CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHIES

THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONS ARE used in citations in the chapter bibliographies:

AR     Army Records, National Archives

FDRL  Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York

FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States, Washington, D.C., cited by year and volume except for special-subject volumes, which are cited by title

HHP    Harry Hopkins Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

HSTL Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri

LC     Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

NA     National Archives, Washington, D.C.

NYT   The New York Times

OF     Official Files, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

OHP   Oral History Project, Columbia University

PC      Press Conferences, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

PHA   Pearl Harbor Attack, see Basic Book List

PL     Elliott Roosevelt (ed.), F.D.R.: His Personal Letters (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), Vol. II

PMRP President’s Map Room Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

PPA   Samuel I. Rosenman (ed.), The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volumes 1941-1944-5 (4 vols., New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950). Cited by year volume covers

PPF    President’s Personal File, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

PSF     President’s Secretary’s File, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

SD     State Department

Books cited in the chapter bibliographies were published in New York City unless otherwise noted. When the author’s last name alone is used, the full citation will be found either in the Basic Book List, if that author has been cited in more than one chapter, or in the chapter bibliography. Thus the Basic Book List contains names of only those works cited in more than one chapter. An author’s name with a superior number (Pogue ¹) is used when the Basic Book List contains more than one book by that author; the list provides the key to the particular book. In most cases where documents have been faithfully reproduced in published secondary sources I have cited the latter for the sake of readier accessibility to the reader.

BASIC BOOKLIST

Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969)

Allen, George E., Presidents Who Have Known Me (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1950)

Arnold, Henry H., Global Mission (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949)

Asbell, Bernard, When F.D.R. Died (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1961)

Barkley, Alben W., That Reminds Me (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1954)

Barnard, Ellsworth, Wendell Willkie (Marquette, Mich.: Northern Michigan University Press, 1966)

Baruch, Bernard M., Baruch: The Public Years (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1960)

Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd, Scientists Against Time (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1946)

Berezhkov, Valentin, Teheran, 1943 (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo agentstva pechati novosti, 1968)

Biddle, Francis, In Brief Authority (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962)

Bloom, Sol, The Autobiography of Sol Bloom (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1948)

Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company). Vol. II, Years of Urgency, 1938-1941 (1965): Blum¹. Vol. III, Years of War, 1941-1945 (1967): Blum²

Bohlen, Charles E., The Transformation of American Foreign Policy (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969)

Bradley, Omar N., A Soldier’s Story (New York: Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1951) Bryant, Arthur, Triumph in the West (London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., 1959): Bryant¹

———, The Turn of the Tide (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1957): Bryant²

Buchanan, A. Russell, The United Stales and World War II (2 vols., New York: Harper & Row, 1964)

Bullock, Alan, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953)

Burns, James MacGregor, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1956)

Bush, Vannevar, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1945)

Butler, J. R M., Grand Strategy. Vol. II, September 1939-June 1941 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1957)

Butow, Robert J. C, Tojo and the Coming of the War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961)

Buttinger, Joseph, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled (2 vols., New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1967)

Byrnes, James F., All in One Lifetime (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958)

Cairo-Teheran: Foreign Relations of the United States. The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran 1943 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961)

Cantril, Hadley (ed.), Public Opinion 1935-1946 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951)

Celler, Emanuel, You Never Leave Brooklyn (New York: The John Day Company, Inc., 1953)

Churchill, Winston, The Second World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1948-1953). Vol. I, The Gathering Storm (1948): Churchill¹. Vol. II, Their Finest Hour (1949): Churchill² Vol. III, The Grand Alliance (1950): Churchill³. Vol. IV, The Hinge of Fate (1950): Churchill⁴ Vol. V, Closing the Ring (1951): Churchill⁵ Vol. VI, Triumph and Tragedy (1953): Churchill⁶

Ciano, Galeazzo, The Ciano Diaries, Hugh Gibson, ed. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1946)

Civilian Production Administration, Industrial Mobilization for War. Vol. I, Program and Administration (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Demobilization, 1947)

Clark, Alan, Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941-45 (New York: William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1965)

Cline, Ray S., Washington Command Post: The Operations Division (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1951)

Coit, Margaret L., Mr. Baruch (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957)

Connally, Tom, My Name Is Tom Connally (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1954)

Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R. and the Presidents of the U.S.A. and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957). Vol. I, Correspondence with Winston S. Churchill and Clement R. Attlee: Correspondence¹. Vol. II, Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman: Correspondence²

Craven, Frank C, and James L. Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II (7 vols., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948-1958)

Current, Richard N., Secretary Stimson (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1954)

Dallin, David J., Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy, 1939-1942 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1942)

Daniels, Jonathan, The End of Innocence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1954): Daniels¹

———, Washington Quadrille (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1968): Daniels²

Davis, Nuel Pharr, Lawrence and Oppenheimer (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1968)

de Gaulle, Charles, War Memoirs. Vol. II, Unity (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1959)

Deakin, F. W., The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall o Italian Fascism (New York: Harper & Row, 1962)

Deane, John R., The Strange Alliance (New

York: The Viking Press, 1947)

Deborin, G., The Second World War (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.)

Deutscher, Isaac, Stalin, a Political Biography (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1949)

Divine, Robert A., Roosevelt and World War II (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1969)

Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962)

Drury, Allen, A Senate Journal, 1943-1945 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963)

Eccles, Marriner S., Beckoning Frontiers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1951)

Eden, Anthony (The Earl of Avon), The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning (London: Cassell & Co., Ltd., 1965)

Ehrman, John, Grand Strategy (London: H. M. Stationery Office). Vol. V (1956): Ehrman¹. Vol. VI (1956): Ehrman²

Ehrenburg, Ilya, The War: 1941-45 (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1965)

Eisenhower, Dwight D., Crusade in Europe (Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Books, 1948)

Fairchild, Byron, and Jonathan Grossman, The Army and Industrial Manpower (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, >1959)

Farago, Ladislas, The Broken Seal. (New York: Random House, Inc., 1967)

Fehrenbach, T. R., F.D.R.’s Undeclared War (New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1967)

Feis, Herbert, The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966): Feis¹

———, The China Tangle (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1953):Feis²

———, Churchill—Roosevelt—Stalin (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957): Feis³

———, The Road to Pearl Harbor (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950): Feis⁴

Flynn, Edward J., You’re the Boss (New York: Collier Books, 1962) Flynn, John T., The Roosevelt Myth (New York: The Devin-Adair Co., 1948)

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1940-1945 (Washington, D.C.: State Department Series). Cited by year and volume, except for major subject volumes, which are cited in Basic Book List and in chapter bibliographies by subject title—i.e., Malta-Yalta.

Forrestal, James, The Forrestal Diaries, Walter Millis, ed. (New York: The Viking Press, 1951)

Frankland, Noble, The Bombing Offensive Against Germany (London: Faber & Faber Ltd., 1965)

Freedman, Max (annotator), Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928-1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967)

Friedländer, Saul, Pius XII and the Third Reich (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1966): Friedländer¹

———, Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939-1967 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1967): Friedländer²

FRUS—Japan: Foreign Relations of the United States. Vol. II, Japan: 1931-1941 (Washington, D.C.: State Department, 1943)

Führer Conferences on Matters Dealing with the German Navy (Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Intelligence, 1947)

Fuller, J. F. C, The Second World War (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd., 1948)

Garland, Albert N., and Howard McGraw Smyth, Sicily and the Surrender of Italy (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1965)

Gowing, Margaret, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945 (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1964)

Green, Constance McLaughlin, Harry C. Thomson, and Peter C. Roots, The Ordance Department: Planning Munitions for War (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1955)

Greenfield, Kent Roberts, American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963): Greenfield¹

———, (ed.), Command Decisions (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959): Greenfield²

Grew, Joseph C, Turbulent Era, Vol. II (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952)

Groves, Leslie R., Now It Can Be Told (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962)

Gunther, John, Roosevelt in Retrospect (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950)

Gwyer, J. M. A., and J. R. M. Butler, Grand Strategy, Vol. III (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1964)

Hammer, Ellen J., The Struggle for Indochina (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1954)

Harrison, Gordon A., Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1951)

Hassett, William D., Off the Record with F.D.R. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958)

Heinrichs, Waldo H., Jr., American Ambassador (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1966)

Hewlett, Richard G, and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World (University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962)

Higgins, Trumbull, Hitler and Russia (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1966): Higgins¹

———, Winston Churchill and the Second Front, 1940-1943 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957): Higgins²

Hinsley, F. H., Hitler’s Strategy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951)

Hitler, Adolf, Secret Conversations, 1941-1944 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1953). Cited as Hitler’s Secret Conversations.

