801(3) (2001).Chapter 1: Introduction
1–2. Bush used the term ‘axis of evil’ in his State of the Union address, Washington, DC, 29 January 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. For his account of the US as a moral nation, see Todd Purdum,‘Bush’s Moral Rectitude is a Tough Sell in Old Europe’, New York Times, 30 January 2003.
3–6. His comment on free trade is from ‘A Distinctly American Internationalism’, speech delivered at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California, 19 November 1999, available at www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1983/30883b.htm; see also ‘President Bush Addresses Council of the Americas’, 7 May 2001, www.usemb.gov.do/IRC/speeches/bush8.htm. On the moral imperative of alleviating hunger, see ‘Statement by Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman Regarding World Food Day’, 16 October 2002, USDA Release No. 0443.02, www.usda.gov/news/releases/2002/10/0443.htm. The statement about America’s economic need for higher ethical standards is from ‘Remarks by the President on Corporate Responsibility’, New York, 9 July 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/07/print/20020709-4.html. Finally on the universality of moral truth, see ‘Remarks by the President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy’, West Point, 1 June 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html.
7. I thank Campbell Goodloe Hackett for her assistance in compiling the figures on Bush’s use of the term ‘evil’. They are based on a search of all Bush’s speeches listed on the White House website, www.whitehouse.gov, up to 16 June 2003.
8. Bush’s endorsement of using moral terms is from his A Charge to Keep, Morrow, New York, 1999, p. 11.
9–10. The quotes from Bush’s second inaugural speech as Governor of Texas are from A Charge to Keep, p. 11. For his conversation with Billy Graham see the same source, p. 136, and Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub:The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush, Random House, New York, 2000, p. 59.
Chapter 2: A Single Nation of Justice and Opportunity
11. The ‘It’s your money’ quote is from ‘Remarks by the President at Tax Family Event’, Kirkwood Community Center, St Louis, Missouri, 20 February 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/02/20010220-5.html. The other two quotes in the following paragraph are from a speech Bush gave in Michigan on 4 November 2000, and from his message to Congress outlining his budget, 27 February 2001.
12. The figures for the cuts enacted by the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 come from the Joint Committee on Taxation, Estimated Budget Effects of the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1836 [1]: Fiscal Years 2001–2011 (26 May 2001).
13–16. The estimated cost of the 2003 tax cut is from David Rosenbaum, ‘A Tax Cut without End?’, New York Times, 23 May 2003. The Financial Times comment is from ‘Tax Lunacy’, Financial Times, 23 May 2003. David Frum’s term ‘folk libertarianism’ occurs on p. 58 of his book The Right Man:The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush, Random House, New York, 2003. Robert Nozick’s more sophisticated argument for libertarianism can be found in his Anarchy, State and Utopia, Basic Books, New York, 1977.
17. On Bush’s support for education spending, see his remarks at the presentation of National Teacher of the Year Awards, 23 April 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/04/2001042316.html, where he said ‘I support historic new levels of education funding’, and his speech on the ‘No child left behind’ legislation, 8 January 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030108-4.html. He refers to ‘priorities’ and ‘needs’ in his budget outline message to Congress on 27 February 2001.
18. I am indebted here to Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel’s fine work, The Myth of Ownership, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, especially pp. 8–10, 31–37.
19. For Herbert Simon’s argument about the minor role played by individual effort, see his ‘UBI and the Flat Tax’, in Philippe Van Parijs, What’s Wrong With a Free Lunch?, Beacon Press, Boston, 2001, pp. 35–36. Thanks to Brent Howard for directing my attention to this point.
20. The quote from Murphy and Nagel is from The Myth of Ownership, pp. 32–34.
21. The quote from the presidential debate in St Louis, on 17 October 2000, can be found at www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm.
22–23. The first quote is from ‘Remarks by the President on Tax Cut Plan’, 5 February 2001, www.whitehouse.gov and the second from ‘Remarks by the President at Tax Family Reunion’, 7 February 2001, www.whitehouse.gov. The Bush spokesman, Scott Lindlaw, was quoted by Associated Press, 5 February 2001. The analysis of the impact of the 2001 tax cuts is from William Gale and Samara Potter,‘An Economic Evaluation of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001’, National Tax Journal 55 (2002), p. 147 and from ‘Citizens for Tax Justice, Year-by-Year Analysis of the Bush Tax Cuts Shows Growing Tilt to the Very Rich’, 12 June 2002, www.ctj.org/html/gwb0602.htm.
24. The analysis of the 2003 tax cut is from David Rosesbaum,‘A Tax Cut without End?’ New York Times, 23 May 2003, drawing on the graph,‘How the Tax Breaks Would Fall’, based on research by Deloitte & Touche; and from Paul Krugman,‘A Radical Tax Cut’, New York Times, 27 May 2003.
25–26. On the proportion of the estate tax collected from the Top 1 in 700 Americans, see Leonard Burman and William Gale, ‘The Estate Tax Is Down, But Not Out’, Tax Policy Issues and Options, 2 (March 2002), The Urban Institute, Washington, DC, p. 3. The quote from Paul Krugman is from his ‘For Richer’, New York Times Sunday magazine, 20 October 2002, p. 77.
27. Bush made his ‘double taxing’ objection to estate taxes in the 17 October 2000 presidential debate: www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm. He used a similar argument against taxing dividends in his State of the Union address, 28 January 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html.
28. On the proportion of stocks and bonds held by those with the highest incomes, see Richard Stevenson,‘The Politics of Portfolios: Bush Bets on an Investor Class’, New York Times, 7 January 2003, and see also Richard Stevenson, ‘In Bush Math, Economy Equals Votes’, New York Times, 25 May 2003.
29. On comparisons of poverty and longevity in the US and Europe, see Will Hutton, The World We’re In, Little, Brown, London, 2002, p. 149, citing Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein and John Schmitt, The State of Working America, 2000–2001, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2001, p. 293; and The World We’re In, p. 274, citing Timothy Smeeding,‘Financial Poverty in Developed Countries:The Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study’ (UNDP 1997). See also Richard Freeman,‘The US Economic Model at Y2K: Lodestar for Advanced Capitalism’, Working Paper 7757, National Bureau for Economic Research, June 2000, p. 28, Exhibit 4 (http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7757); Marque Miringoff and Marc Miringoff, The Social Health of Nations, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999; www.natsem.canberra.edu.au/pubs/otherpubs/smithfamily01/press_release.htm; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Health at a Glance, Paris, 2001, pp. 66–67, Tables 1.1 and 1.2; and Paul Krugman,‘For Richer’, New York Times Sunday magazine, 20 October 2002, p. 67.
30. On comparisons of the concentration of wealth in America and other nations, see Will Hutton, The World We’re In, p. 149; Congressional Budget Office, Effective Federal Tax Rates, 1979–97, Washington, DC, October 2001, Table 1.2c, p. 134, cited by Kevin Phillips,Wealth and Democracy, Broadway, New York, 2002, p. 396; Paul Krugman,‘For Richer’, New York Times Sunday Magazine, 20 October 2002, p. 64; US Census Bureau, ‘Historical Income Tables—Income Equality’, Table IE-3, available at www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ie3.html; and Geoffrey Colvin, ‘The Great CEO Pay Heist’, Fortune, 11 June 2001.
31. Bush’s ‘what America is all about’ statement is from the presidential debate in St Louis, on 17 October 2000, www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm and his ‘equal place at the starting line’ is quoted by David Sanger, ‘Bush Touts Education Plan in Pennsylvania’, New York Times, 2 April 2002.
32–33. On the relationship between family earnings and getting a college degree, see Will Hutton, The World We’re In, p. 155; see also the Educational Testing Service Policy Information Center report,‘Toward Inequality: Disturbing Trends in Higher Education’, www.ets.org/research/pic/twtoc.html. On the likelihood of rising—and staying—out of poverty, see Will Hutton, The World We’re In, p. 152, citing Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein and John Schmitt, The State of Working America, 2000–2001, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2001, p. 395, table 7.16.
34–35. Warren Buffett’s ‘food stamps’ remark is from Roger Lowenstein, Buffett:The Making of An American Capitalist, Random House, New York, 1995, p. 342. I owe this reference to John Grote. See his ‘Is Unlimited Inheritance Un-American?’, Responsible Wealth, www.responsiblewealth.org/tax_fairness/Estate_Tax/Estate_Tax_History_Grote.html. For studies of the impact of inherited wealth on consumption and motivation, see Douglas Holtz-Eakin, David Joulfaian and Harvey Rosen,‘The Carnegie Conjecture: Some Empirical Evidence’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 198 (1994), pp. 413–35, and David Joulfaian,‘Taxing Wealth Transfers and Its Behavioral Consequences’, National Tax Journal, 53 (2000) pp. 933–57; both cited in Leonard Burman and William Gale, ‘The Estate Tax is Down, But Not Out’, Tax Policy Issues and Options, 2 (March 2002), The Urban Institute, Washington, DC, p. 3.
36–37. The Buffett quote about repealing the estate tax is from David Cay Johnston, ‘Dozens of Rich Americans Join in Fight to Retain Estate Tax’, New York Times, 14 February 2001. The quote from William Gates Snr is from his testimony to the Senate Committee on Finance, Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight, www.senate.gov~finance/031501wgtest.pdf.
38. George W. Bush,‘Foreword’, in Melvin Olasky, Compassionate Conservatism:What It Is, What It Does, and How It Can Transform America, Free Press, New York, 2000, p. xi.
27. On the impact of redistribution on poverty, see Timothy Smeeding, Michael O’Higgins and Lee Rainwater, eds, Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1990, pp. 31, 67. For the statement that, among the twenty-three higher-income OECD nations, the more equal ones have, on average, a higher income per capita, I am indebted to calculations by Brent Howard, based on OECD figures for per capita GDP and GINI inequality estimates available from the Luxembourg Income Study website, www.lisproject.org.
