, vol. 12 (1914), Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through (London: Hogarth Press, 1953), 154.
30. D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London: Routledge, 1975), 51.
31. Ibid., 53.