Howard, Michael, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited, 1968)

Howe, George F., Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1957)

Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Vol. II (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948)

Hurd, Charles, Washington Cavalcade (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1948)

Ickes, Harold L., The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes. Vol. III, The Lowering Clouds (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1954)

Ike, Nobutaka (ed.), Japan’s Decision for War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1967)

Industrial Mobilization for War, see Civilian Production Administration

Ismay, Hastings, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (New York: The Viking Press, 1960)

Jacobsen, H. A., and J. Rohwer (eds.), Decisive Battles of World War H: The German View (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1965)

Janeway, Eliot, The Struggle for Survival (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1951)

Japan 1931-1041: Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943), 2 vols.

Johnson, Donald Bruce, The Republican Party and Wendell Willkie (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1960)

Josephson, Matthew, Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1952)

Jungk, Robert, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1958)

Keitel, Wilhelm, The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel (London: William Kimber & Co. Ltd., 1965)

Kennan, George F., Memoirs, 1925-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967): Kennan¹

^———, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1961): Kennan²

Kennedy, J., Asian Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968)

Kimmel, Husband E., Admiral Kimmel’s Story (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1955)

King, Ernest J., and Walter Muir Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1952)

Kirby, S. Woodburn, The War Against Japan (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1965)

Kolko, Gabriel, The Politics of War (New York: Random House, Inc., 1968)

Langer, William L., and S. Everett Gleason, The Undeclared War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953)

Lash, Joseph P., Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend’s Memoir (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964)

Leahy, William D., I Was There (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1950)

Liddell Hart, B. H., The German Generals Talk (New York: William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1948)

Lilienthal, David E., The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Vol. I, The TVA Years, 1939-1945 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964)

Long, Breckinridge, The War Diary of Breckinridge Long, Fred L. Israel, ed. (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1966)

Lord, Russell, The Wallaces of Iowa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1947)

MacArthur, Douglas, Reminiscences (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1964)

MacGregor-Hastie, Roy, The Day of the Lion (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1964)

Macmillan, Harold, The Blast of War (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1967)

Maisky, Ivan, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador. The War; 1939-43 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968)

Malta-Yalta: Foreign Relations of the United States. The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1943 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955)

Matloff, Maurice, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959)

Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-1942 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953)

McNeill, William Hardy, America, Britain, & Russia: Their Co-operation and Conflict, 1941-1946 (London: Oxford University Press, 1953)

Meskill, Johanna Menzel, Hitler & Japan: The Hollow Alliance (New York: Atherton Press, 1966)

Military Situation in the Far East. Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations, 82nd Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951)

Moore, Ruth, Niels Bohr, the Man, His Science, & the World They Changed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1966)

Moran, Lord (Sir Charles Wilson), Churchill: The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965, Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966)

Morgenthau Diary: Morgenthau Diary (China), Vol. II, prepared by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 89th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965). Cited as Morgenthau Diary (China).

Morison, Elting E., Turmoil and Tradition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960)

Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Boston: Little, Brown and Company). The Battle of the Atlantic (1947): Morison¹. Operations in North African Water (1947): Morison². The Rising Sun in the Pacific (1948): Morison³. Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions (1950): Morison⁴. The Invasion of France and Germany (1957): Morison⁵

Morton, Louis, Strategy and Command: The First Two Years (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1962)

Mosley, Leonard, Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966)

Myrdal, Gunnar, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944)

Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (Washington, D.C.: Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, 1946), Vols. 1-24

Nelson, Donald M., Arsenal of Democracy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946)

Nicolson, Harold, Diaries and Letters. Vol. II, The War Years, 1939-1945; (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1967)

Novick, David, Melvin Ashen, and W. C. Truppner, Wartime Production Controls (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949)

Osgood, Robert E., Ideals and Self-interest in America’s Foreign Relations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953)

Paul, Randolph E., Taxation for Prosperity (Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merrill Co., Inc., 1947)

Pawle, Gerald, The War and Colonel Warden (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1963)

Payne, Robert, Chiang Kai-shek (New York: Weybright & Talley, Inc., 1969)

Pearl Harbor Attack. Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 79th Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). Cited as PHA

Perkins, Frances, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: The Viking Press, 1946)

Pogue, Forrest C, George C. Marshall. Vol. II, Ordeal and Hope, 1939-1942 (New York: The Viking Press, 1966): Pogue¹

———, The Supreme Command (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1954): Pogue²

Range, Willard, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s World Order (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1959)

Reilly, Michael F., Reilly of the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1947)

Reston, James, Prelude to Victory (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1942)

Reynaud, Paul, In the Thick of the Fight (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1955)

Rigdon, William M., White House Sailor (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962)

Rogow, Arnold A., James Forrestal (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1963)

Romanus, Charles F., and Riley Sunderland, Stillwell’s Command Problems (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1956): Romanus and Sunderland¹

———, Stilwell’s Mission to China (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953): Romanus and Sunderland²

———, Time Runs Out in CBI (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1959): Romanus and Sunderland³

Roosevelt, Eleanor, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949)

Roosevelt, Elliott, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, Inc., 1946)

Roosevelt, James, and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959)

Rosenman, Samuel I., Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952)

Ross, Malcolm, All Manner of Men (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, Inc., 1948)

Rothstein, Andrew (tr.), Soviet Foreign Policy During the Patriotic War. Vol. I, June 22, 1941-December 31, 1943 (London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Limited, n.d.): Rothstein¹

———, Soviet Foreign Policy During the Patriotic War: Documents and Materials. Vol. II, January 1, 1944-December 31, 1944 (London: Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Limited, 1946): Rothstein²

Rukeyser, Muriel, One Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957) Schmidt, Paul, Hitler’s Interpreter, R. H. C. Steed, ed. (London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1951)

Schoenbrun, David, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1966)

Shaplen, Robert, The Lost Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, 1965)

Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948)

Shirer, William L., The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1960)

Smith, Gaddis, American Diplomacy During the Second World War (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965)

Snell, John L., Illusion and Necessity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963)

Snyder, Louis L., The War: A Concise History, 1939-1945 (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1960)

Somers, H. M., Presidential Agency (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950)

Sontag, Raymond James, and James Stuart Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948)

Stalin, J., The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers Co., 1945)

Steinberg, Alfred, The Man from Missouri (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1962)

Stilwell, Joseph W., The Stilwell Papers (New York: William Sloane Associates, Inc., 1948)

Stimson, Henry L., and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948)

Stouffer, Samuel A., The American Soldier, Vol. I (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1949)

Sulzberger, C. L., A Long Row of Candles (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1969)

Tansill, Charles Callan, Back Door to War (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1952)

Taylor, Telford, Sword and Swastika (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1952)

Teller, Edward, and Allen Brown, The Legacy of Hiroshima (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962)

Timmons, Bascom N., Jesse H. Jones (New York: Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1956)

Trevor-Roper, H. R. (ed.), Blitzkrieg to Defeat: Hitler’s War Directives, 1939-1945 (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1965)

Tsou, Tang, America’s Failure in China, 1941-50 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963)

Tugwell, Rexford G, The Democratic Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1957)

Tully, Grace, F.D.R. My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949)

Ulam, Adam B., Expansion and Coexistence (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1968)

The United States at War, see War Records Section

United States Relations with China. Department of State Publication 3573, Far Eastern Series 30 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949)

Vandenberg, Arthur H., Jr. (ed.), The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952)

Viorst, Milton, Hostile Allies (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965)

Walker, Turnley, Roosevelt and the Warm Springs Story (New York: A. A. Wyn, Inc., 1953)

War Records Section, Bureau of the Budget, The United States at War (Washington, D.C.: Committee of Records of War Administration, 1946)

Warlimont, Walter, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1964) Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1969)

Watson, Mark Skinner, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1950)

Wedemeyer, Albert C, Wedemeyer Reports! (New York: Henry Holt & Company, Inc., 1958) Welles, Sumner, The Time for Decision (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944)

Werth, Alexander, Russia at War, 1941-1945 (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1964)

White, Theodore H., and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: Williams Sloane Associates, Inc., 1946)

White, William S., Majesty and Mischief (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961)

Whitney, Courtney, MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1964)

Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1962)

Willkie, Wendell L., One World (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1943)

Willoughby, Charles A., and John Chamberlain, MacArthur, 1941-1951 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954)

Wilson, Theodore A., The First Summit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969)

Wohlstetter, Roberta, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962)

Woodward, Llewellyn, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1962)

Wright, Gordon, The Ordeal of Total War (New York: Harper & Row, 1968)

Yakovlev, Nikolai N., Franklin Roosevelt—chilovek i politik (Moskva: Mezhdunarodnoye otnosheniye, 1965)

Young, Roland, Congressional Politics in the Second World War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956)

Yu Te-jen, The Japanese Struggle for World Empire (New York: The Vantage Press, Inc., 1967)