40. For the passages cited from Melvin Olasky, see his Compassionate Conservatism, pp. 27, 30, 60, 69, 131, 133.
41–42. For Bush’s positive response to the news of a shrinking surplus, see David Sanger, ‘President Asserts Shrunken Surplus May Curb Congress’, New York Times, 25 August 2001. On the cut in education spending, and the impact of Bush’s tax changes on allowing tax deductions for charitable donations, see Dana Milbank,‘President’s Compassionate Agenda Lags’,Washington Post, 26 December 2002, p. A1.
43. John DiIulio is quoted in Elizabeth Becker,‘A Bush Aide Faults Plan to Repeal Estate Tax’, New York Times, 10 February 2001.
44. For Bush’s 2003 State of the Union address, see www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. On the increase in poverty, see Lynette Clemetson,‘More Americans in Poverty in 2002, Census Study Says’, New York Times, 27 September 2002.
45–47. For Bush’s switch to arguing that the tax cut was necessary to increase employment, see Richard Stevenson, ‘Jobs Report Leads Bush to Defend Reliance on Tax Cuts’, New York Times, 6 September 2003. A chart on losses and gains in each term of every president from Hoover to Bush appears as part of David Rosenbaum,‘Bush Wants to Create More Jobs, But How?’, New York Times, 28 September 2003. Bush’s statement about making the tax cut permanent is from ‘President Bush Discusses the Economy in Indianapolis’, 5 September 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030905-1.html. Greenspan’s comment was reported at CNN Money,‘Warning of growing budget deficits, Fed chairman undercuts Bush, GOP arguments for tax cuts’, 11 February 2003, http://money.cnn.com/2003/02/11/news/economy/greenspan/. Bush’s rejection of a ‘little bitty’ tax cut is quoted in Elisabeth Bumiller, ‘With Help from a Democrat, Bush Pitches Tax Cut Plan’, New York Times, 21 February 2003, and Anon,‘Bush in Push for Deep Tax Cuts’, 24 April 2003, CBS News, www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/26/politics/main551230.shtml.
48–49. For Akerlof ’s comment on the budget deficit, see ‘Das Akerlof-Interview im englischen Orginal’, Der Spiegel, 29 July 2003, online edition, www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/0,1518,258983,00.html. For the Financial Times speculation, see ‘Tax Lunacy’, Financial Times, 23 May 2003.
Chapter 3: The Culture of Life
50–52. The ‘White House Fact Sheet on Stem Cells’ is available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010809-1.html.
For Specter’s proposal and doubts about the availability of stem cell lines suitable for research, see Nicholas Wade, ‘Specter Asks Bush to Permit More Embryonic Cell Lines’, New York Times, 23 April 2003; Elias Zerhouni, testimony before the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, Federal Funding for Stem Cell Research, 108th Congress, 22 May 2003. Gerald Schatten’s comment is quoted in Sheryl Stolberg, ‘Stem Cell Research Is Slowed by Restrictions, Scientists Say’, New York Times, 26 September 2002.
53. For Bush’s exhortation to young people against becoming parents, see Frank Bruni, Ambling into History:The Unlikely Odyssey of George W. Bush, HarperCollins, New York, 2002, p. 46.
54. For further discussion of when it is wrong to take the life of the developing human being, see Peter Singer, Rethinking Life and Death, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1994.
55. Hatch’s comment is quoted in Jane Brody, ‘Weighing the Rights of Embryo against Those of the Sick’, New York Times, 18 December 2001.
56–57. International Statistics on the use of the death penalty are available from Amnesty International,‘The Death Penalty Worldwide: Developments in 2002’, 11 April 2003, www.amnestyusa.org/abolish/reports/dp_worldwide.html. On Bush’s use of the death penalty, see Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub:The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush, p. 142; Alan Berlow,‘The Texas Clemency Memos’, Atlantic, July/August 2003; and Reuters,‘Bush Unlikely to Soften Death Penalty Support’, New York Times, 12 January 2003. For Bush’s comments in the presidential debates, see www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm and www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm.
58–63. The quote on the difference between abortion and the death penalty is from A Charge to Keep, p. 147. Bush used almost identical language on other occasions, for example in an interview with Catholic News Service and ‘Our Sunday Visitor’, 20 September 2000, reported in Anon.,‘Bush Opposes Abortion, Supports Capital Punishment’, America Press, 183 (4), p. 4 (28 October 2000). On people wrongly sentenced to death, see Death Penalty Information Center, ‘Innocence and the Death Penalty’, www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/innoc.html; Michael Radelet and Hugo Bedau, In Spite of Innocence, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1992; Steve Mills, Maurice Possley and Ken Armstrong,‘Shadows of Doubt Haunt Executions: 3 Cases Weaken under Scrutiny’, Chicago Tribune, 17 December 2000 and Steve Mills, ‘Questions of Innocence: Legal Roadblocks Thwart New Evidence on Appeal’, Chicago Tribune, 18 December 2000; Associated Press, ‘Fla. Judge has “Grave Doubts” on Guilt of Some Convicts Executed’,Washington Post, 25 December 1998, p. A19. The critical study of the Death Penalty Information Center’s list is by Ward Campbell,‘“Innocence” Critique’, www.prodeathpenalty.com/DPIC.htm. On Governor Ryan’s actions, and the response, see Jodi Wilgoren,‘Governor Assails System’s Errors As He Empties Illinois Death Row’, New York Times, 12 January 2003; Reuters,‘Bush Unlikely to Soften Death Penalty Support’, New York Times, 12 January 2003; Bill Heltzel, ‘Students Recount Freeing Innocent from Death Row’, Post-Gazette, 7 February 1999, www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19990207cara3.asp.
64–69. Bush claims that the death penalty is a deterrent in A Charge to Keep, p. 147. He repeated the claim in the third presidential debate www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm. For studies indicating that the death penalty is not a deterrent, see Raymond Bonner and Ford Fessenden, ‘Absence of Executions: A Special Report’, New York Times, 22 September 2000; Ernie Thompson,‘Effects of an Execution on Homicides in California’, Homicide Studies, vol. 3, pp. 129–50 (1999); William Bailey, ‘Deterrence, Brutalization, and the Death Penalty: Another Examination of Oklahoma’s Return to Capital Punishment’, Criminology, vol. 36, pp. 711–33 (1998); Keith Harries and Derral Cheatwood, The Geography of Execution:The Capital Punishment Quagmire in America, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 1997; John Sorenson, Robert Wrinkle, Victoria Brewer and James Marquart, ‘Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Examining the Effect of Executions on Murder in Texas’, Crime and Delinquency, vol. 45, pp. 481–93 (1999).
70–72. Bush’s support of the death penalty for the mentally retarded is described in Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub, pp. 144–45. For the execution of Terry Washington, see Alan Berlow,‘The Texas Clemency Memos’, Atlantic, July/August 2003. The Supreme Court stopped such executions in Atkins v.Virginia (008452) 536 US 304 (2002).
73–74. The civilian toll in Afghanistan has been estimated at 1000–1300 while for Iraq (as of November 2003) estimates range from 3200 to 9693. (The lower figure does not include casualties that occurred after 20 April, when major military combat operations ceased.) For Afghanistan, see: Craig Nelson, ‘US Silence and Power of Weaponry Conceal Scale of Civilian Toll’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 January 2002; Ian Traynor, ‘Afghans Are Still Dying As Air Strikes Go On. But No One Is Counting’, Guardian, 12 February 2002; John Donnelly and Anthony Shadid, ‘Civilian Toll in US Raids Put at 1000. Bombing Flaws, Manhunt Cited’, Boston Globe, 17 February 2002; David Zucchino, ‘In the Taliban’s Eyes, Bad News Was Good’, Los Angeles Times, 3 June 2002. See also Carl Conetta’s careful assessment of civilian casualties:‘Operation Enduring Freedom:Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties’, Project on Defense Alternatives, Briefing Report #11, The Commonwealth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 2002, www.comw.org/pda/0201oef.html. The estimate of 3200 civilian casualties in Iraq from the war up to 20 April 2003 is the lowest estimate given by Carl Conetta in ‘The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict’, Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph #8, http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8exsum.html. Conetta allows for a margin of error of 550, so his midpoint estimate is 3750 and his upper estimate is 4300. A less conservative estimate that continues to be updated as additional civilian casualties are reported puts the total, as of 18 November 2003, between 7878 and 9708. See http://www.iraqbodycount.net.
The accounts of episodes involving civilian casualties in Afghanistan are drawn from the articles by Donnelly and Shadid, Nelson and Traynor, cited above, as well as from Carlotta Gall, ‘In Afghanistan, Violence Stalls Renewal Effort’, New York Times, 26 April 2003. Further sources are cited in Carl Conetta,‘Operation Enduring Freedom:Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties’.
75–77. For Bush’s statement about the care taken to avoid civilian casualties in Iraq see ‘Remarks by the President in Commencement Address to United States Coast Guard Academy’, 21 May 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030521-2.html. Rumsfeld’s approval of raids likely to kill civilians is described in Michael Gordon,‘US Air Raids in ’02 Prepared for War in Iraq’, New York Times, 20 July 2003. The account of the Iraqi family killed in the Basra raid is from Mark Santora,‘For Family That Lost 10 to Bomb, Only Memories and Grief Remain’, New York Times, 11 May 2003. For confirmation that the raid missed its intended target, see Bill Brink, ‘Former Iraqi Official Known As “Chemical Ali” Is Captured’, New York Times, 21 August 2003.
78. ‘The Challenge of Peace: God’s Promise and Our Response’, published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, DC, 1983, is available at www.osjspm.org/cst/cp.htm.
79. Jean Bethke Elshtain is quoted from her Just War against Terror:The Burden of American Power in a Violent World, Basic Books, New York, 2003, p. 65.
