Prologue
1 John Kruzel, “Colonel Describes Orderly Traffic at Haiti Airport,” American Forces Press Service, January 17, 2010.
2 Kelly Webster, “Lessons from a Military Humanitarian in Port-au-Prince, Haiti,” Small Wars Journal, March 28, 2010, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/401-webster.pdf.
3 Yochi Dreazen, “Military Finds an Unlikely Advisor in School-Building Humanitarian,” Wall Street Journal, December 26, 2008.
4 Lin Wells, “Tides Week One Summary by Lin Wells,” Star-Tides blog, http://star-tides.blogspot.com/2007/10/below-is-summary-of-first-week-of-tides.html.
5 Donna Miles, “Obama Cites Responsibility to ‘Get It Right’ in Iraq, Afghanistan,” American Forces Press Service, February 28, 2009.
6 Robert Gates, National Defense University (Washington, D.C.), Speech, September 29, 2008, www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1279.
7 John Hillen, “Superpowers Don’t Do Windows,” Orbis, Spring 1997, http://www.fpri.org/americavulnerable/03.SuperpowersDontDoWindows.Hillen.pdf.
8 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, “Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience,” report, February 2, 2009, www.sigir.mil/files/HardLessons/Hard_Lessons-Report.pdf.
9 Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, “Quarterly Report to the United States Congress,” April 30, 2010, www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/Apr2010/SIGARapril_Lores.pdf.
10 Robert Gates, “Eisenhower Library (Defense Spending),” speech, May 8, 2010, www.defense.gov/speeches.aspx?speechID=1467.
11 Ken Dilanian, “Clinton: U.S. Will Try to Repair Broken Aid,” USA Today, April 1, 2009.
12 USAID, “Budget Justification FY 2001,” www.usaid.gov/pubs/bj2001.
13 Max Boot, “The Case for American Empire: The Most Realistic Response to Terrorism Is for America to Embrace Its Imperial Role,” Weekly Standard, October 12, 2001.
14 American Foreign Service Association, “AFSANET: Telling Our Story: October 17, 2007,” factsheet, www.afsa.org/101707presupdate.cfm.
15 See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “The United States: Development Assistance Committee Peer Review,” 2006, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/57/37885999.pdf.
16 Corine Hegland, “Pentagon, State Struggle to Define Nation-Building Roles,” National Journal, April 30, 2007.
17 An updated version of this document, dated September 16, 2009, is available at www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf.
18 August Cole, “Defense Firms Look to Fill Gaps as U.S. Policy Shifts,” Wall Street Journal, March 2, 2009.
19 Nina Serafino, “Peacekeeping and Related Stability Operations: Issues of U.S. Military Involvement,” Congressional Research Service report, July 13, 2006, www.history.navy.mil/library/online/peacekeep_stab%20ops.htm#evolution.
20 Michael Siegl, “Clarity and Culture in Stability Operations.” Military Review 87, no. 6, November–December 2007.
Part I: Winning the War, Losing the Peace
1. Absolute Beginners
1 Patrick Cockburn, “Cluster Bombs over Charicar,” The Independent, October 5, 2001.
2 For photos of the Salang Pass, see the Web site for former students and teachers of the American International School of Kabul, www.aisk.org/aisk/return2kabul200501.php.
3 Linette Albert, “Afghanistan: A Perspective,” in Louis Dupree and Linette Albert, eds., Afghanistan in the 1970s (New York: Praeger, 1974), p. 254.
4 Ibid.
5 U.S. Government Accounting Office, “Contingency Operations: Army Should Do More to Control Contract Cost in the Balkans,” report to the U.S. Senate, September 2000.
6 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, factsheet on LOGCAP I, “Transatlantic Program Center’s Involvement in the First Contract Awarded for the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (1991–1997),” www.tac.usace.army.mil/Organization/lcap.html.
7 Dana Priest, The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military (New York: Norton, 2003), p. 387.
8 James Dao, “G.I.’s Fight Afghan Devastation with Plaster and Nails,” New York Times, June 24, 2002.
9 Sandra Erwin, “Civil Affairs,” National Defense, May 2005.
10 Sean Naylor, “Demand Skyrocketing for Active-Duty Civil Affairs Brigade,” Defense News, October 5, 2001.
11 Chemonics, “Helping Rebuild Lives in Afghanistan,” press release, www.chemonics.com/projects/default.asp?content_id={17C6D697-B36B-4B95-8A3F-424816235E18}.