Zhukov, Georgi K., Marshal Zhukov’s Greatest Battles, Harrison E. Salisbury, ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1969)

PROLOGUE

Election night account: NYT, Nov. 6, 1940, pp. 1-2; Lash, pp. 191-193; Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” Nov. 7, 1940. Roosevelt’s comments on the election: Rosenman, p. 236; to Lash: Lash, p. 194. Roosevelt dictated a letter to Henry Luce denying that pencils were laid out, his necktie loosened, etc., but he did not send it; see Robert T. Elson, Time Inc. (Atheneum, 1968), pp. 443-444; I have corresponded with Judge Samuel I. Rosenman on the matter and believe that Time and the above sources were essentially accurate. The President spoke later in the evening to a second group that assembled; some accounts refer to both meetings. Roosevelt’s fears of “fifth column” activity: Roosevelt to King George, Nov. 27,1940, PSF, Diplomatic Corr., Great Britain, 1933-45, King and Queen, Box 7. Roosevelt to Attorney General, June 18, 1940, enclosing clippings from Eleanor Roosevelt, OF 4022; see Friedländer², pp. 97-101, 152-155. Purported ties between elements of the Republican party and fascist elements: HHP, Box 297, “Confidential Political File—Corr.—Misc.” Nazi plans re the United States: copy of confidential memorandum from Alexander Kirk to State Department, left with Missy LeHand, June 17, 1940, PSF, Diplomatic Corr., Germany, 1934-41. See, generally, Niles Papers, especially N5.211, N5.44 (1940); Alton Frye, Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), especially pp. 136, 142, 150.

Hyde Park. Sara Roosevelt’s remark about her son: NYT, Nov. 6, 1940, p. 2. Contemporary attitudes toward, and bafflement by, Roosevelt: Charles Hurd, NYT Magazine, Jan. 19, 1941, p. 3. Eleanor Roosevelt comment to Lash: Lash, p. 203; Vandenberg, p. 5. Roosevelt’s affair with Lucy Mercer: Daniels², chap. 6; confidential source. Noddle-Fala exchange: PPF 1, Dec. 23, 1940; see also Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, PPF 2, April 9, 1941. Joan Erikson on Eleanor Roosevelt: Erik H. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth (Norton, 1969), p. 127.

London. This material is drawn largely from Churchill², pp. 23, 375-376, 553; I have consulted also Ismay; Walter Henry Thompson, Assignment: Churchill (Farrar, Straus, 1955); Pawle; Moran, pp. 321-322. Churchill’s Dec. 8, 1940 letter to Roosevelt is quoted in full in Churchill², pp. 558-567. A document that reflects administration views of the time as to ways of aiding Britain is E. S. Land to Roosevelt, “Proposed British Shipbuilding in the United States,” Dec. 2, 1940, OF 99.

Berlin. For the general background to the events of fall 1941, see Shirer; Telford Taylor, The Breaking Wave (Simon and Schuster, 1967); Bullock; Frederick L. Schuman, The Nazi Dictatorship (Knopf, 1935). Quotations from Hitler’s speeches are from Raoul de Roussy de Sales (ed.), My New Order (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941), pp. 871-873, 873-899. Taylor; Schmidt; Hitler’s Secret Conversations; and Führer Conferences are sources of private statements on Hitler. Molotov-Ribbentrop exchange in the bomb shelter: Berezhkov (Molotov’s interpreter) to author, Moscow, May 6, 1969

Tokyo. Tokyo’s reaction to the election results: NYT, Nov. 7, 1940, p. 9. Description of the imperial ceremony: Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination (Knopf, 1942), chap. 5; Ambassador Joseph C. Crew’s diary, Ten Years in Japan (Simon and Schuster, 1944), pp. 352-353; but see Heinrichs, pp. 367-369. For the historical and general background to Japanese politics and policy, see Butow. Ike is an indispensable source of records of the 1941 policy conferences in Tokyo. Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), probes deeply into Japanese values and culture patterns. On more immediate events prior to fall 1941, see Langer and Gleason, chaps. 1 and 2; Hull, Vol. I; Heinrichs, chaps. 18-19; Mosley. The “Green Light” message is in Grew, pp. 1224-1229; see also Heinrichs, pp. 317-318. On various views within the administration: Morgenthau to Roosevelt, “Petroleum Situation in Japan,” Aug. 14, 1940; Stimson to Roosevelt, Oct. 12, 1940; Knox to Roosevelt, Oct. 23, 1940; Sayre to Roosevelt, Nov. 13, 1940; Eleanor Roosevelt to Roosevelt, Nov. 12, 1940; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Nov. 13, 1940—all in FDRL. Grew’s letter of Dec. 14, 1940 to Roosevelt and Roosevelt’s reply are quoted in Grew, pp. 359-363.

Washington. On Roosevelt’s daily schedule and life, see Tully; Sherwood; Reilly. The source of Roosevelt’s statement to Lothian is Blum¹, p. 199; of Hull’s statement to Latin-American diplomats, Hull, p. 824. Roosevelt’s parking-shoulders crack: PC 697, Nov. 26, 1940; PPA, 1940, p. 584. Hopkins’s comment on Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease germinations: Sherwood, p. 224. Earlier origins of his Lend-Lease ideas: see Land to Roosevelt, Nov. 29, 1940, FDRL; Eccles, pp. 348-349; Churchill², p. 567; Ickes, p. 367; Blum¹, pp. 98, 211; Freedman, pp. 573-574. The Lend-Lease press conference: PC 702, Dec. 17, 1940; PPA, 1940, pp. 604-615. The German reaction: NYT, Dec. 21, 1940, p. 6; Dec. 22, 1940, p. 1. Writing of the Dec. 29 speech: Sherwood, p. 227. The speech itself is in PPA, 1940, pp. 633-644; film excerpts are in NA. Grew’s reaction: Ten Years in Japan, pp. 357-358. See, generally, Clapper Papers (Diaries, 1940-1942), Box 9, LC, for this period.

CHAPTER ONE

Rosenman, p. 262 ff., and Sherwood, p. 231, describe Roosevelt’s preparation of his annual message to Congress; for the result, see PPA, 1940, pp. 663-672; and for one reaction, Freedman, p. 577. Roosevelt’s earlier reference to the “5th” freedom is in PC 658, July 5, 1940; PPA, 1940, p. 285. The Inaugural Address of 1941: PPA, 1941, pp. 3-6; see also PL, pp. 1111, 1117. Rosenman reports the President’s misgivings about the reception of the speech: Rosenman, p. 271.

The New Coalition at Home. Cantril, pp. 756-758, provides a most useful listing over time of responses to the question “If you were voting today, would you vote for or against Roosevelt?” The responses are broken down by geographical section, economic status, and other categories. The Republican Senator was Vandenberg: Vandenberg, p. 10. Dr. McIntire’s comment on Roosevelt’s health: NYT, Jan. 19, 1941, p. 36. I have described the historical development and structure of Roosevelt’s party coalition of 1941 in The Deadlock of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963). Noses: Roosevelt to Glass, PSF, U.S. Senate Folder, Box 58. Banning of Hamilton Fish: Roosevelt to Sherman Minton, March 1, 1944, PSF, Minton Folder, Box 52. Stimson: Stimson and Bundy; Elting E. Morison; Current. There is no adequate biography of Knox, and most of the other key civilian figures in defense have not had the biographies they deserve; but see Rogow’s probing James Forrestal. On Ickes, see The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes. Much of Frances Perkins’s personality emerges in her sparkling The Roosevelt I Knew. On Southern politics in the South and on Capitol Hill, see V. O. Key, Jr.’s brilliant Southern Politics (Knopf, 1949).

On the nature of public opinion on foreign policy, see Cantril Notebook I; Cantril, pp. 971 ff.; I have had some of these measures broken down with the assistance of the Roper Public Opinion Research Center, at Williams College. The two standard works on organized isolationists and interventionists are Wayne S. Cole, America First (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953), and Walter Johnson, The Battle Against Isolation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944). How closely in touch the White House was with William Allen White and his committee is indicated in William Allen White Papers, Box 317, LC. On the committee generally, see Clapper Papers (Diaries, 1940-1942), Box 9, LC. On the background of attitude and mood, see Selig Adler, The Isolationist Impulse (Collier Books, 1961), and Manfred Jonas, Isolationism in America, 1935-1941 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966). See Gabriel A. Almond’s path-breaking The American People and Foreign Policy (Praeger, 1960) on moods in American public opinion toward foreign-policy making. Roosevelt’s meeting with Willkie: Sherwood, pp. 233-234. HHP, Box 298, contain some public-opinion data.

