Summary

The string output can be formatted by these specifiers:

d, f, s, o, x, e, %

path = os. getcwd() returns the current working directory

os. listdir(path) lists anything in the current directory

os. chdir(path) sets path as the current directory

The arguments to open file: r, w, a, +, b, t.

open(filename, “argument”) can open a file with argument.

open(“fileName”, “r”) uses “r” mode for opening file

f. read( ) reads the contents of the file

open(“fileName”, “w”) uses “w” mode for opening file

f. write( “text” ) writes text to the file

open(“fileName”, “a”) uses “a” mode to append text

f. write( “text” ) appends text to the file

open("fileName", "r+") uses “r+” mode for reading & writing

f. seek(index) sets the pointer to the specified index

import webbrowser imports webbrowser

webbrowser. open(“URL”)  opens a specified web page