12 Ken Dilanian, “Short-Staffed USAID Tries to Keep Pace,” USA Today, February 1, 2009.
13 Ruben Berrios, Contracting for Development: The Role of For-Profit Development Contractors in U.S. Foreign Development Assistance (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000), pp. 1–2.
14 Matt Steinglass, “The Pitfalls of Pacification,” GlobalPost.com, March 27, 2009, www.globalpost.com/dispatch/vietnam/090327/the-pitfalls-pacification?page=0,2.
15 Berrios, Contracting for Development, pp. 7–8.
16 For a list of USAID implementation partners in Ukraine, see http://ukraine.usaid.gov/link.shtml.
17 Matt Bivens, “Aboard the Gravy Train: In Kazakhstan, the Farce That Is U.S. Foreign Aid,” Harper’s, August 1997.
18 Ibid.
19 Janine Wedel, “The Harvard Boys Do Russia,” The Nation, June 1, 1998.
20 Zachary Seward, “Harvard to Pay $26.5 Million in HIID Settlement,” Harvard Crimson, July 29, 2005.
21 Joel Hafvenstein, Opium Season: A Year on the Afghan Frontier (Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2007), p. 61.
22 Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA’s Field Commander (New York: Crown, 2005), pp. 194–95.
23 Luke Harding and Matthew Engel, “U.S. Bomb Blunder Kills 30 at Afghan Wedding,” Guardian, July 2, 2002.
24 Philip Smucker, “Liabilities of Using Afghan Informants,” Christian Science Monitor, December 21, 2001.
25 “Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Town Hall Meeting at Bagram Air Base,” July 15, 2002, Department of Defense news transcript.
2. The PowerPoint Warrior
1 Donald Rumsfeld, “DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff—Bureaucracy to Battlefield,” remarks delivered at the Pentagon, September 10, 2001, www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=430.
2 Arthur Cebrowski and John Garstka, “Network-Centric Warfare: Its Origin and Future,” Proceedings, January 1998.
3 Thomas Barnett, “The Seven Deadly Sins of Network-Centric Warfare,” Proceedings, January 1999.
4 Charles Krulak, “The Strategic Corporal: Leadership in the Three Block War,” Marines Magazine, January 1999.
5 Thomas Barnett, The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century (New York: Berkley, 2005), p. 180.
6 Ibid., p. 181.
7 George Gedda, “Bush Administration Speeds Up Help to Colombian Military,” Associated Press, February 22, 2002.
8 Paul Quinn-Judge, “Inside al-Qaeda’s Georgia Refuge,” Time, October 19, 2002.
9 Thomas P. M. Barnett, “The Pentagon’s New Map: It Explains Why We’re Going to War, and Why We’ll Keep Going to War,” Esquire, March 2003.
3. “Beat ’em Up and Go Home”
1 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, “Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Patriot System Performance,” January 2005, www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA435837.pdf.
2 “Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview with Sam Tannenhaus [sic], Vanity Fair,” May 9, 2003, Department of Defense news transcript.
3 Ryan Chilcote, “Commander Shows Restraint, Prevents Unnecessary Violence,” CNN.com, http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/heroes/chrishughes.html.
4 Christopher Hughes, War on Two Fronts: An Infantry Commander’s War in Iraq and the Pentagon (Drexel Hill, Pa.: Casemate, 2007), pp. 106–11.
5 Jim Garamone, “U.S. Army Trains Free Iraqi Forces in Hungary,” American Forces Press Service, February 23, 2003, www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29394.
6 Linda Robinson and Kevin Whitelaw, “Deploying the ‘Free Iraqi Forces’: What Role for the Arriving Anti-Saddam Iraqi Fighters?” U.S. News & World Report, April 7, 2003.
7 Christopher Griffin, “Revenge of the Staff Weenie: Mining the Military Bureaucracy for Nuggets of Humor,” Armed Forces Journal, October 2006, www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2098845.
8 Jim Dwyer, “American Soldiers, at the Behest of an Iraqi Officer, Topple a Hussein Statue,” New York Times, April 4, 2003.