Lend-Lease: The Great Debate. Preparation of Lend-Lease legislation: Cox Diary, Jan. 6, Feb. 13, 1941, FDRL. The text of Wheeler’s speech is in Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Pt. 10 (Appendix), A178-179; Roosevelt’s reply, PC 710, Jan. 14, 1941; PPA, 1940, pp. 711-712. Blum¹, pp. 211-222, and Langer and Gleason, pp. 254ff., provide accounts of the Lend-Lease debate; there is some relevant material in HHP, Box 296. On Stimson’s dilemma, see Elting E. Morison, p. 518, and Current, pp. 148-149. Testimony is taken from the House and Senate hearings: “To Promote the Defense of the United States,” Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 1941; and before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (on S. 275), Jan.-Feb. 1941, Pts. 1-4. See also Osgood, pp. 417-420.

Cole and Johnson describe the role of the two big isolationist and interventionist organizations. State Department, Box 28, FDRL, throws light on Roosevelt’s reaction to the debate.

“Speed—and Speed Now.” Roosevelt’s indignation session: Sherwood, pp. 265-266; see also Rosenman, p. 273. Speech to the White House correspondents: PPA, 1941, pp. 60-69. On the general background of defense mobilization, see The United States at War and Industrial Mobilization for War. The press conference on the new defense-production setup is in PPA, 1940, pp. 684-685. On some of the problems of early 1941, see Janeway; the Stimson quotation on aluminum is from Janeway, p. 240. See Ickes, on other defense problems, especially oil and power. Press conference on the Dunn report: PC 722, Feb. 28, 1941. Baruch’s role and relation to Roosevelt: Baruch; Coit. On Baruch’s advice on defense production, see these works and Baruch to Roosevelt, PPF 88, Dec. 20, 1940, and Clapper Papers (Diary, May 19, 1941), LC. Stimson’s “sting of responsibility” comment: Blum¹, p. 272; see the same, p. 273, for Morgenthau’s view on defense organization.

PM’s story on the New York derelicts is in the edition of Jan. 21, 1941, pp. 1, 12-13; see this newspaper and the liberal weeklies The Nation and The New Republic for reports on social conditions during the mobilization period. The findings of Gunnar Myrdal and his associates were reported in the magnificent An American Dilemma; see pp. 420 and 421 for examples of the plight of Negroes in the Army. Josephson provides full coverage of Hillman’s defense role. Strike situation in early 1941: War Department Memo (n.d.), PSF, Strikes Folder. Allis-Chalmers: Patterson to Roosevelt, April 3, 1941, PSF, Strikes Folder.

Roosevelt’s White House. The account of John Gunther’s interview is taken from his sensitive and knowing Roosevelt in Retrospect, pp. 24, 27; I have both paraphrased and quoted it. Sherwood’s description and memories of the White House: Sherwood, pp. 203ff. The most revealing book on Eleanor Roosevelt in the White House is Lash; see also Alfred Steinberg, Mrs. R: The Life of Eleanor Roosevelt (Putnam, 1958); Eleanor Roosevelt; Tully; Roosevelt and Shalett. Roosevelt on Hopkins: Sherwood, pp. 2-3; on Hopkins in the White House: Ickes, p. 471; Blum¹, p. 231; Stimson Diary and Papers. Baruch’s comment on Hopkins was made to Raymond Clapper: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Jan.-Feb. 1942 Folder, LC. Moley’s and Corcoran’s departures from the presidential limelight: Raymond Moley, After Seven Years (Harper, 1939); Freedman, pp. 577-578. Many items in PL indicate Roosevelt’s capacity to deal with day-to-day problems and to indulge in small jokes; see, for example, PL, pp. 1092, 1100, 1148; also Rosenman to author. The call for diaper service is recorded for history in Henrietta Nesbitt’s Diaries, Feb.16, 1941, LC.

CHAPTER TWO

Churchill and Roosevelt exchange on repair of British ships: Langer and Gleason, p. 424; PL, p. 1137. On Roosevelt’s policies toward Vichy, Madrid, Athens, etc., see Hull; Leahy, chaps. 2-4; Churchill³, pp. 130-131. Langer and Gleason is especially useful for its detailed studies of the diplomatic background to the events of early 1941. Ickes’s denunciation of the State Department: Ickes, p. 473; see Ickes also for occasional criticism of Roosevelt’s failure to act more decisively, and for indicating Frankfurter’s view. Stimson’s comment: Stimson Diary, April 22, 1941. The President’s discussion on the flux of public opinion with the press: PC 737, April 22, 1941; and on defeatism: PC 738, April 25, 1941; PPA, 1941, p. 132. His letter to Norman Thomas, May 14, 1941, is in PL, p. 1156. For day-to-day attitudes of American and other officials, see Clapper Papers (Diaries, 1941), LC. Pacific Theater background: “Admiral Hart’s Narrative of Events, Pacific Theatre, Leading Up to War,” PMRP, Naval Aide’s Files (no box number).

Hitler: The Rapture of Decision. Hitler’s Rheinmetall-Borsig speech, Dec. 10, 1940: Raoul de Roussy de Sales (ed.), My New Order (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941), p. 889. Churchill’s comments on Hitler can be found in his works. Studies of Hitler’s personality are legion; I have used especially Shirer; Bullock; Trevor-Roper; Erik H. Erikson, Young Man Luther (Norton Library, 1962), pp. 105-110; Jochen von Lang, Adolf Hitler: Faces of a Dictator (Harcourt, Brace, 1969). Hitler’s strategic decisions of late 1940 and early 1941: Sontag and Beddie, pp. 258-259, 260; Führer Conferences, 1941; Hinsley; other sources cited in Prologue notes; interviews with German and Soviet historians. Hitler’s strictures against the Russians and the Jews are quoted in My Nexu Order, p. 973. His message to Mussolini is in Sontag and Beddie, p. 353. The Führer’s relations with his generals are reflected in Hitler’s Secret Conversations; Taylor; and in Keitel and other memoirs by his generals. Shirer, p. 1080, and Keitel, p. 138, indicate Hitler’s reaction to the change of government in Belgrade. Hitler’s Russian strategy: Hinsley, chap. 6; Warlimont, chap. 3; Liddell Hart, chap. 13. Warlimont, p. 161, is the source of the description of the officers’ meeting with Hitler; and Bullock, p. 652, of the Führer’s comment on kicking down the Russian door.

Churchill: The Girdle of Defeat. Churchill’s estimate of the situation, winter 1940-41: Churchill², p. 626. His note to Roosevelt on a possible invasion: Churchill³, p. 26. His vignette of Hopkins, ibid., p. 24. Bryant² is a useful source for a more professional view of Britain’s situation during this period; see also Eden; Ismay. On the question of diversion from Africa to assist the Greeks, see the above sources. Brooke’s comment is in Bryant², p. 198; see also Ismay, p. 199. Churchill’s questioning message to Eden: Churchill³, p. 70. The House of Commons debate is quoted from 371 H.C. Debates, 5th session, May 1941, pp. 871, 880, 927, 937. Roosevelt’s letter to Churchill on the Near Eastern situation: Churchill³. Churchill’s increasing emphasis on the need for full American intervention: ibid., pp. 160, 274, 283, and his flat call for participation, ibid., p. 235. The Prime Minister’s description of his relations with the Americans: 371 H.C. Debates, May 7, 1941, p. 945. Forrestal on Churchill’s private attitude and expectations of American involvement: Clapper Papers (Diary, May 15, 1941), LC.

Konoye: The View Toward Chungking. Grew’s comment on the possibility of a Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor: Grew, p. 1233 (Jan. 27, 1941). Indispensable sources on Japan’s strategic planning during this period are Butow, p. 204 and passim; and Yale C. Maxon, Control of Japanese Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957), pp. 150, 153-154, and passim. Roosevelt’s comment on Matsuoka’s trip is in PL, p. 1125 (Feb. 19, 1941). Hitler-Matsuoka negotiations: Sontag and Beddie, pp. 289 ff.; Schmidt, pp. 226 ff.; Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV, pp. 526 ff. Schmidt, p. 231, stresses Hitler’s emphasis to Matsuoka on the uncertainty of Nazi-Soviet relations. Text of Japanese-Soviet agreement: Dallin, pp. 164-165. On Chinese-American relations in 1941, extensive background is provided by PSF, China, 1941-44, and by Morgenthau Diary (China), Vol. I, which reprints large sections of Morgenthau’s diary, including transcripts of his conferences with his staff.