80–82. Rumsfeld’s claim is quoted by Craig Nelson,‘Concern Grows over US Strategy, Tactics in Afghanistan’, Cox News Service, 29 October 2001, and Franks’s statement is in John Donnelly and Anthony Shadid, ‘Civilian Toll in US Raids Put at 1000, Bombing Flaws, Manhunt Cited’, Boston Globe, 17 February 2002. For the comparison of civilian casualties in Kosovo and Afghanistan, see Carl Conetta,‘Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties’.
83. The Pentagon spokesperson’s remarks are quoted in John Donnelly and Anthony Shadid, ‘Civilian Toll in US Raids Put at 1000, Bombing Flaws, Manhunt Cited’, Boston Globe, 17 February 2002.
84–88. The casualties of the attempt to kill Saddam Hussein are referred to by Jane Perlez,‘Continued Air Assaults on City Follow Attempt to Kill Hussein’, New York Times, 8 April 2003, and David Johnston, ‘Hussein Fate after Attack Still Unclear’, New York Times, 9 April 2003, p. B4. On the raid on the convoy on Syria’s border, see Seymour Hersh, ‘The Syrian Bet’, New Yorker, 28 July 2003, and Hersh’s interview with Amy Goodman, ‘How Bush Sacrificed the War on Al Qaeda for the War on Iraq’, www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/07/24/1513238. Rutter’s ‘five seconds’ rule is quoted by Steven Lee Myers, ‘Anger and Warning after Suicide Bomb’, New York Times, 31 March, 2003, p. A1, and the army’s defence of this action is described in Brian Knowlton, ‘Army Defends Killing of Civilians at Checkpoint’, International Herald Tribune, 2 April 2003, p. 6. Knickmeyer’s report is quoted in the article by Jane Perlez cited above.
89–93. For Bush’s ‘low collateral’ order, see Bob Woodward, Bush at War, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2002, p. 208. Among the US newspaper discussions of civilian casualties in Afghanistan were Edward Cody, ‘Taliban Claims Large Civilian Casualties: Afghan Rulers Increase Efforts to Win Support from Islamic World’,Washington Post, 12 October 2001, p. A23; Jonathan Weisman, ‘Civilian Death Count Disputed’, USA Today, 16 October 2001, p. 3A; Edward Epstein, ‘US Battles to Justify Bombings to Muslims; It Rejects Taliban Tab of Civilian Deaths’, San Francisco Chronicle, 16 October 2001. Musharraf ’s plea for a halt was reported in John Burns, ‘Pakistan Leader Renews Plea for Early End to Raids, Fearing Muslim Unrest’, New York Times, 24 October 2001. Bush’s concern with the public relations impact of civilian casualties in Afghanistan is described in Bush at War, pp. 272–73, and in respect of Iraq, in ‘Full Text of Brokaw’s Interview with Bush’ (an interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC News), New York Times, 25 April 2003.
94–95. Michael Walzer’s requirement that military forces be prepared to make sacrifices to avoid civilian casualties is defended in his Just and Unjust Wars, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1980, p. 155. Bush’s United Nations speech of 10 November 2001 is available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html.
96. For bin Laden’s interview with Tayseer Alouni, see CNN.com, ‘Transcript of Bin Laden’s October interview’, 5 February 2002, www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/
Chapter 4. The Freest Nation in the World?
97. Bush’s philosophy of trusting individuals to make the right decisions is taken from A Charge to Keep, p. 235.
98–103.‘Texans can run Texas’ is from A Charge to Keep, p. 44. For the comments from the presidential debates, see www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm and www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate3.htm. The remarks on gay marriage and the Confederate flag come from the debates between Republican candidates for the presidential nomination on the ‘Larry King Show’, 15 February 2000, and in West Columbia, South Carolina, 7 January 2000, while that on medical marijuana was reported in Susan Feeney, ‘Bush Backs States’ Rights on Marijuana’, Dallas Morning News, 20 October 1999. The rejection of ‘big, exploding federal government’ comes from the first presidential debate, www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate1.htm.
104. For the number of people using Oregon’s physician-assisted suicide law, see Office of Disease Prevention and Epidemiology, Department of Human Services, State of Oregon, Fifth Annual Report on Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act, 6 March 2003, p. 4; available at www.ohd.hr. state.or.us/chs/pas/02pasrpt.pdf.
105. The court decision cited is United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 122, 136 (1975); 21 U.S.C. 801(3) (2001).
106–7. For the brief filed by bioethicists and lawyers, see www.compassionindying.org/ashcroft_ruling/bioethicists_brief.pdf. Ari Fleischer’s statement of the president’s beliefs is from Associated Press’s State and Local Wire Service, 7 November 2001.
108. See Nelson Lund,‘Why Ashcroft Is Wrong on Assisted Suicide’, Commentary, 113 (2), February 2002, pp. 50–55.
109. See Conrad F. Meier ‘Ashcroft Rebuked in Oregon Court’, Health Care News, June 2002, www.heartland.org/health/jun02/suicide.htm.
110–11. On the medical marijuana raids, see ‘Ashcroft’s Other War’, Rolling Stone, 27 December 2001, p. 34, www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n2128/a05.html?126; Ethan Nadelman,‘The Hospice Raid and the War on Drugs’, San Diego Union Tribune, 19 September 2002. Lockyer’s comment is quoted in Heidi Lypps,‘The Crackdown on Medical Marijuana’, CounterPunch, 17 September 2002.
112. For the comment on the need to codify marriage as between a man and a woman, see ‘President Bush’s Rose Garden News Conference’, New York Times, 30 July 2003. On the removal of federal controls from wetlands, see Douglas Jehl, ‘US Plan Could Ease Limits on Wetlands Development’, New York Times, 11 January 2003.
113–15. On Gale Norton’s rejection of the federal government veto over mining that causes irreparable damage to the environment, see: Editorial, ‘A Bad Law’s Birthday’, New York Times, 13 May 2002, and Timothy Egan, ‘Norton Charts a Different Course for the Interior Department’, New York Times, 19 August 2001. On reviews of western landholdings, see Timothy Egan, ‘Bah, Wilderness! Reopening a Frontier to Development’, and Editorial, ‘The End of Wilderness’, both in New York Times, 4 May 2003. Norton stated her position in ‘Helping Citizens Conserve Their Own Land—and America’s’, New York Times, 20 April 2002, a response to the editorial, ‘Nature Overrun’, New York Times, 4 April 2002, p. A22.
116–17. On the Bush administration’s impact on the EPA, see Joan Lowy, ‘Administration Tweaks All Aspects of Environmental Policy’, Scripps Howard News Service, 19 December 2002, and Eric Schaeffer, ‘Clearing the Air:Why I Quit Bush’s EPA’,Washington Monthly, July/August 2002, www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0207.schaeffer.html.
118. The Paine quotation is from his Dissertations on First Principles of Government (1795).
119–20. On the Padilla case, see Timothy Edgar, ‘Interested Persons Memo on the Indefinite Detention without Charge of American Citizens as “Enemy Combatants”’, ACLU, 13 September 2002, www.aclu.org/SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=10673&c=206. The Milligan case, Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4. Wall.) 2, 1866, at 120–21, is cited in the ACLU brief in the case of Jose Padilla, Donna R. Newman v. George W. Bush, Donald Rumsfeld, John Ashcroft and Commander M. A. Marr, New York, 26 September 2002. On Congress’s prohibition of the detention of American citizens, see 18 U.S.C. 4001 (a).
121. For Judge Mukasy’s comments, and the remarks by the ACLU and Tribe, see Benjamin Weiser, ‘Judge Says Man Can Meet with Lawyer to Challenge Detention as Enemy Plotter’, New York Times, 5 December 2002, p. A24.
122–23. Judge Doumar’s comments are quoted from Tom Jackman,‘Judge Skewers US Curbs on Detainee’,Washington Post, 14 August 2002, p. A10. Elisa Massimino’s comment is taken from Richard Leiby,‘An American Justice. Free-Spoken Judge Challenges the White House over “Combatant” Rights’,Washington Post, 6 September 2002, p. C01; see also Neil Lewis, ‘US Is Allowed to Hold Citizen As Combatant’, New York Times, 9 January 2003.
124–25. See Editorial,‘Material Concerns’,Washington Post, 27 November 2002, and for the Justice Department’s report, Eric Lichtblau, ‘Justice Department Lists Use of New Power to Fight Terror’, New York Times, 21 May 2003.
126–30. America’s ‘greatest export is freedom’ is from A Charge to Keep, p. 240. Safire’s comment is from his column ‘Kangaroo Courts’, New York Times, 26 November 2001, and the Spanish judge was cited by Ronald Dworkin,‘The Threat to Patriotism’, New York Review of Books, 28 February 2002. For Bush’s defence of the tribunals see Mike Allen and Susan Schmidt, ‘Bush Defends Secret Tribunals for Terrorism Suspects’, Washington Post, 30 November 2001, p. A28, cited in Ronald Dworkin, ‘The Threat to Patriotism’. Dworkin’s own comment is from the same essay.
131–32. Mary Robinson is quoted in Anon.,‘UN Speaks out on Afghan Detainees’, BBC News, 12 February 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/americas/1816648.stm. For the British Court of Appeal’s opinion, see The Times, Anon.,‘Court Unable to Challenge Objectionable Detention’, 8 November 2002, p. 49. On the Supreme Court’s rebuff of Olsen’s assertion, see Linda Greenhouse, ‘Analysis: Guantanamo Case about Federal Turf ’, New York Times, 12 November 2003.
133. For the Inspector General’s report see Eric Lichtblau,‘US Will Tighten Rules on Holding Terror Suspects’, New York Times, 13 June 2003.
134–36. On US interrogation techniques, see Dana Priest and Barton Gellman,‘US Decries Abuse But Defends Interrogations’,Washington Post, 26 December 2002, p. A1. For the US State Department report, see US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices—2002 (31 March 2003). For Jordan, see www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18279pf.htm and for Azerbaijan, www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18353.htm.
137–38. The US officials’ comments are cited in Dana Priest and Barton Gellman,‘US Decries Abuse But Defends Interrogations’. On the US response to allegations of torture, see Alan Cooperman,‘CIA Interrogation under Fire’,Washington Post, 28 December 2002, p. A9.