9 Nathaniel Fick, One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer (New York: Mariner Books, 2006), pp. 237–39.
10 Ibid.
11 Fick, One Bullet Away, pp. 303–4.
12 U.S. Department of Defense, “Pre-war Planning for Post-war Iraq,” at Department of Defense Air University Web site, “Lessons Learned,” www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dod/postwar_iraq.htm.
13 “CONPLAN AURORA (releasable) 06-260,” CENTCOM Information Portal, Case H06-260, http://www2.centcom.mil/sites/foia/rr/default.aspx.
14 Kurt Schork, “Mission-Minded Dallas Man Confronts Disasters Hurting Third World’s Poor,” Dallas Morning News, July 1991.
15 Donald Wright and Colonel Timothy Reese with the Contemporary Operations Study Team, On Point II: Transition to the New Campaign—The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003—January 2005 (Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute Press, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, 2008), p. 150.
16 John Guardiano, “ ‘Bush Good, Saddam Bad!’: A Marine Reports from Iraq, Where Things Are Far Better Than the Media Let On,” Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2003.
17 Peter Ford and Seth Stern, “Humanitarian Aid to Iraq Proves One of War’s Biggest Obstacles,” Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 2003.
18 Nick Cater, “Oxfam to Refuse Government Iraq Aid,” Guardian, March 4, 2003.
19 Jack Epstein, “Charities at Odds with Pentagon,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 2003.
20 See “USAID Press Releases,” April 2 and April 11, 2003, www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2003.
21 Andrew Natsios, “Agency Takes Right Approach,” USA Today, March 31, 2003.
22 Peter Mansoor, Baghdad at Sunrise: A Brigade Commander’s War in Iraq (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 53–54.
23 Ibid., p. 27.
24 Jim Krane, “GOP Operatives Lead at Iraq Press Office,” Associated Press, April 4, 2004.
25 Ariana Eunjung Cha, “In Iraq, the Job Opportunity of a Lifetime,” Washington Post, May 23, 2004.
26 Ray LeMoine and Jeff Neumann with Donovan Webster, Babylon by Bus (New York: Penguin, 2006), p. 44.
27 Ibid., p. 76.
28 Colonel Lloyd Sammons, interview by Larry Plotkin, of the United States Institute of Peace Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Iraq Experience Project, October 1, 2004, transcript at www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/histories/iraq/sammons.pdf.
4. The Other War
1 Carlotta Gall, “The Reach of War: U.S. Woman and Girl, 12, Die in Attack by Afghan Bomber,” New York Times, October 24, 2004.
2 Borhan Younus, “The Death of a Little Street-Seller,” Pajhwok Afghan News, November 27, 2004.
3 Safia Milad, “Kabul Suicide Bomber Revealed,” Pajhwok Afghan News, November 8, 2004.
4 Casey Vinall, “Joe Collins: Career Officer, Deputy Assistant Defense Secretary,” American Forces Press Service, June 23, 2003, www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28841.
5 “Deputy Assistant Secretary Collins Media Roundtable on Afghanistan,” December 19, 2002, U.S. Department of Defense, news transcript, www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2942.
6 “Britain’s Armed Forces: Losing Their Way?” Economist, January 29, 2009.
7 Carlotta Gall, “Serbs on Edge After Rally by Albanians in a Kosovo City,” New York Times, February 23, 2000.
8 J. Alexander Thier, “Afghanistan,” in William Durch, ed., Twenty-First-Century Peace Operations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2006), p. 495.
9 Barbara Stapleton, “The Provincial Reconstruction Team Plan in Afghanistan: A New Direction?,” paper presented at the symposium State Reconstruction and International Engagement in Afghanistan, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, May 30–June 1, 2003, www.ag-afghanistan.de/arg/arp/stapleton.pdf.
10 “Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Joseph Collins Media Roundtable on Afghanistan,” December 19, 2002, Department of Defense transcript, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2942.
11 “Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Joseph Collins Media Roundtable on Afghanistan.”
12 Nicolaus Mills, Winning the Peace: The Marshall Plan and America’s Coming of Age as a Superpower (New York: John Wiley, 2008), p. 184.