The Yangtze River description is from Agnes Smedley, Battle Hymn of China (Knopf, 1943). Chiang at this time: White and Jacoby, pp. 122-129; Tsou, chap. 2; Payne, pp. 233 ff. On Chiang’s relations with the Chinese Communists during this period, see Lawrence K. Rosinger, China’s War Time Politics, 1937-1944 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 945) pp. 38-39 and passim. Appointment of Lattimore: Currie to Roosevelt, May 6, 1941, PSF, China, and other correspondence, Box 4. For Chiang’s comments and views generally, see his Resistance and Reconstruction (Harper, 1943) and The Collected Wartime Messages of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, Vol. 2 (1940-1945) (John Day, 1946), compiled by the Chinese Ministry of Information. U.S.-Chinese relations generally, during early 1941: PSF, Currie Folder, Box 45.

Roosevelt: The Crisis of Strategy. Roosevelt to Grew: Heinrichs, p. 328. Roosevelt’s note to Knox about the “dear, delightful” Navy officers: PSF, Navy Department, Box 20, Dec. 23, 1940. Background of army planning and strategy: Cline, chaps. 1 and 2. Navy: King and Whitehill. On the more immediate background, see Matloff and Snell, chaps. 1-3. Admiral Stark’s strategic appreciation of Nov. 1940: PSF, Navy Department, Box 20, Nov. 4, 1940. The characterization of Plan Dog as the first attempt to deal with American military strategy as a whole is from Matloff and Snell, p. 25. Pogue¹, p. 127, among others, notes Roosevelt’s noninvolvement openly in the early planning; see also Divine, chap. 2. Marshall: Pogue¹, pp. 22-23 and passim; Sherwood, pp. 164-165; Robert Payne, The Marshall Story (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1951), chap. 16. The President’s general directive of Jan. 16, 1941 is quoted in Watson, pp. 124-125. Roosevelt’s editing of the directive: Watson, p. 373. On the discussions and agreements of the British-American staff, see Matloff and Snell, chap. 3; the plan to concentrate American naval efforts in the eastern Atlantic is spelled out in Knox to Roosevelt, March 20, 1941.

Roosevelt’s elaborate and cautious preparations for American trusteeship of Greenland are reflected in documents in PSF, Greenland, Memorandum, Stimson and Knox to Roosevelt, April 22, 1941, and his reply to them of April 30, 1941; and in PSF, Denmark, which includes Roosevelt’s correspondence with Hull on the wording of his appeal to the King of Denmark, April 14, 15, and 18, 1941. Implications of a Pacific First strategy: Feis³, pp. 45-47.

Harriman’s description of the atmosphere of London: Sherwood, p. 276. Roosevelt’s aid to Britain: HHP, Box 305; also Roosevelt to Churchill, March 25, 1941, SD 811.6363/38 1/2. Roosevelt’s humorous exchange with the press: PC 735, April 15, 1941; PPA, 1941, pp. 113 ff. The President’s highly significant statement about convoying leading to war: PC 712, Jan. 21, 1941. Knox’s claim about cleaning up the Atlantic is quoted in Langer and Gleason, p. 445. Roosevelt’s and Marshall’s views on Hawaii are indicated in Pogue¹, pp. 135-136. Stimson’s comments on convoying to Roosevelt: Stimson and Bundy, p. 369. Ickes’s view of Roosevelt’s approach: Ickes, pp. 466, 470, 485, 538; Morgenthau’s views: Blum¹, pp. 253-254 and Morgenthau Diary (China). Iowa farmers: Wallace to Roosevelt, May 26, 1941, PSF, Box 59. Hopkins’s position: Clapper Papers, May 19, 1941, LC. Frankfurter’s position: Freedman, pp. 599-602. The croquet game incident is reported in Ickes, p. 510; I infer that Hull went on with his game only from Ickes’s word “interrupt.” Stimson’s boa constrictor quotation: Elting E. Morison, p. 518. The Stimson outburst “Keep on walking”: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 370-371.

Stalin: The Twist of Realpolitik. Stalin stated his preference for political arithmetic over algebra to Eden at their conference in Moscow, Dec. 1941: Eden, p. 251. Munich as catalyst: Kennan², pp. 321-329. Molotov’s comments on Realpolitik and on Russian-American relations are quoted in Werth, pp. 51-52, 94; on the latter see also Currie to Roosevelt, May 8, 1941, FDRL. Churchill³, pp. 357 ff., describes his warnings to Stalin of the impending German invasion. Matsuoka described to Hitler his meeting earlier with Stalin: Sontag and Beddie, pp. 296-297. Soviet-American economic relations: Hull, pp. 971-972; Acheson, p. 34. Stalin’s send-off of Matsuoka is described in Langer and Gleason, pp. 354-355; Dallin, p. 346; Werth, p. 121; the reported words vary but the meaning is similar in these sources. Stalin’s information and policies before the invasion: Ulam, pp. 303-313; Deborin, pp. 148-150; Werth, pp. 120-126. Stalin’s important speech of May 5, 1941 to the officer graduates, with its implication that Russia might have to take the initiative against Germany in the future, is quoted in Werth, pp. 122-123; Werth compiled this quotation from several Russian oral sources several weeks later, but all his sources, he states, agree on Stalin’s having made the statement about possibly taking the initiative. I have discussed this speech with Berezhkov and Soviet historians. The Tass statement and the exchange between the German Ambassador and Molotov are quoted in Werth, pp. 125, 127. Alan Clark’s Barbarossa presents a graphic picture of the initial German advance; see also Werth. Stalin’s near-collapse: Zhukov, pp. 11-12, 33; Werth, pp. 315-316. Hitler’s on-the-eve message to Mussolini is in Ciano, p. 369; Churchill’s broadcast, in Churchill³, p. 371; and Stalin’s broadcast, in Werth, pp. 162-165. Ilya Ehrenburg, pp. 10-11, describes hearing the speech.

CHAPTER THREE

Roosevelt’s letters to Bailey, to the Congressman (fames F. O’Connor), and to Bruce Barton: respectively, PL, p. 1154, May 13, 1941; PL, p. 1159, May 19, 1941; PPE 7550, May 19, 1941; see also Roosevelt to Norman Thomas, May 14, 1941, PL, pp. 1156-1157. Watson’s memo to Roosevelt, May 16, 1941, on foreign-policy opinion: PL, p. 1158; see also Cantril, pp. 1061, 1128, 1162; OF 857; PPF 4721; PSF, Post-War Planning Folder, Box 54; Cantril Notebook I; PSF, Public Opinion Folder, Box 54. Ickes’s warning to Roosevelt about Hitler and incidents: Ickes to Roosevelt, May 24, 1941, PSF, Box 73. Differences within the administration on policy are fully covered in Langer and Gleason, pp. 458 ff.; Sherwood, pp. 295-298, which also describes the writing of the speech declaring a full emergency, and Roosevelt’s reaction to the reaction. Bismarck episode: Sherwood, p. 295; Rosenman, p, 283. The speech: PPA, 1941, pp. 181-194. The press conference the following morning: PC 745, May 28, 1941. Roosevelt’s first reaction to Robin Moor sinking: Roosevelt to Hull and Welles, June 11, 1941, SD 195.7 Robin Moor 12 1/2, NA. On the mood of spring 1941, see Clapper Papers (diaries of that time), LC.

Atlantic First. Churchill’s speech on the German invasion of Russia: Churchill³, p. 372. On earlier British-Soviet relations, see Werth, p. 162; Butler, pp. 544 ft.; Eden, p. 263; Dallin, chap. 11; FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 155, 164, 167, 176. American relations with Russia and lack of confidence in that country’s holding out against the Wehrmacht: Hull, pp. 971-973; Langer and Gleason, pp. 530-531; PHA, Pt. 14, p. 1336; see also Divine, pp. 79-84. Roosevelt’s dislike of Oumansky: Ickes, p. 569. Roosevelt’s response to the invasion: Sherwood, pp. 303-311; Kennan², pp. 352-355. State Department declaration of June 23: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 766-768; see also Welles, p. 171. The Roosevelt-Oursler exchange, June 25, 1941: PPF 2993. Davies’s reports from Moscow: George Fischer, “Genesis of the United States-Soviet Relations in World War II,” The Review of Politics, July 1950, pp. 363-378. Administration view that the best way to help Russia would be to step up aid to Britain: Cox to Hopkins, June 23, 1941, Cox Diary, FDRL. Pressure on Roosevelt to step up the Atlantic war: Sherwood, pp. 303-304; PHA, Pt. 16, pp. 2175 ff.; Ickes, pp. 549 ff.; Harriman to Roosevelt, April 24, 1941, HHP, Box 305. Roosevelt’s operations orders for Atlantic escorting: PHA, Pt. 5, pp. 2293-2295. Operational orders on Iceland: Stark to Hopkins, June 17, 1941, with accompanying copy of instruction from the Chief of Naval Operations to the Commanding General, First Marine Brigade (Provisional), June 16, 1941, PSF, Iceland. Churchill on Iceland: Churchill³, p. 138. Morison¹, p. 79, and King and Whitehill, pp. 343-344, note some of the more specific operational choices in escorting ships. See, generally, PSF, Navy, Box 21, 1941. Hitler’s refusal to escalate in the Atlantic: Führer Conferences, June 24, 1941, p. 1; July 10, 1941, pp. 3, 8, 9; Shirer, pp. 1149-1153; Schmidt, p. 231.