139. On the assassinations in Yemen, see Reuters, ‘Senators Support CIA Anti-Terror Effort’, Reuters, 15 December 2002, www.miami.com/mld/miami/news/4741736.htm.
140–41. Dworkin is quoted from ‘The Threat to Patriotism’, New York Review of Books, 28 February 2002. On conditions in Guantánamo, see Carlotta Gall with Neil Lewis,‘Tales of Despair from Guantánamo’, New York Times, 17 June 2003; Editorial,‘The American Prison Camp’, New York Times, 16 October 2003.
142. For a comparison of end-of-life decisions in the Netherlands and in Australia, see Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Maurice Rickard, Malcolm Clark and Peter Baume, ‘End-of-life Decisions in Australian Medical Practice’, Medical Journal of Australia, 166:4 (17 February 1997) pp. 191–96.
Chapter 5: The Power of Faith
143–50. Sources for the statements about Bush’s Christian practices and beliefs are, in the order in which they are mentioned: Richard Powellson, ‘Bush Says He Is at Peace with Decision on Iraq’, Scripps Howard News Service, 4 March 2003;‘Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy’, Washington, DC, 6 November 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html;‘President Bush Discusses Iraq in National News Conference’, 6 March 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/print/20030306-8.html; A Charge to Keep, p. 6; George W. Bush,‘Duty of Hope’ speech, Indianapolis, Indiana, 22 July 1999; David Frum, The Right Man:The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush, Random House, New York, 2003, pp. 4–5; Bob Woodward, Bush at War, p. 65; Frum, The Right Man, p. 13; ‘Full Text of Brokaw’s Interview with Bush’, New York Times, 25 April 2003; Elisabeth Bumiller, ‘Talk of Religion Provokes Amens As Well As Anxiety’, New York Times, 22 April 2002; Mike Allen,‘Comforting Words As a Matter of Faith’,Washington Post, 3 February 2003, p. A6.
151. On the religious beliefs of Americans, see Humphrey Taylor, Harris Poll #52, 13 September 2000, www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=112; Richard Morin,‘Keeping the Faith’,Washington Post, 12 January 1998; Richard Morin,‘Do Americans Believe in God?’, Washington Post, 24 April 2000;‘Among Wealthy Nations, US Stands Alone in Its Embrace of Religion’, Pew Global Attitudes Project, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 19 December 2002, http://peoplepress.org/reports/pdf/167.pdf; Nicholas Kristof, ‘Believe It, or Not’, New York Times, 15 August 2003.
152–53. On Chancellor Schröder’s refusal to say ‘so help me God’, see Bill Keller,‘God and George Bush’, New York Times, 17 May 2003. On American voters’ unwillingness to vote for an atheist, see Peter Grier, ‘Voters Like Faith—But Not Theology’, Christian Science Monitor, 10 August 2000, www.csmonitor.com/durable/2000/08/10/fp1s4-csm.shtml.
154–58. Bush statements about his faith-based initiative are from ‘President Bush Implements Key Elements of his Faith-Based Initiative’, Office of the Press Secretary, the White House, 12 December 2002, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/20021212-3.html. On the plan to allow federal funds to be used for buildings where religious worship is held, see Eric Lichtblau, ‘Bush Plans to Let Religious Groups Get Building Aid’, New York Times, 23 January 2003. For evidence of selective acceptance of clients that makes the success of programs difficult to measure, see Melvin Olasky, Compassionate Conservatism, pp. 39–40. A sceptical view of the efficacy of faith-based programs is offered in Anna Greenberg,‘Doing Whose Work? Faith-Based Organizations and Government Partnerships’, in Mary Jo Bane, Brent Coffin and Ronald Thiemann, eds, Who Will Provide? The Changing Role of Religion in American Social Welfare, Westview, Boulder, CO, 2000, pp. 191–92.
159–60. Clifford’s views are taken from William K. Clifford, ‘The Ethics of Belief ’, in John Burr and Milton Goldinger, eds., Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, ninth edn, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2004, pp. 148–49. Reprinted from William K. Clifford, Lectures and Essays, Macmillan, London, 1879. The quotes from Bush are from, in order of appearance, A Charge to Keep, p. 136 (two quotes), p. 138 (two quotes), p. 139 and p. 6.
161. For Bush’s belief that only Christians have a place in heaven, see Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose, Shrub:The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush, p. 58, quoting Sam Howe Verhovek. ‘Is There Room on a Republican Ticket for Another Bush?’, New York Times Sunday magazine, 13 September 1998.
162–64. For Luke’s reference to the location of the Sermon on the Mount, see The Gospel According to Luke, 6:17–49. For scholarly views of the origin of the ‘sermon’, see Robert Guelich, ‘Sermon on the Mount’, The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, pp. 686–89; Harvey K. McArthur, Understanding the Sermon on the Mount, Harper, New York, 1960. For Popper’s view of the difference between science and religion, see his The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Routledge, London, 1977.
165–67. Bush’s statement that he is ‘here for a reason’ is cited by Bob Woodward, Bush at War, p. 205. For the description of him as ‘God’s chosen man’, see Interfaith Alliance, ‘President Plays the Christian Trump Card’, 26 February 2003, www.interfaithalliance.org/About/About.cfm? ID=4668&c=6. Howard Fineman’s ‘Bush and God’ appeared in Newsweek, 10 March 2003.
168–70. For William K. Clifford, see ‘The Ethics of Belief ’, in John Burr and Milton Goldinger, eds, Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, p. 152. For Greg Thielmann, see David Sanger and James Risen,‘CIA Chief Takes Blame in Assertion on Iraqi Uranium’, New York Times, 12 July 2003. Al Gore’s ‘Remarks to MoveOn.org’, were given on 7 August 2003 and are available at www.moveon.org/gore-speech.html.
171. The Bush quotes, and the appreciative comments from the audience about his ‘preaching’ are from ‘President Bush Implements Key Elements of His Faith-Based Initiative’, 12 December 2002, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/20021212-3.html.
172. On ‘public reason’ see Stephen Macedo, Liberal Virtues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990, Chapter 2; John Rawls, ‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’, University of Chicago Law Review, 64 (1997), p. 799; and John Horton, ed., Liberalism, Multiculturalism and Toleration, Macmillan, London, 1993.
173–74. On the ‘gag rule’, see www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 20010123-5.html; I owe this reference to International Women’s Health Coalition, ‘Factsheet: Bush’s Other War’, www.iwhc.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageID=468.
The IWHC notes that although Bush says, ‘It is my conviction that taxpayer funds should not be used to pay for abortions...’ Federal law has prohibited the use of federal funds to pay for abortions since 1973. For Bush’s comment on the source of the right to life, see ‘President Bush Signs Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003’, 5 November 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031105-1.html.
175–77. Bush described marriage as ‘sacred’ in the second presidential debate, available at www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm. On his lack of support for gays and lesbians, see Sheryl Stolberg,‘Vocal Gay Republicans Upsetting Conservatives’, New York Times, 1 June 2003. On Bush’s support for Santorum, see Reuters, ‘Bush Sees Embattled Santorum as “Inclusive Man”’, 25 April 2003, www.publicbroadcasting.net/wbur/news.newsmainaction=article&ARTICLE_ID=488030. On the Supreme Court’s decision, see CNN, ‘Supreme Court Strikes Down Texas Sodomy Law’, 27 June 2003, http://us.cnn.com/2003/LAW/06/26/scotus.sodomy/.
178–79. On abstinence, the CDC website referred to is at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/rtc/. On condoms, see Laura Meckler, ‘President Bush says NO to Condoms’, Associated Press, 30 September 2002; http://am-i-pregnant.com/aip.data/article/show/contraception/ 0/191680.shtml. On both these issues, see also ‘Politics and Science’, a website of Representative Henry Waxman, www.house.gov/reform/min/politicsandscience/. On the actions of the US delegation at the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference, see the speech made by Assistant Secretary of State Arthur E. Dewey, 16 December 2002, and the US conditional proposal, 14 December 2002, available at www.iwhc.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageID=487. See also ‘US Stance on Abortion and Condom Use Rejected at Population Conference’, Associated Press, 17 December 2002. Again, these references are from the International Women’s Health Coalition, ‘Factsheet: Bush’s Other War’, www.iwhc.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageID=468. See also Editorial,‘The War against Women’, New York Times, 12 January 2003.
180. On the HIV/AIDS initiative, see Elisabeth Bumiller, ‘Bush Pushes AIDS Plan Criticized by Some Conservatives’, New York Times, 30 April 2003, p. A22; Sheryl Stolberg, ‘$15 Billion AIDS Plan Wins Final Approval in Congress’, New York Times, 22 May 2003.
181. For opposition to the idea that ‘public reason’ should exclude appeals to religious faith, see Richard John Neuhaus, The Naked Public Square:Religion and Democracy in America, second edn, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.
182–86 December 2002, and Alan Cooperman,‘DeLay Criticized for “Only Christianity” Remarks’,Washington Post, 20 April 2002, p. A5. Paige and the Baptist Joint Committee are cited by Brent Staples,‘To Worship Freely, Americans Need a Little Elbow Room’, New York Times, 27 April 2003. Bush is quoted by Elisabeth Bumiller,‘White House Letter:Talk of Religion Provokes Amens As Well As Anxiety’, New York Times, 22 April 2002.
Chapter 6: Sharing the World
187. Condoleezza Rice is quoted from ‘Campaign 2000—Promoting the National Interest’, Foreign Affairs, January–February 2000, www.foreignpolicy2000.org/library/issuebriefs/readingnotes/farice.html.
188–89. Alexander Downer’s statement, of 2 May 2002, can be found at www.australianpolitics.com/news/2002/05/02-05-07a.shtml. Robert Goodin is quoted from his ‘What Is So Special about Our Fellow Countrymen?’, Ethics, 98 (1988), pp. 663–86, reprinted in Robert Goodin, Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, p. 286.