13 Ibid., p. xi.
14 Marc Kaufman, “Afghanistan Still Groping for Order,” Washington Post, April 15, 2003.
15 “Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Joseph Collins Media Roundtable on Afghanistan.”
16 Jane Barry with Anna Jefferys, “A Bridge Too Far: Aid Agencies and the Military in Humanitarian Response,” Humanitarian Practice Network paper, January 2002, http://reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900sid/LGEL-5FKHH5/$file/odi-bridge-jan02.pdf?openelement.
17 Carlotta Gall, “A Nation at War: Aid Workers; In Afghanistan, Helping Can Be Deadly,” New York Times, April 5, 2003.
18 Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief, “NGOs Alarmed by Lack of Media Coverage Following Execution of ICRC Staff Member,” press release, March 31, 2003, www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D2SU?OpenDocument.
19 Sarah Chayes, The Punishment of Virtue: Inside Afghanistan After the Taliban (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 236.
20 Ibid., pp. 237–38.
21 Noor Khan, “Helicopter Crashes in Southern Afghanistan After Coming Under Fire,” Associated Press, February 22, 2004.
5. Cash as a Weapon
1 “Secretary, Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004, Department of Defense transcript, www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1980.
2 Lieutenant Colonel Mark Martins, “The Commander’s Emergency Response Program,” Joint Forces Quarterly, no. 37 (Second Quarter, 2005): 47.
3 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, “Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience,” report, February 2009, www.sigir.mil/files/HardLessons/Hard_Lessons-Report.pdf, p. 79.
4 Martins, “Commander’s Emergency Response Program,” p. 48.
5 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, “Hard Lessons,” p. 87.
6 Ibid., p. vii.
7 “101st Airborne Division Commander Live Briefing from Iraq,” May 13, 2003, Department of Defense news briefing, www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2601.
8 Colonel Lloyd Sammons, interview by Larry Plotkin, see chapter 3, note 28.
9 Michael Knights, “Lessons from Mosul,” PolicyWatch, no. 950 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy), January 27, 2005.
10 Sergeant First Class Doug Sample, “Task Force Commander Says Insurgents ‘Desperate, Isolated,’ ” American Forces Press Service, March 9, 2004.
11 Daniel Gonzales, John Hollywood, et al., Networked Forces in Stability Operations: 101st Airborne Division, 3/2 and 1/25 Stryker Brigades in Northern Iraq (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2007).
12 Colonel Lloyd Sammons, interview by Plotkin.
13 Gonzales, Hollywood, et al., Networked Forces in Stability Operations.
14 U.S. General Accounting Office, “Defense Transformation: Army’s Evaluation of Stryker and M113A3 Infantry Carrier Vehicles Provided Sufficient Data for Statutorily Mandated Comparison,” publication GAO-03-671, May 2003, www.gao.gov/new.items/d03671.pdf.
15 “Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 45: Non-Governmental Organizations.”
16 Integrated Regional Information Network, Iraq: “NGO registration causes controversy,” January 13, 2004, www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=23334.
17 Ray LeMoine and Jeff Neumann, Babylon by Bus (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), p. 85.
18 Juliana Gittler, “14th Cavalry delivers backpacks to kids at remote Iraqi school,” Stars & Stripes, European edition, November 8, 2004.
Part II: History Lessons
6. The Phoenix Rises
1 William Arkin, “The Pentagon Unleashes a Holy Warrior,” Los Angeles Times, October 16, 2003.
2 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General, “Alleged Improprieties Related to Public Speaking: Lieutenant General William G. Boykin, U.S. Army, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence,” report prepared by the Directorate for Investigations of Senior Officials, August 5, 2004, www.dodig.mil/fo/Foia/ERR/h0/3189967206.pdf.
3 William Colby with James McCargar, Lost Victory (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989), pp. 330–33.
4 Ibid., p. 16.
5 John Nagl, Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. ix.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., p. xiii.
8 David Petraeus, “The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A Study of Military Influence and the Use of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era,” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1987.
9 See Robert Komer, The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organization of a Successful Counterinsurgency Effort (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1972).