Roosevelt’s citing of Sandburg on Lincoln on strategy: PC 662, Aug. 19, 1941; PPA, 1941, p. 329. Roosevelt to Ickes on shortage of naval ships: PSF, Ickes Folder, July 1, 1941; see also PPA, 1941, p. 280. The exchanges between Hull and Nomura are exhaustively documented in FRUS-Japan; for the stiff Hull oral statement, June 21, 1941, see ibid., p. 485. Long throws some light on Hull and internal State Department relationships. Events in Tokyo during this period: Ike, pp. 60, 65-66, 78-90, 97, 98, 101; see also Konoye’s retrospective account in PHA, Pt. 20, pp. 3995-3997. Roosevelt’s action on Indochina: FRUS, 1941, pp. 527-530; see also PPA, 1941, pp. 279-280. Roosevelt’s comment on the “knock-out” fight in Tokyo is from the letter to Ickes cited above. Ickes’s comment on the “noose” policy, July 27, 1941: Ickes, p. 588. Stimson’s comment was in a handwritten note in the margin of a report to him by Robert Patterson, on the Cabinet meeting of July 18, 1941 attended by Patterson, in Stimson Papers. Grew’s comment: Grew’s diary, quoted by Langer and Gleason, p. 654. Mosley, pp. 206-209, describes some of the activities of the moderates in or close to the Emperor’s circle during this period.

Russia Second. On the fighting in Russia, see the graphic accounts in Werth, Pt. 2, and Clark, chaps. 3-4; and in the North Atlantic, Morison¹, chap. 4. Military estimates of the prospects of Russian survival: Stimson to Roosevelt, June 22, 1941, quoted in Sherwood, pp. 303-305; Churchill³, pp. 393-394, 398, 402. Churchill³, pp. 457-458, is also the source of the account of his exchange with Maisky. On Roosevelt’s “expedient” approach to Russia, see Fischer, cited above. Langer and Gleason, p. 542, has a roundup of congressional reactions to the German-Soviet hostilities. Raymond H. Dawson, The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), offers an excellent compilation of interventionist and isolationist reactions to the Russo-German war, as well as a balanced account of the relations of foreign policy and domestic politics following this event. Conflicting advice to Roosevelt: Pogue¹, p. 158; Sherwood, pp. 306-307. Popular attitudes toward Russia as reported to Roosevelt: Cantril to Roosevelt, July 3, 1941, PSF, Public Opinion Polls; see also Cantril Notebook I.

Hopkins’s mission to Moscow and reports on his talks with Stalin: Sherwood, chap. 15; HHP, Box 298. Roosevelt on Wheeler: Roosevelt to Frankfurter, July 25, 1941, Freedman, p. 611. Roosevelt’s exasperation over lagging aid to Russia: Ickes, pp. 592-593; Blum¹, p. 264. Morgenthau telephone call to Cox: Cox Diary, Aug. 2, 1941, FDRL. See Paul Carell, Hitler’s War on Russia (London: Harrap, 1964).

Government as Usual. The press-conference exchange on the defense effort: PC 733, April 8, 1941; PPA 1941, p. 90. Price control: PSF, Rowe Folder, Box 56; Harvey C. Mansfield and Associates, A Short History of OPA (Washington, D.C.: Office of Price Administration, 1947); see also Smith Diary, March 18, 1941, FDRL. Lilienthal notes the policy divisions within hierarchies of defense agencies. Josephson, p. 545, and Ickes, pp. 535-536, describe the Cabinet discussion of labor problems. PPA, 1941, pp. 205-208, has the President’s statement and executive order seizing the North American Aviation Co. plant. For the White House and labor disputes generally, see PSF, Strikes Folder, Box 56. Reports to the White House from the scene of the strike: Grady to Patterson, June 9, 1941, and Patterson to Roosevelt, June 12, 1941, OF 407-B. Reaction to the plant seizure: special compilation and analysis conducted for this book by Paul Streicker, at FDRL, OF 407-B, Boxes 20-24. On the White House reaction to congressional calls for restrictive labor measures, see Hillman to Roosevelt, June 24, 1941 (on the Vinson bill), PSF, Strikes Folder. Discussion of dollar-a-year men: PC 735, April 15, 1941; PPA, 1941, p. 116. The state of the defense program in early 1941 is reflected in Smith Diary, FDRL; McCloy to Stimson, May 21, 1941, Stimson Papers; The United States at War, p. 81; Nelson, pp. 275ff.; see also Truman Committee hearings, cited below. Keynes: Clapper Papers (Diary, May 17, 1941), LC. The private report to Roosevelt, July 15, 1941, initialed rwh, is in War Department Folder, FDRL. The origins of the Truman Committee are described in Donald H. Riddle, The Truman Committee (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1964), chap. 1, and in Steinberg, chap. 22; the proceedings are in “Investigation of the National Defense Program,” Hearings before a Special Committee Investigating the National Defense Program, 77th Congress, 1st Session, and later sessions; the Connally comment is at p. 1325. Roosevelt’s earlier preparations for congressional investigations: Roosevelt to Stimson, Knox, Knudsen, Hillman, March 6, 1941, PSF, OPM Folder, Departmental. The Lippmann comment is from his “Today and Tomorrow” column, a copy of which is in the Stimson Papers; see also Time and the liberal weeklies for criticism of Roosevelt’s leadership during this period. The Lilienthal comparison with 1933: Lilienthal, p. 321. The struggle over extension of Selective Service is well described in Pogue¹, pp. 145-157; Langer and Gleason, pp. 568-574. See Stimson and Bundy, pp. 376, 378; Pogue¹, pp. 149, 153, 155-156; Vandenberg, pp. 13-15, for criticism of Roosevelt’s leadership in the fight. I. F. Stone’s comment: The Nation, Sept. 6, 1941, pp. 194-195. See Stone’s Nation articles generally for brilliant studies of defense mobilization. See Somers for later developments.

“Federal Disbursements for Defense,” PSF, OPM Folder, is a useful one-page summary of major defense spending in 1940 and early 1941. Smith Diary, July 15, 1941, FDRL, describes a conference, same date, of Morgenthau and congressional tax leaders with the President; see also Roosevelt to Representative Robert Doughton, July 31, 1941, PSF, Box 47, “C” File; PSF, Tax Folder, Box 57. Alpheus Thomas Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone (Viking, 1956), pp. 563-574, authoritatively describes Stone’s appointment. Roosevelt memorandum to Jones on appointments is dated April 30, 1941, with enclosure, James Rowe to Missy LeHand, April 25, 1941, PSF, Rowe Folder. Louis Ruchames, Race, Jobs, & Politics (Columbia University Press, 1953), includes a well-documented treatment of the background of Executive Order 8802; see PPA, 1941, pp. 233-235, for text of the order. OF 391 provides useful correspondence on this subject; on Roosevelt’s attitude, see, especially, Roosevelt to McIntyre, June 7, 1941. Eleanor Roosevelt to “Steve” (Early), Aug. 8, 1935: PPF 1336. For a typical Roosevelt letter to civil-rights leaders during the later prewar years, see Roosevelt to Arthur B. Spingarn, June 14, 1940, PPF 1336. On the march on Washington, see Wayne Coy to Roosevelt, June 16, 1941, OF 391; and E.M.W. (Watson) to Roosevelt, June 24, 1941, PSF, Watson Folder.

Rendezvous at Argentia. General sources on the Argentia Conference; FRUS; Wilson; H. V. Morton, Atlantic Meeting (Dodd, Mead, 1943), the last an account of the public events by a British observer on the Prince of Wales. Roosevelt’s departure for his Atlantic trip: Roosevelt to Sara Delano Roosevelt, Aug. 2, 1941, PL, pp. 1196-1197. A log was kept of the whole trip, entitled “Narrative,” n.d., 16 pp., PSF Safe File. On personalities and other aspects of the trip: Roosevelt and Shalett, pp. 334-337; King and Whitehill, pp. 331-333; Reilly, pp. 117-124; Tully, pp. 246-247. Preparations and expectations for the conference: Sherwood, p. 358; Pogue¹, p. 142. Account of Churchill’s report on the war: Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 28-31. The Sunday services are described in Churchill³, pp. 431-432; King and Whitehill, p. 335; Sherwood, p. 353; Morton, chap. 10; they were well covered by films, which are in NA. Military and diplomatic discussions and results: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 354-356, 358; Churchill³, pp. 438-442; Gwyer and Butler, pp. 125-130; Pogue¹, pp. 142-145; Watson, pp. 400-406; Matloff and Snell, p. 55.

