Abbreviations Used in the Notes
| A | The Antichrist | |
| BGE | Beyond Good and Evil | |
| BT | The Birth of Tragedy | |
| CW | The Case of Wagner | |
| D | Daybreak | |
| EH | Ecce Homo | |
| GM | On the Genealogy of Morals | |
| GS | The Gay Science | |
| HAH | Human, All Too Human | |
| NCW | Nietzsche contra Wagner | |
| PN | The Portable Nietzsche | |
| TI | Twilight of the Idols | |
| TSZ | Thus Spoke Zarathustra | |
| UM | Untimely Meditations | |
| WP | The Will to Power |
1. TI I, p. 467.
2. Alexander Nehamas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985).
3. For further commentary on the specific books, beyond what is offered in chapter 2, see Bernd Magnus and Kathleen M. Higgins, “Nietzsche’s Works and Their Themes,” in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche, Magnus and Higgins, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 21–68. For discussions of individual works, see Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins, Reading Nietzsche (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
1. Letter from Nietzsche to Jacob Burckhardt, January 6, 1889, in PN, p. 685.
2. Letter from Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, January 6, 1889, in PN, p. 687.
3. ith the ring of time; in effect, the human point of connection with eternity
4. GS 140, p. 190.
5. GM I:7, pp. 33–34. Italics in original.
6. GM I:9, p. 36.
7. GM I:16, p. 53.
8. EH III:1, p. 261.
9. TI IX:1, p. 506.
10. This statement and Nietzsche’s religious thought generally are discussed below, in chapter 3.
11. TSZ, p. 321.
12. WP 2, p. 9.
13. TSZ, p. 126.
14. D 348, p. 165.
15. GS 290, p. 232.
16. EH, “Why I Am So Clever” 10, p. 258.
17. TI IX:7, p. 512.
18. David Farrell Krell and Donald L. Bates, The Good European: Nietzsche’s Work Sites in Word and Image (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 47.
19. EH II:1, p. 236.
20. EH II:1, p. 236.
21. GM II:23, p. 93.
22. D I:95, p. 54.
23. GM II:6, p. 67.
24. GS 73, p. 129.
25. TSZ I:19, p.180.
26. Hans von Bülow, 1872 letter to Nietzsche, cited in Ernst Newman, The Life of Richard Wagner, vol. 4 (New York: Knopf, 1933–46), p. 324.
27. EH II:3, p. 243.
28. Friedrich Nietzsche to Cosima Wagner, beginning of January 1889, in Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche, trans. and ed., Christopher Middleton (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 346.
29. Translated from the records of the asylum at Jena, March 27, 1889; in Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, 4th edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 32.
30. EH II:5, p. 247; EH II:6, p. 250; and CW 1, as discussed in EH, p. 317.
31. EH, p. 285.
32. TI IV:5, p. 483.
33. TI IV:2, p. 481.
34. TI I, p. 466.
35. TI II:8, p. 467.
36. Alexander Nehamas, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 234.
37. TI IX:2, p. 507.
38. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance (New York: Wise, 1929), pp. 143–44.
39. GS 348, p. 291.
40. See EH III:1, p. 261.
41. Marie von Bradke, June 30–September 25, 1886, cited in Sander L. Gilman, Conversations with Nietzsche: A Life in the Words of His Contemporaries, trans. David J. Parent (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 192.
1. GS 366, p. 322.
2. GS 381, p. 343.
3. TSZ, p. 152.
4. TI IX:7, p. 512.
5. EH III:4, p. 265.
6. GS 173, p. 201.
7. TI X:51, p. 556.
8. TSZ II:17, p. 239
9. See Sämmtliche Briefe: Kritische Studienausgabe, 8 vols., G. Colli and M. Moninari, eds. (Berlin: de Gruyter/Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1975–84), vol. 9, 12 [2], p. 576, our translation.
10. TI X:1, p. 513.
11. GS 368, p. 326.
12. EH IV:1, p. 326.
13. TSZ II:6, p. 209.
14. BT 5, p. 52; see also BT 4 (“Attempt at Self Criticism”) p. 22.
15. GS 99, p. 155.
16. Nietzsche, “On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense,” in Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche’s Notebooks of the Early 1870’s, Daniel Breazeale, trans. and ed. (Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1979), p. 84.
17. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Walter Kaufman (New York: Random House, 1966), 6, p. 13.