10 Sylvia Ellis, Britain, America and the Vietnam War (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004), p. 2.
11 Sir Robert Thompson, “Squaring the Error,” Foreign Policy, April 1968.
12 Robert Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand (New York: David McKay, 1974), p. 71.
13 Colby and McCargar, Lost Victory, p. 263.
14 Robert Komer, Bureaucracy Does Its Thing: Institutional Constraints on U.S-GVN Performance in Vietnam (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1972), pp. v–ix.
15 Thompson, Peace Is Not at Hand, p. 59.
16 Ibid., p. 35.
17 Colby and McCargar, Lost Victory, p. 91.
18 Komer, Bureaucracy Does Its Thing, p. 113.
19 Ibid., p. 115.
20 Ibid., p. xi.
21 Nguyen Van Thieu, letter to President Richard Nixon, March 20, 1973, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3790.
22 Lewis Sorley, Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968–1972 (Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 2004), p. 354.
23 Ibid.
24 Marc Leepson, “The Heart and Mind of USAID’s Vietnam Mission,” Foreign Service Journal, April 2000.
25 Eliot Cohen, Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 107.
7. The Accidental Counterinsurgents
1 David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2006), p. 62.
2 Elaine Grossman, “To Understand Insurgency in Iraq: Read Something Old, Something New,” Inside the Pentagon, December 2, 2004.
3 Kris Hundley, “Strategic Control, by the Book,” St. Petersburg Times, October 4, 2005.
4 “More Than 80 Dead in Apparent Reprisals,” CNN.com, March 14, 2006, www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/03/14/iraq.main/index.html.
5 Dan Baum, “Battle Lessons: What the Generals Don’t Know,” New Yorker, January 17, 2005.
6 Brigadier Nigel Aylwin-Foster, “Changing the Army for Counterinsurgency Operations,” Military Review, November–December 2005.
7 David Kilcullen, “Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency,” March 2006, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/coin/repository/28_Articles_of_COIN-Kilcullen%28Mar06%29.pdf.
8 Vince Crawley, “The Battle of 73 Easting,” Stars & Stripes, June 7, 2003 (Desert Storm commemorative edition), www.stripes.com/news/from-the-s-s-archives-the-battle-of-the-73-easting-1.6319.
9 “Secretary of Defense Robert Gates Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, April 15, 2008,” http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/FC041508/GatesTestimony041508.pdf.
Part III: Theory into Practice
8. Wingtips on the Ground
1 “DoD News Briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” June 30, 2003, Department of Defense transcript, www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2767.
2 House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Agency Stovepipes vs. Strategic Agility: Lessons We Need to Learn from Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq and Afghanistan, report, April 2008, www.armedservices.house.gov/Reports/PRT_Report.pdf.
3 Karen DeYoung, “Envoys Resist Forced Iraq Duty,” Washington Post, November 1, 2007.
4 See Noah Shachtman, “Diplos Cry in Their Milk over Iraq Assignments,” November 1, 2007, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2007/11/diplos-cry-in-t.
5 John Matel, “A Letter from Iraq to My Overwrought Colleagues,” Dipnote (the official blog of the State Department), November 7, 2007, http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/entries/iraq_colleagues.
6 David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 119.
7 Kilcullen, “Twenty-eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency.”
8 Joanna Jolly, “Army’s Hand Seen in East Timor Border Ambush,” Guardian, October 11, 1999.
9 Tom Morton, “Perils of Peacekeeping,” ABC Radio National broadcast, October 29, 2006, transcript at www.abc.net.au/rn/backgroundbriefing/stories/2006/1772988.htm.
10 Combat camera footage, archived at www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jLEAJmAwjE.
11 Kilcullen, Accidental Guerrilla, pp. 120–22.
12 Eythan Sontag and Keith Mines, “First Response: Transformational Diplomacy in Darfur,” State Magazine, June 2007.
9. Kalashnikovs for Hire
1 Congressional Budget Office, “Contractors’ Support of U.S. Operations in Iraq,” August 2008.
2 Justin Elliott, “How Many Private Contractors Are There in Afghanistan? Military Gives Us a Number,” TPM Muckraker, December 2, 2009, http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/12/so_how_many_private_contractors_are_there_in_afgha.php.
3 T. Christian Miller, “Iraq Convoy Got Go-Ahead Despite Threat,” Los Angeles Times, September 3, 2007.
4 Jane Loeffler, The Architecture of Diplomacy: Building America’s Embassies (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998), p. 4.