Roosevelt on postwar planning: Roosevelt to Berle, June 26, 1941, PSF, State Department, 1941, Box 28. Churchill’s early draft of the Atlantic statement: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, p. 355. Churchill-Roosevelt discussions of the charter: Sumner Welles, Where Are We Heading? (Harper, 1946), p. 11, Discussions of postwar organization: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, p. 363; Churchill³, p. 437. Postwar trade: Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 23, 1941, 740.0011 ER 1939, SD. The note on “Adelai Stevenson” (sic) in the log is from the “Narrative,” cited above, p. 16. Frankfurter’s tribute: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Aug. 18, 1941, Freedman, pp. 612-613; cf. Kolko, pp. 242-245.

CHAPTER FOUR

Senate discussion of the Atlantic meeting: Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Pt. 7, Aug. 12-Oct. 20, 1941; Langer and Gleason, pp. 689-690, reports major press reaction. Roosevelt’s exchange with the press on the charter: PC 761, Aug. 16, 1941; PPA, 1941, p. 322. Data on popular reaction to the meeting and to 1941 events generally: Roper Center, AIPO #257, May 20, 1941; #238, May 29, 1941; #240-K, June 24, 1941; #241-T, June 1941; #245, Aug. 1941; #248-K, Sept. 17, 1941. These are comparable to Cantril, pp. 1162-1163, with small differences in the “Don’t know” categories and others. Transmission of data to White House: Hadley Cantril, “Summary Interpretation of Latest Results,” July 3, 1941, PSF, Public Opinion Polls. Stimson to Roosevelt on leadership: Stimson Diary, June 30, 1941. Stimson-Roosevelt exchange on strategic requirements: Roosevelt to Stimson, July 9, 1941; Stimson to Roosevelt, Sept. 23, 1941, PSF, Stimson Folder. Times Square poll: Harold Lavine, The Nation, Aug. 30, 1941, pp. 179-180. A Soviet view of the background of Pearl Harbor: N. N. Yakovlev, esp. Pts. II, III.

The Winds and Waves of Strife. Roosevelt’s warning to Tokyo: Churchill³, p. 446; Hull, pp. 1018, 1229; Long, p. 215. The President’s conference with Nomura: FRUS—Japan, pp. 554-555; Hull, p. 1019. Reception of the warning by the Japanese: Hull, p. 1019; FRUS—Japan, p. 555; Langer and Gleason, pp. 697 ff.; PHA, Pt. 15, p. 1682. Roosevelt to Churchill on the former’s warning, Aug. 18, 1941: FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 380. Proposed Roosevelt-Konoye conference: Butow, pp. 234-235, 245; Ike, pp. 112-124; Grew, pp. 1301-1302. Japanese note of Aug. 28: FRUS—Japan, pp. 573-575; Ike, pp. 124-126. Nomura on Roosevelt’s reception of note: PHA, Pt. 17, p. 2794. Grew’s change of outlook: FRUS—Japan, p. 565; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 382-383; Heinrichs, pp. 340-343; Grew, pp. 1310-1312 (slight differences in the same texts are due to paraphrasing). Roosevelt-Nomura conference of Sept. 3, 1941: FRUS—Japan, pp. 588-589. Liaison conference meeting of Sept. 3: Ike, pp. 32, 130; Butow, pp. 249-250; Butow, at p. 250, cites problems of translation; I have used his translation. Conference of Konoye and military chiefs with Hirohito: PHA (Konoye testimony), Pt. 20, p. 4004; Mosley, pp. 214-215; Ike, p. 133; Butow, pp. 254-255. Imperial Conference of Sept. 6: Ike, pp. 134-163; Butow, p. 258; Mosley, p. 220; PHA, Pt. 20. p. 4005; versions of the Emperor’s poem differ slightly.

The Greer incident: Gerard E. Hasselwander, “Der US-Zerstörer ‘Greer’ und ‘U 652’ am 4, September 1941,” Marine-Rundschau, Heft 3, 1962, pp. 148-160, a thorough account; PSF, Navy Department, Box 21, 1941; Beardall to Roosevelt, Sept. 9, 1941, enclosing copy of dispatch, Senior Officer Present Afloat, Iceland, to Chief of Naval Operations, Sept. 6, 1941, FDRL; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 93 ff.; Churchill³, p. 493. Death of Sara Delano Roosevelt: Rosenman, pp. 290-292; Sherwood, pp. 370-372; Watson-Hassett memorandum, PPF 8, Sept. 19, 1941. Mackenzie King to Roosevelt, Nov. 10, 1941: PSF, Canada Folder. Churchill’s diversion of destroyers after American assumption of full convoying: Churchill³, p. 517. Knox speech to American Legion is quoted in Langer and Gleason, p. 746. Roosevelt’s “shoot on sight” speech: PPA, Sept. 11, 1941, pp. 384-392. Hitler’s reaction: Führer Conferences, Sept. 17, 1941, pp. 33, 37-40. American public opinion: Cantril, pp. 1128-1129. Roundup of press opinion: Langer and Gleason, p. 751.

The Call to Battle Stations. General sources on Pearl Harbor attack and its background: PHA; Wohlstetter; Farago; Yakovlev. Forestry Service transfer: Ickes, p. 626. Plans for a Key West fishing retreat: Sherwood, p. 378. Roosevelt’s health: Ross McIntire, White House Physician (Putnam, 1946); and other references cited in chap. 15 notes below. Main source for Japanese-American relations, late 1941: FRUS—Japan; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV; Feis³; Grew; PHA; Butow; Ike; Hull. On relations with China: Hull, pp. 1005, 1024; Grew, pp. 1279, 1355; Matloff, p. 63; Feis⁴, p. 276; Butow, p. 595; Morgenthau Diary (China), pp. 364-365, 377-379, 547 548; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 396, 435, 436-441; Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 19, 1941, PSF, China Folder, 1941-1944. Continuing negotiations with Japan: PHA, Pt. 20, pp. 4423-4427; FRUS—Japan, pp. 656-661, 662-663, 685; Grew, p. 1272 and passim. Evidence of faulty perception or communication: Clapper Papers (Diary, Nov. 18, 21, 1941), LC; FRUS—Japan, pp. 612, 619, 631, 687; Konoye, in PHA, Pt. 20, pp. 4005, 4006; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 412 419, 423; Wohlstetter. Kearny incident: Morison¹, pp. 92-93; PSF, Navy Department, Box 21, 1941, Roosevelt’s Navy Day speech, Oct. 27, 1941: PPA, 1941, pp. 438-444. For an authoritative German account of the Kearny episode, see Jürgen Rohwer, “Der Kearny-Zwischenfall,” Marine-Rundschau, Heft 5, 1959, pp. 288-301.

Roosevelt’s dire warning, Oct. 9, 1941, of a Russian-type plight for Americans if Hitler won in Europe: PPA, 1941, p. 411. Roosevelt’s empty bag of tricks: Sherwood, p. 383. Indications that Japan would attack British or Dutch or Russian territory, not American: Wohlstetter, chap. 5 and passim; Farago, pp. 288, 290, 307-308, 350; Yakovlev, Pt. III. American reluctance to fight for Kra Peninsula, etc.: Sherwood, p. 429; these views are corroborated by polling data received at the White House and indicating that respondents were strong for helping Britain and the Philippines but not Singapore or Australia; Russell Davenport to Hopkins, July 10, 1941, HHP, Box 298. Shift on defense of the Philippines: Watson, pp. 438-444; Matloff and Snell, pp. 67-68. Shifting attitudes on policy toward Japan: Cantril, p. 975. Roosevelt’s cautious handling of aid to Russia: Raymond H. Dawson, The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), chaps. 7-10. Press and political reaction to Roosevelt’s comments on religion in Russia: Dawson, p. 260. Taylor mission to Vatican: Myron C. Taylor (ed.), Wartime Correspondence between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII (Macmillan, 1947); Roosevelt to Taylor, Sept. 1, 1941, PSF, Italy Folder; Taylor memorandum summarizing views of Monsig. Tardini, Sept. 20, 1941, PSF, Vatican Folder; see also The Holy See and the World War, Vol. V (Rome, 1969). Stalin’s comments to Churchill about lack of clarity in British-Russian relations: Churchill³, pp. 528-529.