190–93. On Gates’s challenge and the initially inadequate US proposal, see ‘Annan Issues Global AIDS Fund Plea’, CNN.com, www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/26/nigeria.annan.02/; and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, ‘AIDS Fund Falls Short of Goal and US Is Given Some Blame’, New York Times, 13 February 2002. For the Frist–Helms initiative, see ‘Frist and Helms Seek $500 Million Increase for AIDS’, 24 March 2002; www.senate.gov/~frist/Press/NewsReleases/02-047/02-047.html, and for Bush’s response, Associated Press, ‘Bush Proposes Spending $500 Million on AIDS’, New York Times, 19 June 2002; Jim Lobe, ‘Activists Slam Bush AIDS Initiative’, Inter Press Service, 20 June 2002; www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0620-02.htm.
194. For details of Bush’s AIDS bill, see Amy Goldstein and Dan Morgan, ‘Bush Signs $15 Billion AIDS Bill; Funding Questioned’,Washington Post, 28 May 2003, p. A02. www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wpdyn/A46237-2003May27.
195–200. On the Bush administration’s projected increase in foreign aid, see the testimony of Andrew Natsios, administrator, US Agency for International Development, on the Millennium Challenge Account before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 4 March 2003, http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/NatsiosTestimony030304.pdf. For comparative figures on foreign aid, see OECD,‘Net ODA in 2001—As a Percentage of GNI’, www.oecd.org/pdf/M00037000/M00037873.pdf; OECD ‘Aid at a Glance Chart, United States’, www.oecd.org/gif/M000000000/M00000299.gif; OECD ‘Aid at a Glance Chart, Denmark’, www.oecd.org/gif/M000000000/M00000278.gif; http://www.caa.org.au/campaigns/polliewatch/aid_budget.html. On US private aid, see World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001, table 6.8, www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2001/. For the comparison with earlier US levels of foreign aid, see Isaac Shapiro and Nancy Birdsall,‘How Does the Proposed Level of Foreign Economic Aid under the Bush Budget Compare with Historical Levels?’, Center for Global Development and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 20 March 2002, www.cbpp.org/3-14-02foreignaid.htm. The amount Bush sought for the war with Iraq and its reconstruction can be found in: Executive Office of the President, ‘President Submits $74.7 Billion Supplemental Appropriations Request for Funding War on Terrorism’, 25 March 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/omb/pubpress/2003-06.pdf;Thom Shanker,‘Rumsfeld Doubles Estimate for Cost of Troops in Iraq’, New York Times, 10 July, 2003; Elisabeth Bumiller, ‘Bush Seeks $87 billion and UN Aid for War Effort’, New York Times, 8 September 2003.
201–2. Jeffrey Sachs is quoted in Nicholas Kristof,‘When Prudery Kills’, New York Times, 8 October 2003. For doubts about whether the funding for the AIDS initiative would be provided, see Amy Goldstein and Dan Morgan,‘Bush Signs $15 Billion AIDS Bill; Funding Questioned’, Washington Post, 28 May 2003, p. A02. Andrew Natsios was testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, as cited above.
203–8. Bush’s comments in support of free trade come from the following sources: A Charge to Keep, p. 235; George W. Bush,‘A Distinctly American Internationalism’, speech delivered at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Simi Valley, California, 19 November 1999; www.ransac.org/new-web-site/related/govt/testimony/bush-111999.html;‘Remarks by the President in Press Conference at Conclusion of the Summit of the Americas’, 22 April 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/04/20010423-11.html;‘President Bush Addresses Council of the Americas,’ 7 May 2001, www.usemb.gov.do/IRC/speeches/bush8.htm; ‘President Signs Trade Act of 2002’, 6 August 2002; www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/ 20020806-4.html; and ‘President Delivers Commencement Address at Coast Guard’, 21 May 2003; www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/ 05/20030521-2.html
209. On the cost of trade barriers against exports from poor nations to rich ones, see Oxfam,‘Rigged Rules and Double Standards:Trade, Globalisation, and the Fight against Poverty’, 2002, p. 5; available at www.maketradefair.com.
210–12. Oxfam’s evaluation of US policies can be found in Chapter 4 of its ‘Rigged Rules and Double Standards:Trade, Globalisation, and the Fight against Poverty’. Bush supported AGOA in his ‘Remarks to the African Growth and Opportunity Act Summit’, 15 January 2003, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030115.html. But the fall in overall US imports from sub-Saharan nations is documented in ‘2003 Comprehensive Report on US Trade and Investment Policy toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity Act:A Report Submitted by the President of the United States to the United States Congress’, May 2003, p. 18. www.ustr.gov/reports/2003agoa.pdf.
213–16. Bush’s remark about the confident demolishing trade barriers is from his Candidacy Announcement Speech, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 12 June 1999; cited on www.issues2000.org/Celeb/George_W__Bush_Free_Trade.htm. Shi Guangsheng is quoted in Paul Magnusson, ‘Bush Trade Policy: Crazy-Quilt Like a Fox’, BusinessWeek online, 15 April 2002; www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_15/b3778058.htm. For the Weekly Standard comment, see David Brooks, for the editors,‘The Problem with K Street Conservatism’,Weekly Standard, 7:40, 24 June 2002; and for George Will’s view, see his, ‘Bending for Steel’,Washington Post, 3 March 2002, p. A21. On the WTO ruling, see Elizabeth Becker, ‘US Tariffs on Steel are Illegal, World Trade Organization Says’, New York Times, 11 November 2003.
217–25. For the Wall Street Journal’s comment on the farm bill, see Editorial, ‘The Farm State Pig-Out’,Wall Street Journal, 2 May 2002. Bush’s comment was reported in Elizabeth Becker,‘House Passes the Farm Bill, Which Bush Says He’ll Sign’, New York Times, 3 May 2002. On the international impact of the bill, see Elizabeth Becker, ‘Raising Farm Subsidies, US Widens International Rift’, New York Times, 15 June 2002, p. A3; John Boehner and Cal Dooley, ‘This Terrible Farm Bill’,Washington Post, 2 May 2002, p. A23; and T. Randall Fortenbery and Bill Dobson, ‘Analysis of Key Non-Dairy Provisions of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002’, Marketing and Policy Briefing Paper No. 77, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, May 2002, pp. 16–17. For Pascal Lamy’s comment, see Senator John McCain, ‘Farm Bill “Appalling Breach” of Federal Spending Responsibility’, press release, 7 May 2002, www.senate.gov/~mccain/index.cfm?fuseaction=Newscenter.Viewpork&Content_id=508. James Wolfensohn’s comparison of the size of the subsidies with the amount of foreign aid is from his ‘A Partnership for Development and Peace’, keynote address delivered at the Woodrow Wilson International Center, 6 March 2002; www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/extme/jdwsp030602.htm. The Brazilian claim is discussed in Randall Fortenbery and Bill Dobson, ‘Analysis of Key Non-Dairy Provisions of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002’, pp. 17–18. On subsidies for cotton growers and their impact on poor African farmers, see Peter Beinart, ‘Grain of Salt’, New Republic, 9 June 2003; Center for International Development at Harvard University, ‘WTO Public Symposium 2003: Developing Countries and the WTO’, www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/geneva/cotton.html; ‘United States Dumping on World Agricultural Markets: Can Trade Rules Help Farmers?’, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, no date, Cancun Series Paper No. 1; www.tradeobservatory.org/library/uploadedfiles/United_States_Dumping_on_World_Agricultural_Ma.pdf.
226–31. On the Bush administration’s rejection of the ICC, see Neil Lewis, ‘US Rejects All Support for New Court on Atrocities’, New York Times, 7 May 2002. The reaction evoked by this rejection is described in Felicity Barringer,‘US Resolution on World Court Revives Hostility’, New York Times, 11 June 2003. Richard Dicker is quoted in Elizabeth Becker,‘US Suspends Aid to 35 Countries over New International Court’, New York Times, 2 July 2003, and the EU’s support for the court is reported in ‘EU Backs New International Court’, Sify News, 22 June 2003, http://sify.com/news/international/fullstory.php?id=13177817. On Australian objections to the standards of justice to be applied by the US to those captured in Afghanistan, see Annabel Crabb,‘US Lashed over “Double Standards” on Hicks Trial’, and Robert McClelland, ‘Hicks’Trial Will Not Be Justice As We Know It’, both in the Age, 10 July 2003.
232–34. Bush’s ‘first things first’ statement is reported in Edmund Andrews, ‘Bush Angers Europe by Eroding Pact on Warming’, New York Times, 1 April 2001, p. A1. Ari Fleischer’s comment is from his press briefing, 7 May 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/briefings/20010507.html. US emission levels are given in US Department of State, US Climate Action Report 2002, Washington, DC, May 2002, Chapter 3, www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/car/index.html.
235. For the censoring of the EPA report on global warming, see Andrew Revkin with Karen Seelye,‘Report by the EPA Leaves out Data on Climate Change’, New York Times, 19 June 2003; Editorial, ‘Emissions Omissions’, Boston Globe, 21 June 2003, p. A14. On the administration’s argument that global warming is too uncertain to warrant costly preventative measures, see Andrew Revkin, ‘US Sees Problems in Climate Change’, New York Times, 3 June 2002, p. A1; Office of the Press Secretary, White House, press release: ‘President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change’, 11 June 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010611-2.html; John Heilprin, ‘Bush Global Warming Research Plan Ripped,’ Associated Press, 26 February 2003, www.nrdc.org/news/newsDetails.asp?nID=898
236–37. On the precautionary principle and climate change, see Samuel Loewenberg, ‘Precaution Is for Europeans’, New York Times, 18 May 2003, Section 4, p. 14; see also Cass Sunstein,‘Beyond the Precautionary Principle’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151:3 (January 2003), pp. 1003–58.