5 Ibid., p. 8.
6 The Inman Report. The report is available at the Federation of American Scientists Web site: www.fas.org/irp/threat/inman/index.html.
7 “Statement of Ambassador Richard Griffin, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Department of State, before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, October 2, 2007,” www.reform.democrats.house.gov/documents/20071002145249.pdf.
8 U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Rebuilding Iraq: Actions Needed to Improve Use of Private Security Providers,” report no. GAO-05-737, July 2005, www.gao.gov/new.items/d05737.pdf.
9 Neil King, Jr., and Yochi Dreazen, “Amid Chaos in Iraq, Tiny Security Firm Found Opportunity,” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2004.
10 “Statement of Ambassador Richard Griffin,” p. 3.
11 United States Department of State and Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General, Middle East Regional Office, “Performance Audit of the Triple Canopy Contract for Personal Protective Services in Iraq,” report no. MERO-A-09-08, August 2009, http://oig.state.gov/documents/organization/135559.pdf.
12 Elizabeth Williamson, “How Much Embassy Is Too Much?” Washington Post, March 2, 2007.
13 Jane Loeffler, “Fortress America,” Foreign Policy, September–October 2007.
14 Andy Melville, interviewed by Martin Smith for “Private Warriors,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast June 23, 2005, interview transcript, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/interviews/melville.html.
15 Robert Young Pelton, Licensed to Kill: Hired Guns in the War on Terror (New York: Crown, 2006), p. 37
16 Ibid., p. 40.
17 “Memorandum, October 1, 2007, to the Members of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, re: Additional Information about Blackwater USA,” staff memorandum, http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/20071001121609.pdf. The memorandum, compiled by the committee’s Democratic staff, was based largely on internal Blackwater e-mail messages and State Department documents.
18 Report from the House Committee on the Judiciary accompanying H.R. 3380, amending title 18, United States Code, www.justice.gov/criminal/hrsp/docs/07-20-2000-meja-act.pdf.
19 John Broder, “Ex-Paratrooper Is Suspect in Blackwater Killing,” New York Times, October 4, 2007.
20 “Memorandum, October 1, 2007,” p. 11.
21 Patrick Kennedy, “Report of the Secretary of State’s Panel on Personal Protective Services in Iraq,” October 2007.
22 Ned Parker, “U.S. Limits Diplomats’ Travel in Iraq,” Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2007.
23 Matthew Lee, “Blackwater Security Contractors Still in Iraq,” Associated Press, April 20, 2009.
24 Charlie Savage, “Judge Drops Charges from Blackwater Deaths in Iraq,” New York Times, December 31, 2009.
25 Mike Baker, “Blackwater Settles Series of Civil Lawsuits,” Associated Press, January 7, 2010.
10. Peace Corps on Steroids
1 See, for example, Andrew Hansen and Lauren Vriens, “Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) or L’Organisation Al-Qaïda au Maghreb Islamique (Formerly Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat or Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat),” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, July 21, 2009, www.cfr.org/publication/12717.
2 Richard Catoire, “A CINC for Sub-Saharan Africa? Rethinking the Unified Command Plan,” Parameters, Winter 2000–2001, pp. 102–17.
3 Lauren Ploch, “Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, April 3, 2010, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34003.pdf, pp. 35–39.
4 Ibid.
5 Scott Feil, “Preventing Genocide: How the Early Use of Force Might Have Succeeded in Rwanda,” report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, April 1998.
6 Catoire, “CINC for Sub-Saharan Africa.”
7 Ibid.
8 “President Bush Creates a Department of Defense Unified Combatant Command for Africa,” February 6, 2007, White House press release.
9 Lauren Gelfand, “Air of Unease Remains as U.S. Africa Command Becomes Fully Operational,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, September 29, 2008.
10 Shaun Benton, “US to Shed Light on AFRICOM,” SouthAfrica.info, September 21, 2007, www.safrica.info/africa/africom-210907.htm.