18. BGE 187, p.99.
19. BGE 211, p. 136.
20. BGE 13, p. 21.
21. TSZ IV:13:3, p. 399.
22. CW 7, p. 170.
23. CW 5, p. 164.
24. Gary Shapiro, “The Writing on the Wall: The Antichrist and the Semiotics of History,” in Reading Nietzsche, Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 200.
25. A 62, pp. 655–56.
1. GS 285, pp. 230.
2. GS 136, p.188.
3. A 15, pp. 581.
4. D 78, p.48.
5. GS 135, pp. 187–88.
6. TI VI:1, p. 486.
7. D 60, p. 36.
8. HAH 55, p. 41.
9. GM II:16, p. 85.
10. GS 122, p. 178.
11. GS 357, p. 307.
12. GS 125, pp. 181–82.
13. BGE 116, p.86.
14. TSZ I:13, p. 166.
15. GS 109, p. 169.
16. EH IV 9, p. 335.
17. GS 310, pp. 247–48.
18. TSZ III:13, p. 405.
19. GS 334, p. 262.
1. BGE 260, p. 204.
2. GM I:7, p.34.
3. GM I:10, p.36.
4. GM I:10, p.36.
5. GM I:11, p.42.
6. GM I:10, p. 38.
7. Simone Weil, “Evil,” in Gravity and Grace (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1952), p. 120.
8. TI VIII, p. 501.
9. GM I:13, pp. 44–45.
10. GM I:13, p.45.
1. EH III:5, p. 266.
2. TI III:3, p. 474.
3. A 11, p. 578.
4. GM I:10, p. 36. The adjective “shabby” comes from WP 7, p. 10.
5. TI IX:2, p. 507.
6. TI III:3, p. 474.
7. “Schopenhauer as Educator” 2, in UM, p. 135.
8. BT 15, p. 96.
9. BT 15, p. 93.
10. Fragment VI, 101, cited in Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, 4th edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 398.
11. GM III:7, p. 107.
12. HAH 86, p. 332.
13. EH IV:3, pp. 327–28.
14. Postcard from Nietzsche to Franz Overbeck, postmarked Sils Engd., July 30, 1881, in Christopher Middleton, trans. and ed., Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 177.
15. Friedrich Nietzsche, Gesammelte Werke, Musarionausgabe, 23 vols. (Munich: Musarion, 1920–29), XXI, 98; cited in Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 306.
16. Nietzsche, Gesammelte Werke, Musarionausgabe, XIV, 109; cited in Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 306.
17. HAH 475, p. 175.
18. D 497, pp. 202–3.
19. D 481, p. 198.
20. GS 333, p. 261.
21. GM Preface 5, p. 19.
22. WP 410, p. 221.
23. GM II:15, p. 83.
24. GS 372, p. 333.
25. TI IX:49, pp. 553–54.
26. TI X:51, p. 555.
27. TSZ II, p. 239.
28. Carol Diethe, Nietzsche’s Women: Beyond the Whip (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1996), p. 24.
29. NCW, pp. 663–64.
30. EH II:6, p. 250.
31. BT 18, p. 112.
32. GS 357, p. 305.
33. See WP 1067, p. 550.
34. GS 357, pp. 307–8.
35. TI IX:45, pp. 549–50.
36. See Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 340.
37. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Divinity School Address” (1838), in Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: New American Library, 1965), pp. 248–49.
38. Emerson, “Divinity School Address,” pp. 253 and 255.
39. A 39, p. 612.
40. EH II:4, p. 246.
41. GS 98, p. 15.
42. BT 7, p. 60.
43. TSZ II, p. 240.
44. William Shakespeare, Hamlet, act 1, scene 5, lines 166–67.
45. BT 9, pp. 67–68.
46. TI II:4, p. 561.
47. BT 23, p. 137.
48. Nietzsche to Erwin Rhode, February 22, 1884, in Middleton, Selected Letters, p. 221.
49. “Unter und über dem Nein das tiefe, heimliche Ja.” Martin Luther, Dr. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Weimar, 1883ff.), 11, 120.
50. GS 377, p. 340.
51. EH II:4, p. 245.
52. TI IX:2, p. 559.
53. The phrase comes from Daniel Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
54. See Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 175.
55. TSZ, Prologue 4, p. 126.
56. Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 118.