238. For Bush’s comment on the Kyoto Protocol, see www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm
239–40. On the relative contributions to global warming of the US and developing countries, see Duncan Austin, José Goldemberg and Gwen Parker, ‘Contributions to Climate Change: Are Conventional Metrics Misleading the Debate?’, World Resource Institute Climate Protection Initiative, Climate Notes, www.igc.org/wri/cpi/notes/metrics.html, and G. Marland, T. A. Boden, R. J. Andres, ‘Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Production and Gas Flaring 1751–2000 (rev. August 2003)’, Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, http://cdiac.esd. ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm.
241. The figures on emissions are from 1996. See G. Marland, T. A. Boden, and R. J. Andres, ‘Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions…’, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, TN, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/top96.cap.
242. The CIA figures on emissions efficiency are from Andrew Revkin, ‘Sliced Another Way: Per Capita Emissions’, New York Times, 17 June 2001. On China’s improvement, see G. Marland, T. A. Boden, R. J. Andres, 2000. ‘Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions’, Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm.
Chapter 7: War: Afghanistan
243. For Bush’s September 11 remarks, see ‘Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation’, September 11, 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html.
244–46. Bush has often claimed that America is a peace-loving nation. See, for example, Ron Fournier, ‘President Honors Veterans, Heads to Power-Short California’, Associated Press, 28 May 2001; and ‘Remarks by the President in Commencement Address to United States Coast Guard Academy’, 21 May 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030521-2.html. Bob Woodward, in Bush at War, p. 30, reveals that it was Bush and Rice who made the decision to draw no distinction between terrorists and those who harbour them.
247. On Cuban terrorists in Miami, see Juan Tomayo, ‘Anti-Castro Plots Seldom Lead to Jail in US’, Miami Herald, 23 July 1998.
248–50. On Austria–Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia, and reactions to it, see G. P. Gooch and H. Temperley, eds, British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914, London, 1926–38, vol. XI, no. 91; cited in Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War, St Martin’s Press, New York, 1977, pp. 221–22; and Charles Horne, ed., Source Records of the Great War, vol. I, The American Legion, Indianapolis, 1931, p. 285. Bush outlined his ultimatum to Afghanistan in his ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People’, Washington, DC, 20 September 2001. www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
251. Cardinal Francis George is quoted from Catholic News Service, ‘Response Called Necessary’, Catholic Free Press, 12 October 2001, p. 1.
252. ‘The Challenge of Peace: God’s Promise and Our Response’, published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, DC, 1983. I have summarised relevant points from paragraphs 85–97.
253–54. The suggestion that the terrorist operations of September 11 depended less on the Afghanistan bases than on flight schools in Florida comes from Carl Conetta,‘Strange Victory:A Critical Appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan War’, Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph #6, The Commonwealth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 2002, p. 32; www.comw.org/pda/0201strangevic.html. The FBI counter-terrorism expert is quoted by Walter Pincus, ‘Al Qaeda to Survive bin Laden, Panel Told’,Washington Post, 19 December 2001; cited in Conetta, p. 5.
255. On Tenet’s views on who should be attacked, see Bob Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 86–89. Woodward describes Bush’s impatience on pp. 63, 99, 113, 151–52, 157–58, 168.
256. For ‘bombers coming from all directions’ see Bush at War, pp. 98, 107.
257–61. On the Taliban’s interest in negotiating a solution, see John Burns,‘Taliban Refuse Quick Decision over bin Laden’, New York Times, 18 September 2001, p. A1; Amir Shah,‘Islamic Clerics Ask Osama bin Laden to Leave Afghanistan; US Rejects Proposal’, New York Times, 20 September 2001; John Burns, ‘Clerics Answer “No, No, No!” and Invoke Fates of Past Foes’, New York Times, 22 September 2001, p. B3. The Bush administration’s contempt for ‘pounding sand’ is described by Woodward in Bush at War, pp. 38, 123. For the decision to oust the Taliban, see Bush at War, pp. 167, 174. For a detailed critique of the switch to this goal, see Carl Conetta, ‘Strange Victory:A Critical Appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan War’.
Chapter 8: War: Iraq
262. On the understanding that Resolution 1441 required further authorisation for the use of force, see United Nations, press release SC 7564, 8 November 2002,‘Security Council Holds Iraq in “Material Breach” of Disarmament Obligations, Offers Final Chance to Comply, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1441 (2002)’, www.un.org/News/ Press/docs/2002/SC7564.doc.htm.
263–67. For the speech in which Bush gave his ultimatum to Saddam Hussein, see ‘President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours’, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/iraq/20030317-7.html. For references to many other speeches making the same point, see http://uggabugga.blogspot.com/2003_04_13_uggabugga_archive.html#9 2763368. For the State of the Union address, 28 January 2003, see www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. For the evidence before the war began that the evidence regarding Iraq’s attempted purchase of uranium in Africa was based on a forgery, see John Donnelly and Elizabeth Neuffer, ‘Intelligence? Dubious Claims Erode US Credibility’, Boston Globe, 16 March 2003; David Ensor, ‘Fake Documents “embarrassing” for US’, www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/14/sprj.irq.documents/, posted 14 March 2003. On the doubts about the aluminium tubes, see Joby Warrick, ‘US Claim on Iraqi Nuclear Program Is Called into Question’,Washington Post, 24 January 2003, p. A1.
268. Robin Cook explained the reasons for his resignation in ‘Why I Had to Leave the Cabinet’, Guardian, 18 March 2003.
269. On the legality of the war, see Lord Goldsmith, ‘Legal Basis for the Use of Force against Iraq’, http://open.gov.uk/NewsRoom/NRArticle/ 0,1169,223412%7E801b22%7Efs%7Een,00.html. For Vaughan Lowe’s view, see Crimes of War Project,‘Would War Be Lawful without Another UN Resolution?’, 10 March 2003, www.crimesofwar.org/special/Iraq/news-iraq2.html and Professor Vaughan Lowe, Professor James Crawford, and others,‘War Would Be Illegal,’ Guardian, 7 March 2003, letters. A critique of the Australian government’s legal justification for participating in the war is Andrew Byrnes and Hilary Charlesworth, ‘The Illegality of the War against Iraq’, Dialogue, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, vol. 22, no. 1 (2003) pp. 4–9.
270. Moseley’s admission is quoted in Michael Gordon,‘US Air Raids in ’02 Prepared for War in Iraq’, New York Times, 20 July 2003.
271–72. For Bush’s response to Knoller, see ‘President George Bush Discusses Iraq in National Press Conference’, 6 March 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030306-8.html. Bush’s reference to Saddam’s ‘vast arsenal’ comes from his radio address to the nation, 8 February 2003, US Department of State International Information Programs, http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/iraq/ text2003/0208bush.htm. He used similar language on many other occasions, including his speech in Cincinnati on 7 October 2002 (see ‘President Bush’s Speech on the Use of Force’, New York Times, 8 October 2002).
273–75. Powell’s statement that Saddam has not developed weapons of mass destruction was made at a press briefing in Cairo on 24 February 2001, after he had met with the Egyptian president and foreign minister. See John Pilger, ‘The Big Lie’, Daily Mirror, 22 September 2003, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/allnews/page.cfm?objectid=13434081 &method=full&siteid=50143. The transcript of the press briefing is available at www.usis.it/file2001_02/alia/a1022304.htm. For Richard Haass’s account of what Rice told him, see Nicholas Lemann,‘How It Came to War:When Did Bush Decide That He Had to Fight Saddam?’, New Yorker, 31 March 2003. Joseph Wilson describes his trip to Niger in Joseph Wilson,‘What I Didn’t Find in Africa’, New York Times, 6 July 2003.
276–77. For the contents of the October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate on Iraq, see ‘Text of Statement by George J. Tenet’, New York Times, 12 July 2003. On Tenet’s call to Hadley, see Dana Milbank and Walter Pincus, ‘Bush Aides Disclose Warnings from CIA’,Washington Post, 23 July 2003, p. A1.
278–79. On the grounds for doubting the African uranium story, see Walter Pincus,‘CIA Asked Britain to Drop Iraq Claim’,Washington Post, 11 July 2003, p. A1. For the repetition of the story by Rice, Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, see Walter Pincus, ‘Bush Team Kept Airing Iraq Allegation’, Washington Post, 8 August 2003, p. A10.
280–85. On Bush’s use of the ‘forty-five-minutes notice’ claim see Dana Milbank,‘White House Didn’t Gain CIA Nod for Claim on Iraqi Strikes’,Washington Post, 20 July 2003, p. A1. Bush repeatedly claimed that Saddam had links with Al Qaeda. For example, in just eight days, between 28 October and 4 November 2002, he made this claim in eleven separate speeches. For details, see http://uggabugga.blogspot.com/2002_11_03_ uggabugga_archive.html#84038908. He continued to make this claim in September 2003, although he then admitted that there was no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks. See David Sanger, ‘Bush Reports No Evidence of Hussein Tie to 9/11’, New York Times, 18 September 2003. For repudiation of the claims about links between Al Qaeda and Iraq, see Walter Pincus,‘Report Cast Doubt on Iraq-Al Qaeda Connection’,Washington Post, 22 June 2003; Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon,‘The Next Debate:The Al Qaeda Link’, New York Times, 20 July 2003; James Risen,‘Captives Deny Qaeda Worked with Baghdad,’ New York Times, 9 June 2003; Robert Scheer, ‘Bad Iraq Data from Start to Finish’, Los Angeles Times, 10 June 2003; and Anne E. Kornblut and Bryan Bender,‘Cheney Link of Iraq, 9/11 Challenged’, Boston Globe, 16 September 2003. For a devastating exposé of the intelligence on which the Bush administration based its case for war with Iraq, see Seymour Hersh, ‘Selective Intelligence’, New Yorker, 12 May 2003, pp. 44–51. On the general issue of stretching the evidence about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, see Evan Thomas, Richard Wolffe and Michael Isikoff,‘Where are Iraq’s WMDs?’, Newsweek, 9 June 2003, www.msnbc.com/news/919753.asp#BODY; and Barton Gellman,‘Frustrated US Arms Team to Leave Iraq:Task Force Unable to Find Any Weapons’,Washington Post, 11 May 2003, p. A1. Iraq’s attempt to negotiate with the US is described in James Risen,‘Iraq Said to Have Tried to Reach Last-Minute Deal to Avert War’, New York Times, 6 November 2003.