11 Kitsepile Nyathi, “Plans to Base U.S. Africa Command in Botswana Causes Tension,” Nation (Kenya), September 13, 2007.
12 Bill Sizemore, “Private Army Is Ready for Hire, Company Says,” Virginian-Pilot, March 31, 2006.
13 U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Peacekeeping: Thousands Trained but United States Is Unlikely to Complete All Activities by 2010 and Some Improvements Are Needed,” Report to Congressional Committees, report no. GAO-08-754, June 26, 2008, www.gao.gov/new.items/d08754.pdf.
14 “Theresa Whelan, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for African Affairs, Remarks to IPOA [International Peace Operations Association] dinner, November 19, 2003, Washington, D.C.,” http://policy.defense.gov/sections/policy_offices/isa/africa/IPOA.htm.
15 “AFRICAP Recompete,” awards notice posted on FedBizOpps.gov (Federal Business Opportunities), www.fbo.gov/index?tab=core&s=opportunity&mode=form&id=8c9852ce91f1fe6c3e79273f0b04e500&tabmode=list.
16 U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Peacekeeping.”
17 William Ward, “Toward a Horizon of Hope: Considerations for Long-Term Stability in Postconflict Situations,” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 45 (Second Quarter 2007).
18 Ibid.
19 Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels,” New York Times, February 6, 2009.
11. Windshield Ethnographers
1 Alissa Rubin and Mudhafer al-Husaini, “Baghdad Blast Kills Four Americans,” New York Times, June 25, 2008.
2 Montgomery McFate, “Iraq: The Social Context of IEDs,” Military Review, May–June 2005.
3 Ibid.
4 Noah Shachtman, “Army Anthropologist’s Controversial Culture Clash,” Wired, October 2008.
5 Jacob Kipp, Lester Grau, Karl Prinslow, and Captain Dan Smith, “The Human Terrain System: A CORDS for the 21st Century,” Military Review, September–October 2006.
6 Montgomery McFate, “Anthropology and Counterinsurgency: The Strange Story of Their Curious Relationship,” Military Review, March–April 2005.
7 Ibid.
8 David Price, Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008), pp. 9–10.
9 Ibid., pp. 11–13.
10 Ibid., p. 14.
11 See “National Character,” a subsection of “Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture,” Library of Congress exhibition, www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/oneworld-char.html.
12 Price, Anthropological Intelligence, p. 239.
13 Irving Louis Horowitz, ed., The Rise and Fall of Project Camelot: Studies in the Relationship between Social Science and Practical Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967), p. 47.
14 Ibid., p. 51.
15 Seymour Deitchman, The Best-Laid Schemes: A Tale of Social Research and Bureaucracy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976), p. 16.
16 Ibid., pp. 169–70.
17 McFate, “Anthropology and Counterinsurgency.”
18 George Packer, “Knowing the Enemy: Can Social Scientists Redefine the ‘War on Terror’?” New Yorker, December 18, 2006.
19 Sharon Weinberger, “The Pentagon’s Culture Wars,” Nature, October 2, 2008.
20 Zenia Helbig, “Memorandum: Human Terrain System Program; U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command,” letter to Representative Ike Skelton, chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and Representative Henry Waxman, chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, September 13, 2007, www.brama.com/news/press/2007/12/070913HelbigCongressMemo.pdf.
21 David Glenn, “Former Human Terrain System Participant Describes Program in Disarray,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 5, 2007.
22 “Pledge of Non-participation in Counter-insurgency,” http://sites.google.com/site/concernedanthropologists.
23 Montgomery McFate, quoted in Weinberger, “The Pentagon’s Culture Wars.”
24 Lee Hill Kavanaugh, “Army Takes Human Terrain to Heart,” Kansas City Star, October 14, 2008.
25 David Rohde, “Army Enlists Anthropology in War Zones,” New York Times, October 5, 2007.
26 Weinberger, “The Pentagon’s Culture Wars,” pp. 583–85.
27 Adam Geller, “One Man’s Odyssey from Campus to Combat,” Army Times, March 16, 2009.
28 USAID, Office of Inspector General, “Audit of USAID/Iraq’s Community Stabilization Program,” audit report number E-267-08-001-P, March 18, 2008, www.usaid.gov/oig/public/fy08rpts/e-267-08-001-p.pdf.
29 Roberto Gonzalez, American Counterinsurgency: Human Science and the Human Terrain (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2009), p. 68.
