PART ONE

1914
‘Over by Christmas’

28 June: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, visit Sarajevo in Bosnia, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A lone assassin, Gavrilo Princip, shoots and kills them both. Austria believes the killer is linked to the Serbian nationalist movement.

23 July: Austria-Hungary, with the backing of Germany, delivers an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbs offer to submit to arbitration, but also begin to mobilize their army.

25 July: Austria-Hungary cuts diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilize.

26 July: Britain tries to convene a conference of the major European powers to resolve the situation. France, Italy and Russia agree to take part. Germany refuses.

28 July: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

29 July: Britain calls for international mediation. Russia urges German restraint, but then begins partial troop mobilization as a precaution. The Germans warn Russia, and then begin to mobilize.

30 July: Austria shells Belgrade, the Serbian capital.

31 July: Russia begins full mobilization.

1 August: Germany declares war on Russia. France and Belgium begin full mobilization.

3 August: Germany declares war on France and invades neutral Belgium. Britain delivers an ultimatum to Berlin demanding withdrawal from Belgium. Germany ignores it.

4 August: Britain declares war on Germany. The declaration is binding on the British Empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa.

6 August: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.

19 August: President Woodrow Wilson announces that United States will remain neutral.

23 August: Battle of Mons.

26 August: Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia) begins.

5 September: Battle of the Marne begins.

19 October: Battle of Ypres (‘First Ypres’) begins.

29 October: Turkish fleet bombards Russian Black Sea coast.

1 November: Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

5 November: France and Britain declare war on the Ottoman Empire.