286. Bush’s account of the orders he gave to Franks can be found in ‘Full Text of Brokaw’s Interview with Bush’, (an interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC News), New York Times, 25 April 2003.
287–90. The passage quoted from the UN Charter is from Article 2(7), available at www.un.org/aboutun/charter. The resolutions referred to are Security Council Resolution 688 (5 April 1991) http://srch0.un.org:80/ Docs/scres/1991/688e.pdf, and Security Council Resolution 841 (16 June 1993) http://srch0.un.org:80/Docs/scres/1993/841e.pdf. I am indebted here to Gregory Fox, ‘The Right to Political Participation in International Law’, in Cecelia Lynch and Michael Loriaux, eds, Law and Moral Action in World Politics, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999, p. 91. For further discussion of the ethics and law of humanitarian intervention, see my One World, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2002, chapter 4.
291. The quote from Con Coughlin is from his Saddam, King of Terror, Ecco, New York, 2002, p. 315.
292–93. For Bush’s statement that the US was right not to send troops into Rwanda, see the second presidential debate, www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm. Rice’s statement ignoring the president’s stance is quoted in Philip Gourevitch,‘The Congo Test’, New Yorker, 2 June 2003, p. 33. See also James Bennett, ‘Clinton Declares US and the World Failed Rwandans’, New York Times, 26 March 1998.
294. On the resolution in Congress authorising the use of force against Iraq, see Alison Mitchell and Carla Hulse,‘Threats and Responses:The Vote: Congress Authorizes Bush to Use Force against Iraq, Creating a Broad Mandate’, New York Times, 11 October 2002, p. A1;‘Congress Passes Iraq Use of Force Resolution’, http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/ weekly/aa101102a.htm.
295–96. For descriptions of conditions in hospitals in Iraq during the war, see Paul McGeough,‘Descent into a Charnel-House Hospital Hell’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 April 2003, p.1. For the killing of Mazen Dana, see ‘Cameraman Killed By US Troops’, CNN.com, 17 August 2003, www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/17/sprj.irq.cameraman.reut/ and for that of the al-Kerim family, see Justin Huggler,‘Family Shot Dead by Panicking US Troops’, Independent, 10 August 2003.
297. For an estimate of Iraqi deaths, civilian and combatant, see Carl Conetta,‘The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict’, Project on Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph #8, http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8exsum.html. The death toll among US military forces and those of its supporters is given in Associated Press, ‘US Soldier Killed in Bombing is 400th to Die in Iraq’, Washington Post, 15 November 2003. For the number of Americans injured, and personal accounts of the impact of those injuries, see Neela Banerjee,‘Rebuilding Bodies, and Lives, Maimed by War’, New York Times, 16 November 2003. On the use of napalm, see Andrew Buncombe,‘US Admits It Used Napalm Bombs in Iraq’, Independent, 10 August 2003. On the environmental problems caused by the war and its aftermath, see United Nations Environment Program,‘Environment in Iraq: UNEP Progress Report’, Geneva, 20 October 2003, http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Iraq_PR.pdf. For Iraq’s cultural losses, see Adam Goodheart, ‘Missing: A Vase, a Book, a Bird and 10,000 Years of History’, New York Times, 20 April 2003; Alberto Manguel,‘Our First Words, Written in Clay, in an Accountant’s Hand’, New York Times, 20 April 2003; David Mehegan,‘Burned Libraries Make Iraq’s History a War Casualty’, Boston Globe, 21 April, 2003, p. B7; Eleanor Robson,‘Iraq’s Museums: What Really Happened’, Guardian, 18 June 2003; US Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, ‘Iraq Cultural Property Image Collection’, http://exchanges.state.gov/culprop/imfact.html. The figures on violent deaths in Baghdad are taken from Iraq Body Count, Press Release PR5,‘Over 1500 Violent Civilian Deaths in Occupied Baghdad’, 23 September 2003, www.iraqbodycount.net/press.htm.
298. For Kofi Annan’s dilemma see ‘Secretary-General presents his annual report to General Assembly’, [20 September 1999] SG/SM/7136 GA/9596; http://srch0.un.org:80/Docs/SG/index.html.
299–302. See Human Rights Watch, ‘Briefing to the 59th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights: Democratic Republic of Congo’, 27 February 2003, www.hrw.org/un/chr59/drc.htm; Human Rights Watch,‘D.R. Congo: Civilians at Risk of Revenge Killings in Ituri’, Human Rights News, 11 March 2003, http:// hrw.org/press/2003/03/congo031103.htm; Philip Gourevitch,‘The Congo Test’, New Yorker, 2 June 2003, p. 33. On the final UN deployment, with US forces, see Reuters,‘UN Approves Troop Deployment in Congo’, New York Times, 30 May 2003.
Chapter 9: Pax Americana
302–3. For Webster’s view, see Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, to Lord Ashburton, 6 August 1842, reprinted in John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law 409, 412 (1906). For discussion see Michael Byers, ‘Letting the Exception Prove the Rule’, Ethics and International Affairs, 17:1 (2003) pp. 9–24. The relevant section of the United Nations Charter is Chapter VII, Article 51, available at www.un.org/aboutun/charter.
304–6. For US threats and actions regarding North Korea, see Barbara Starr and Suzanne Malvaux, ‘Officials: U.S. Reviews Military Options Amid Korea Tensions’, CNN, 18 January 2003, http://edition.cnn.com/ 2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/18/korea. war/; Martin Nesirky,‘US Bombers Sent to Deter North Korea’, Reuters, 6 March 2003, http://uk.news.yahoo.com/030306/80/dusz5.html;‘Full Text of Brokaw’s Interview With Bush’ (an interview by Tom Brokaw of NBC News), New York Times, 25 April 2003. For Bush’s comment on what Chirac needed to be told, see Fox News, ‘Raw Data:Text of Bush Interview’ [with Brit Hume], 22 September 2003, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,98006,00.html.
307–8. See ‘US Documents Show Embrace of Saddam Hussein in Early 1980s Despite Chemical Weapons, External Aggression, Human Rights Abuses’, National Security Archive, George Washington University, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/press.htm. On international law on the legitimacy of governments, see Brad Roth, Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 162–63.
309–10. The thesis that democracies are less likely to be aggressors goes back to Kant’s Perpetual Peace, section II, and is also associated with Joseph Schumpeter. See Michael Doyle, ‘Liberal Institutions and International Ethics’, in Kenneth Kipnis and Diana Meyers, eds, Political Realism and International Morality, Westview, Boulder, CO, 1987, pp. 185–211; first published as ‘Liberalism and World Politics’, American Political Science Review, 80:4 (1986), pp. 1152–69. See Matthew White’s assessment at http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/demowar.htm. This site also has links to other web discussions of the thesis.
311–13. See US Department of Defense, Quadrennial Review Report, 30 September 2001, www.defenselink.mil/pubs/qdr2001.pdf. For the quote from Richard Betts, see his Surprise Attack: Lessons for Defense Planning, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1982, pp. 14, 43, cited by Neta Crawford, ‘The Slippery Slope to Preventive War’, Ethics and International Affairs, 17:1 (2003), p. 32. Hobbes’s classic work is Leviathan, (1651). The quotes here and below come from chapters 13 and 17.
314–15. For the second presidential debate, see www.newsminute.com/bushgoredebate2.htm. The ‘strong and humble’ statement was in ‘President Bush Addresses Council of the Americas’, 7 May 2001, www.usemb.gov.do/IRC/speeches/bush8.htm.
For Project for the New American Century’s ‘Statement of Principles’, see www.newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm
The signatories include the following appointees in the Bush–Cheney administration: Elliot Abrams, who has served as Bush’s Director of the National Security Council’s Office for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations, and as Special Assistant to the president for a region that includes the Middle East; Paula Dobriansky, Under-Secretary, Global Affairs, US Department of State; Aaron Friedberg, Deputy National Security Adviser and Director of Planning to Vice-President Cheney; and Peter W. Rodman, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.
316. For the ‘Letter to President Clinton on Iraq’, see www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm
317. On Shulsky’s role in the Iraq intelligence debacle, see Seymour Hersh, ‘Selective Intelligence’, New Yorker, 12 May 2003, p. 44.
318. Rumsfeld’s reference to stopping Hitler is from Fox Special Report with Brit Hume, 19 August 2002, as cited in Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War over Iraq: Saddam’s Tyranny and America’s Mission, Encounter Books, San Francisco, 2003, p. 115.
319. On America as the world’s policeman, see Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War over Iraq, pp. 120–21.
320–21. For the Truman quote, see Harry S. Truman, address in San Francisco at the Closing Session of the United Nations Conference, 26 June 1945, Truman Presidential Museum and Library, www.trumanlibrary.org/trumanpapers/pppus/1945/66.htm. For Bush’s challenge to the Security Council, see ‘President George Bush Discusses Iraq in National Press Conference’, 6 March 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030306-8.html
322–23. See Richard Perle, ‘United They Fall’, Spectator, 22 March 2003, www.spectator.co.uk/article.php3?table=old§ion=current&issue=2003-05-10&id=2909. See also Richard Perle,‘Who Says the United Nations Is Better than NATO?’, International Herald Tribune, 28 November 2002, www.iht.com/ihtsearch.php?id=78361&owner=(IHT)&date=200211291 30235; see also Yahoo/Reuters, ‘Perle:War against Terror Is Not Over’, 25 April 2003, http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/ 20030425/pl_nm/iraq_perle_dc_1. For Kaplan and Kristol’s assertion that there is no higher authority than America, see, The War over Iraq, p. 120.