30 Noah Shachtman, “Third ‘Human Terrain’ Researcher Dead,” Wired.com, Danger Room, January 8, 2009, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/01/third-human-ter.
31 Noah Shachtman, “No Jail Time for Army Contractor in Revenge Killing,” Wired.com, Danger Room, May 8, 2009, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/05/no-jail-time-in-human-terrain-slaying.
32 Major Ben Connable, “All Our Eggs in a Broken Basket: How the Human Terrain System is Undermining Sustainable Military Cultural Competence,” Military Review, March–April 2009.
33 Private First Class J. P. Lawrence, “Army Deploys Social Scientists to Study Iraqi Culture,” 34th Infantry Division news article, June 4, 2009, www.theredbulls.org/article116.
12. Obama’s War
1 Captain Stacie Shafran, “Girls’ School Opens in Panjshir,” American Forces Press Service, July 21, 2009.
2 Thomas Friedman, “Teacher, Can We Leave Now? No,” New York Times, July 17, 2009.
3 Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, Hamit Dardagan, et al., “The Weapons That Kill Civilians—Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 16, 2009.
4 Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, “National Defense University (Washington, D.C.),” speech, September 29, 2008, www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1279.
5 “David Kilcullen Joins CNAS as a Senior Fellow,” CNAS press release, November 19, 2008.
6 Kenneth Katzman, “Afghanistan: Politics, Government Formation and Performance,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, June 26, 2009, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/127030.pdf.
7 Laura Rozen, “Winning Hearts and Minds: All of McChrystal’s Advisors,” Foreignpolicy.com, July 31, 2009.
8 Anthony Cordesman, “How to Lose in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, August 31, 2009.
9 “U.S. Military Moves to Defuse Tension after Afghan Riot,” Associated Press, July 27, 2005.
10 Tim Golden, “In U.S. Report, Brutal Details of 2 Afghan Inmates’ Deaths,” New York Times, May 20, 2005.
11 David Kilcullen, “Political Maneuver in Counterinsurgency: Roadbuilding in Afghanistan,” Small Wars Journal, April 24, 2008, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2008/04/political-maneuver-in-counteri.
12 Ibid.
13 Jean MacKenzie, “Are U.S Taxpayers Funding the Taliban?” GlobalPost, September 2, 2009, www.globalpost.com/dispatch/afghanistan/090902/usaid-taliban-funding.
14 Matt Waldman, “Aid Effectiveness in Afghanistan,” paper, ACBAR (Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief), Advocacy Series, March 2008, www.acbar.org/ACBAR%20Publications/ACBAR%20Aid%20Effectiveness%20%2825%20Mar%2008%29.pdf.
15 Anthony Cordesman, “The New Metrics of Afghanistan: The Data Needed to Support, Shape, Clear, Hold, and Build,” Center for Strategic and International Studies commentary, August 10, 2009, www.operationspaix.net/IMG/pdf/CSIS-New-Metrics-Afghanistan_2009-08-07_.pdf.
16 Patrick Cockburn, “A Land Darkened by the Shadow of the Taliban,” Independent, May 3, 2009.
17 Revolutionary Association of Afghan Women, “Crime and Barbarism in Shirpur by Afghan Ministers and High Authorities,” report, www.rawa.org/land2.htm.
18 Elizabeth Bumiller and Mark Landler, “Civilian Goals Largely Unmet in Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 11, 2009.
Conclusion
1 Christopher Drew, “High Costs Weigh on Troop Debate for Afghanistan War,” New York Times, November 14, 2009.
2 “New COMISAF/ USFOR-A Commander Issues Counterinsurgency Guidance,” July 27, 2010, http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/625/.
3 Spencer Ackerman, “Proposal Circulates on New Civilian-Military Agency,” Washington Independent, November 3, 2009, http://washingtonindependent.com/66183/proposal-circulates-on-new-civilian-military-agency.
4 John Dickerson, “Defining Afghanistan Down: The President’s New Strategy Will Include a New View of What’s Possible,” Slate, October 28, 2009, www.slate.com/id/2233835.
5 Ashraf Ghani, “Ashraf Ghani on Rebuilding Broken States,” July 2005, TED video, www.ted.com/talks/ashraf_ghani_on_rebuilding_broken_states.html.