57. GS 357, p. 305.
58. GS 340, p. 272.
59. BT 12, p.82.
60. BT 15, p. 93.
61. BT 13, p. 88.
62. D 68, p.39.
63. GS 139, pp. 189–90.
64. D 68, p. 39.
65. A 41, p. 616.
66. A 42, p. 617.
67. NCW, “How I Broke Away from Wagner” 1, in PN, pp. 675–76.
68. NCW, “How I Broke Away from Wagner” 1, p. 676.
69. EH II:5, p.248.
70. CW 7, p. 170
71. CW 8, p. 172.
72. NCW, “Where I Offer Objections,” p. 665.
73. CW 10, p. 177.
74. NCW, “Wagner as a Danger,” p. 667.
75. GS 99, p. 155.
76. TI V, p. 485.
77. GS 335, p.264.
78. GS 193, p. 205.
79. EH III, pp. 270–71.
80. TSZ, p. 146.
81. TI IV:3, p. 481.
82. BT 12, p. 85.
83. GS 357, p. 305.
84. GS 11, p. 85.
85. TI VI:1, p. 480.
86. WP 192, p. 114.
87. GS 214, p. 209.
88. GS 128, p. 185.
89. GS 358, p. 311.
90. Martin Luther, Sämtliche Schriften (St. Louis, 1881–1910), XX, 1989ff; cited in Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 165n. See also “On the Jews and Their Lies,” trans. Martin H. Bertram, in Luther’s Works in 55 vols., Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann, eds. (Philadelphia and St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1955ff.), vol. 47: The Christian in Society IV, ed. Franklin Sherman, pp. 285–88.
91. GS 129, p. 185.
92. GS 358, p. 312.
93. TI 2:12, p. 468.
94. BGE 260, 207.
95. BGE 228, p. 157.
96. BGE 225, p. 153.
97. TI X:12, p. 521.
98. BGE 254, p. 193.
99. EH III, p. 270.
100. BGE 211, p. 136.
101. BGE 204, p. 122.
102. GS 357, p. 306.
103. TI X:14, p. 522.
104. WP 684, p. 363.
105. UM, “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life” 9, p. 111.
106. WP 684, p. 363.
107. WP 647, p. 344.
108. WP 684, p. 363.
109. TI X:14, p. 523.
110. GS 277, p. 224.
111. TSZ II:3, p. 202.
112. TSZ IV:7, pp. 378–79.
113. TSZ IV:6, p. 373.
114. TSZ IV:6, p. 374.
115. TSZ III:8, 2, p. 294.
1. GS 290, p. 232.
2. HAH 301, pp. 136–37.
3. D 556, p. 224.
4. BGE 284, p. 226.
5. GS 276, p.223.
6. GS 290, p.233.
7. TI, p. 530.
8. D 278, p. 150.
9. GS 173, pp. 201–2.
10. TI 33, p. 533.
11. GS 283, p. 346.
12. EH II:10, p. 258.
13. TSZ II:13, pp. 230–31.
14. GS 14, p. 89.
15. TSZ Preface 4, p. 127.
16. Dhammapada, quoted in Freny Mistry, Nietzsche and Buddhism (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1981), p. 3.
17. TSZ III:12, p. 326.
18. BGE 227, p. 156.
19. GS 344, p. 282.
20. TSZ I:3, p. 145.
21. TSZ I:19, p. 211.
22. TSZ II:7, p. 180.
23. BGE 94, p. 83.
24. TSZ Preface 2, pp. 122–23.
25. D 32, p. 24.
26. TSZ I:3, p. 144.
27. BGE 61, p.72.
28. TI X:49, p. 554.
29. TI X:47, p. 551.
1. GS 276, p.223.
2. EH II:10, p. 258.
3. GS 341, pp. 273–74.
4. TSZ III:13, p. 333.
5. Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984), pp. 195–96.
6. Kurt Baier, The Moral Point of View: A Rational Basis of Ethics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958).
7. GS 343, p. 280.
8. BGE 211, p. 136.
9. WP I:3, p. 7, and 1:2, p. 9.
10. GS 337, pp. 268–69.
11. Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. xvi.
12. HAH I:87, p. 48.
13. WP 1067, p. 550.
14. BGE 36, p. 48.
15. BGE 259, p. 203.
16. BGE 13, p. 21.
17. D 262, p. 146.
18. GS 192, p. 205.
19. D 348, p. 165.
20. GS 348, p. 291.
21. TSZ II:12, p. 225.
22. BGE 9, p. 16.
23. GS 13, p. 86.
24. GS 14, p. 88.
25. D 113, p. 113.
26. D 204, p. 123.
27. D 113, p. 114.
1. Nietzsche, in a letter to Paul Rée, in 1882.
2. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel Barnes (New York: Philosophical Library, 1956), pp. 107ff.
3. For discussion, see Steven E. Aschheim, The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
4. TI X:51, p. 555.