324–25. On the US contribution to the UN, see United Nations Secretariat, ‘Status of Contributions as at 31 December 2002’, ST/ADM/SER.B/600, 23 January 2003. Annex II. For ‘Ranking the Rich’, see Foreign Policy, no. 136 (May–June 2003); www.foreignpolicy.com/story/story.php?storyID=13656.
326. For Blair’s readiness to disregard a veto, see BBC News, ‘Clearing the Decks for War’, 24 February 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ middle_east/2769839.stm; BBC News, ‘Russia Ready for Iraq Veto’, 10 March 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2835241.stm; Diego Ibarguen, Daniel Rubin, and Martin Merzer, ‘France, Russia Prepared to Veto War Resolution’, Mercury News, 10 March, 2003, www.bayarea.com/mld/bayarea/news/5361001.htm.
327–28. For Bush’s speech to the UN, see ‘President Addresses United Nations General Assembly’, 23 September 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030923-4.html. For Kofi Annan’s speech, see Press Release SG/SM/8891/GA/10157,‘Adoption of Policy of Preemption Could Result in Proliferation of Unilateral, Lawless Use of Force, Secretary-General Tells General Assembly’, 23 September 2003, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8891.doc.htm.
329.‘What’s wrong with dominance?’ is asked by Kaplan and Kristol on p. 112 of The War over Iraq.
330. On the response to Bush’s ‘first things first’ statement, see Edmund Andrews, ‘Bush Angers Europe by Eroding Pact on Warming’, New York Times, 1 April 2001, p. A1.
331–32. For Glover’s views, see his essay,‘Can We Justify Killing the Children of Iraq?’, Guardian, 5 February 2003. For the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists report on the dangers posed by the smuggling of radioactive materials, see its issue of 27 February 2002, www.thebulletin.org/media/current.html
333–34. On NATO’s unity, see NATO, ‘September 11, One Year On’, www.nato.int/terrorism/, and for the UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), see United Nations Press Release SC/7158, 28 September 2001, www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htm.
335. Kiesling’s letter is quoted in Matthew Rothschild,‘Bush Trashes the United Nations’, Progressive, April 2003.
Chapter 10: The Ethics of George W. Bush
336. See Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Basic Books, 1977, p. ix.
337. ‘President Outlines His Agenda for US–African Relations’, 26 June 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/06/20030626-2.html.
338–40. See A Charge to Keep, pp. 10, 147; and press release, ‘President Signs Born Alive Infants Protection Act’, Office of the Press Secretary, 5 August 2002, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020805-6.html. The reference to Exodus is 21:22–23.
341–42. For Jesus on turning the other cheek, see Matthew 5:39, and for Paul, Romans 12:17–21.
343–45. For the views of religious leaders on the war with Iraq, see Peter Steinfels, ‘Deaf Ears on Iraq’, New York Times, 28 September 2002; Laurie Goodstein, ‘Diverse Denominations Oppose the Call to Arms’, New York Times, 6 March 2003; Laurie Goodstein,‘Conservative Catholics’ Wrenching Debate over Whether to Back President or Pope’, New York Times, 6 March 2003.
For the Time poll, see ‘Beyond the Year 2000:What to Expect in the New Millennium’, special issue (Fall, 1992), cited by Robert Fuller, Naming the Antichrist:The History of an American Obsession, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
346–49. The quote about liberty being God’s gift is from Ann McFeatters, ‘Religious Leaders Uneasy With Bush’s Rhetoric’, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 12 February 2003. For the significance of Bush’s use of the term ‘evil ones’, see David Frum, The Right Man, p. 140. Frum’s comment on the phrase ‘axis of evil’ is on pp. 238–40. The comment from Don Evans is quoted by Howard Fineman,‘Bush and God’, Newsweek, 10 March 2003, p. 25.
350. Walter Lippman’s remark is from his A Preface to Politics, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1962, p. 7 and is quoted by Andrew Delbanco, The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost the Sense of Evil, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York, 1996.
351–52. On Bush’s instinctive responses, see Bob Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 340–42. Frum’s comment is from The Right Man, pp. 273–74.
353. John DiIulio’s letter to Ron Suskind, dated 24 October 2002, was a source for Ron Suskind’s ‘Why Are These Men Laughing?’, Esquire, vol. 139 no. 1, January 2003. The text of the letter is available at www.esquire.com/features/articles/2002/021202_mfe_diiulio_1.html.
354–55. The comment from Nicholas Kristof is in his ‘In Blair We Trust’, New York Times, 8 July 2003, and the one from Howard Fineman is from ‘Bush and God’, Newsweek, 10 March 2003, p. 30.
356–57. For the quote from DiIulio, see the letter cited above. Frum’s anecdotes about his use of ‘damn’ and Bush’s understanding of being truthful are on pp. 13–17 of The Right Man. Frum’s praise of Bush is on p. 272 of that work.
358–59. For an account of Lawrence Kohlberg’s views, see his The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1981, pp. 18–19, 24. Kohlberg’s sequence of stages has been criticised on various grounds, including that it is based on studies of boys only. (See Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982.) Though some of these criticisms are valid, Kohlberg’s view of moral development may nevertheless provide a helpful way of understanding Bush’s moral judgments. Frum’s statement that the country could trust the Bush administration not to lie or cheat is on p. 20 of The Right Man.
360–63. Rice and Rumsfeld are quoted in James Risen,‘Bush Aides Now Say Claim on Uranium Was Accurate’, New York Times, 14 July 2003. Bush’s initial evasion of the issue is described in David Sanger and Carl Hulse,‘Republicans Dismiss Questions over Banned Weapons in Iraq’, New York Times, 18 June 2003. Rice admitted responsibility in her interview on ‘The NewsHour’ with Jim Lehrer, as quoted in Richard Stevenson,‘Bush Denies Claim He Oversold Case for War with Iraq’, New York Times, 31 July 2003. Bush ‘absolutely’ took responsibility in his news conference, reported in ‘President Bush’s Rose Garden News Conference’, New York Times, 30 July 2003.
364–65. On Bush’s failure to support an independent inquiry, see Richard Stevenson, ‘President Asserts He Still Has Faith in Tenet and CIA’, New York Times, 13 July 2003, and Carl Hulse, ‘Senate Rejects Panel on Prewar Iraq Data’, New York Times, 17 July 2003. On Scott McClellan’s repeated evasion of the question about why Bush made an inaccurate statement on when doubts were raised about the uranium claim, see press briefing by Scott McClellan, 15 July 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/07/20030715-2.html.
See also Roy Eccleston, ‘President’s Answers Raise Questions’, Australian, 6 July 2003, p. 6.
366–68. See John DiIulio’s letter to Ron Suskind, referred to above. On DiIulio’s subsequent apology, see ‘Ex-Bush Aide Offers Apology for Remarks’, New York Times, 3 December 2002. For the events involving President Hugo Chávez, see Christopher Marquis, ‘Bush Officials Met with Venezuelans Who Ousted Leader’, New York Times, 16 April 2002. On the cut to the budget for enforcing corporate standards, see Anne Kornblut, ‘For Bush Team, Getting Reelected Is Constant Theme’, Boston Globe, 29 December 2002.
369. The voting figures for those who rated honesty are from Frum, The Right Man, p. 9.
370–76. On the convenient timing of Bush’s conversion, see Howard Fineman,‘Bush and God’, Newsweek, 10 March 2003, p. 27.
For Krugman’s statements, in the order quoted, see his New York Times columns as follows: ‘Gotta Have Faith’, 17 December 2002;‘The Rove Doctrine’, 11 June 2002;‘Rejecting the World’ 18 April 2003; ‘A Touch of Class’, 21 January, 2003;‘Threats, Promises and Lies’, 25 February 2003; and ‘Steps to Wealth’, 16 July 2002. For a collection of Krugman’s columns, see his The Great Unraveling, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003.
377–80. The quote from Strauss about religion is from his Thoughts on Machiavelli, Free Press, Glencoe, IL, 1958, pp. 230–31; see also ‘On a Forgotten Kind of Writing’, Independent Journal of Philosophy, (2), 1978, p. 27. I am grateful to David Luban for these citations. Thomas Fleming is quoted by Jeet Heer, ‘The Philosopher’, Boston Globe, 11 May 2003, p. H1. Robert Locke’s essay on Strauss is ‘Leo Strauss, Conservative Mastermind’, FrontPageMagazine.com, 31 May 2002, www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=1233. The ‘no higher duty’ quote is from Peter Berkowitz, ‘Misreading a Political Philosopher’,Weekly Standard, 2 June 2003, www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/717acusr.asp. For Miles Burnyeat’s essay, see ‘Sphinx without a Secret’, New York Review of Books, vol. 32, no. 9, 30 May 1985.
381. On who is a Straussian, see James Atlas, ‘A Classicist’s Legacy: New Empire Builders’, New York Times, 4 May 2003; Jeet Heer,‘The Philosopher’, Boston Globe, 11 May 2003, p. H1; and see Seymour Hersh, ‘Selective Intelligence’, New Yorker, 12 May 2003. Atlas includes Richard Perle among the Straussians, a claim forcefully rejected by Joshua Muravchik in ‘The Neoconservative Cabal’, Commentary, September 2003, p. 28.
382. For Bush’s extraordinary statement about the reasons for attacking Iraq, see ‘President Reaffirms Strong Position on Liberia: Remarks by the President and United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in Photo Opportunity, the Oval Office’, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/07/20030714-3.html; Ken Fireman,‘The “Right Decision”: Bush Defends Intelligence That Led the US to War’, Newsday, 15 July 2003; Dana Priest and Dana Milbank, ‘Bush Defends Allegation on Iraq’, Washington Post, 15 July 2003, p. A1.
383–84. The statement about Rove’s power, and Rove’s admission about his use of the war on terror for political advantage, are both to be found in James Carney, ‘General Karl Rove, Reporting for Duty’, Time, 29 September 2002. For Daschle’s comments accusing Rove of making partisan use of the national security debate, see ‘Bush and Daschle Comments on National Security’, New York Times, 26 September 2002.