A Time for War. Liaison conference, Nov 1, 1941: Ike, pp. 208-239; Mosley, pp. 202-204. Proposals A and B: Ike, p. 204; Butow, pp. 322-323; texts: Ike, pp. 209-211. Imperial Conference, Nov. 5, 1941: Butow, p. 325; Ike, pp. 208-239; Mosley, pp. 230, 240. Roosevelt-Nomura discussions, Nov. 10, 1941: Sherwood, p. 420; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5420, 5431. Cabinet meeting next day: Stimson and Bundy; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5420, 5432; Hull, p. 1058. Roosevelt offer to Nomura to expedite exploratory discussions: FRUS—Japan, pp. 715-719. Roosevelt discussions with Nomura and Kurusu, Nov. 17, 1941: FRUS—Japan, pp. 740-743; Freedman, p. 623. Report on Chiang’s fears: Currie to Hull, Nov. 25, 1941, 711.93/481-1/2SD. Hull’s denunciation of Proposal B: Hull, p. 1070. Roosevelt’s truce offer, c. Nov. 17, 1941: PHA, Pt. 14, p. 1109; on dating of same, see Langer and Gleason, p. 872; Feis⁴, p. 312. Hull’s changes: PHA, Pt. 14, pp. 1110-1115. Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 24, 1941, on the proposal: PL, p. 1246; Churchill’s response: PHA, Pt. 14, p. 1300. Stimson to Roosevelt on Indochina: PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5434; see also PPA, 1941, p. 510; Blum¹, p. 330. Hull to Stimson on “washing his hands of it”: PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5422. Japanese liaison conference, Nov. 29, 1941: Ike, pp. 260-262. Imperial Conference, Dec. 1, 1941: Ike, pp. 262-283. Mussolini on Roosevelt is quoted in Langer and Gleason, p. 925. Roosevelt to Hirohito: PPA, 1941, pp. 511-513.

Morison³, pp. 83 ff., pictures the Japanese training and preparations for Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt’s fatalistic statements: Blum¹, p. 391; Smith Diary, Dec. 6, 1941, FDRL. My interpretation of Roosevelt’s strategic state of mind as of late fall 1941: PL; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5438-5441; Lilienthal (Hu Shih conversation with Roosevelt, morning of Dec. 7, 1941), pp. 505-506; Sherwood, p. 428 (Roosevelt’s complaints later to Hopkins about Hull—complaints I believe also directed at himself); Yakovlev, Pt.III; Raymond A. Esthus, “President Roosevelt’s Commitment to Britain to Intervene in a Pacific War,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, June 1963, pp. 28-38; F.W.F.S. Birkenhead, Halifax (London: Hamilton, 1965), pp. 529-530; George E. Morganstern, Pearl Harbor (Devin-Adair, 1947), chap. 3, pp. 599-603; see also Langer and Gleason; Woodward, pp. 186-187. Roosevelt’s request for Asia-Pacific bases: Hull to Winant and to Johnson (Canberra), FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 573-575. Roosevelt on Japan’s strategy: PPA, 1941, p. 501; FRUS—Japan, p. 772; Sherwood, p. 428. Roosevelt’s receipt of first thirteen parts: PHA, Pt. 10, pp. 4659-4671; Sherwood, pp. 426-427; Smith Diary, Dec. 6, 1941, FDRL; Farago, pp. 352-354.

Rendezvous at Pearl. Pearl Harbor attack: primarily, Morison³, chap. 5; Walter Lord, Day of Infamy (Holt, 1957); Kimmel. Knox’s reception of news: Morison³, p. 101. Hopkins’s remark: Sherwood, p. 431. Hull’s statement to the Japanese envoys: Hull, p. 1096. Churchill’s reaction to the news of Pearl Harbor: Churchill³, pp. 604-605; John G. Winant, Letters from Grosvenor Square (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 199; I have described Churchill’s reaction wholly on the basis of his later recollection. Roosevelt’s reaction and early events in his study: Tully, pp. 254 ff.; Farago, pp. 378-379; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5438-5439; Lilienthal (Hu Shih’s remembrance), p. 507; Biddle, p. 206; NYT, Jan. 24, 1943, VII, p. 3; interview with Eleanor Roosevelt, New York Post, Dec. 7, 1961, p. 57. Evening meeting: Perkins, pp. 379-380; Sherwood, p. 433; Ickes, pp. 622-665; Blum², p. 1; Biddle, p. 206; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5439, Pt. 19, p. 3503; PL, p. 1252. PHA, Pt. 19, pp. 3503-3507, has transcript of the congressional conference with the President, evening of Dec. 7, 1941. Scene outside White House: Richard L. Strout, Christian Science Monitor, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 3; and other periodicals. Military reports arriving at White House: PSF, Philippines Folder, 4-41, especially Marshall telephone calls forwarding MacArthur messages of Dec. 7 (9:00 P.M.), Dec. 8, Dec. 9 (Washington time). Roosevelt to Murrow: Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 239-240.

CHAPTER FIVE

Roosevelt’s feeling of anguished relief and attitude toward security arrangements after Pearl Harbor: Tully, pp. 256 ff.; Eleanor Roosevelt, p. 237; Perkins, pp. 379ff.; Hurd, p. 265. Churchill’s immediate action: Churchill³, pp. 610-611. Churchill’s “harem” remark: Bryant², pp. 225-226. Roosevelt’s press conference and fireside chat of Dec. g, 1941: PPA, 1941, pp. 516-530. White House arrangements: Eleanor Roosevelt, p. 237; Blum², pp. 1-2; Rosenman, p. 310. Hitler’s strategic reaction to Pearl Harbor: Meskill, pp. 40-47; Warlimont, pp. 208-209; Ciano, p. 416; Hinsley, pp. 186-188; Bullock, pp. 661 ff.; Shirer, pp. 1155ff.; Friedländer², pp. 270-271. I have discussed the Japanese-Soviet aspect of Hitler’s decision with German and Soviet historians. Hitler’s war address: Shirer, pp. 1173ff.; Gordon W. Prange, Hitler’s Words (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Public Affairs, 1944). A useful general source on major 1942 diplomatic episodes is Joseph E. Davies Papers, 1942 Folders, Box 11, LC.

A Christmas Visitor. Immediate defense efforts after Pearl Harbor: Marshall to Stimson, Dec. 9, 1941, PSF, War Department Folder; Pogue¹, p. 235; Matloff, pp. 82-83. The memorandum on Roosevelt’s World War I experience is G.G.T. to S.T.E., Dec. 11, 1941, PL, pp. 1255-1256; internal evidence indicates strongly that this was composed by Roosevelt. On Roosevelt’s earlier defensiveness about his World War I role, see Burns, pp. 65-66. Roosevelt’s call for a conference to draft a basic wartime labor policy, and warning about strikes, Dec. 11, 1941: PPA, 1941, pp. 533-534; his remarks to the management-labor conference: ibid., pp. 558-562. Miss Perkins’s observation of him at this point: Perkins, p. 368. Eleanor Roosevelt’s reaction to her sons going off to war: Lash, p. 262. Churchill’s arrival in Washington and installation in the White House: Sherwood, pp. 442-443; Reilly, p. 125; Churchill³, pp. 662-663; Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 242-243. The Roosevelt-Churchill Christmas Eve ceremony, PPA, 1941, PP 593-595; Sherwood, p. 443.

Churchill’s concern about a possible shift in U.S. strategy: Churchill³, pp. 641-643. Washington’s position on strategy: Pogue¹, p. 266; Matloff and Snell, p. 99, and references contained therein. The British plan for North Africa: Churchill³, pp. 663-665; Gwyer and Butler, pp. 353-354. Gwyer and Butler, pp. 354-357, has a full report on the Anglo-American military discussion; see also Pogue¹, p. 268; Stimson Diary, Dec. 21, 1941. Stimson’s role: Stimson Diary, Dec. 20, 1941; and “Memorandum of Decisions at White House,” Dec. 21, 1941, Stimson Papers. Churchill’s view of the American approach to strategy: Churchill³, p. 673; see also Gwyer and Butler, pp. 350, 358; McNeill, pp. 102-108; and for a dissenting British view of Churchill’s plan: Bryant², p. 236. The question of unified command: Sherwood, p. 455; Gwyer and Butler, p. 368; Pogue¹, p. 276. Diversion of MacArthur-bound forces to the British: Stimson Diary, Dec. 25, 1941; Pogue¹, pp. 265-266. Dill’s report on the American command setup to Brooke: Bryant², p. 234. Wavell appointment: Churchill³, p. 673; Bryant², p. 235; Gwyer and Butler, p. 370; Sherwood, p. 457; Moran, p. 18. Combined command structure: British proposal, Gwyer and Butler, p. 372; Roosevelt’s handwritten modifications: Sherwood, p. 469; see also Matloff, p. 125. On the War Department’s early support for a “Supreme War Command” to be established in Washington, see “Memorandum of Decisions at White House,” Dec. 21, 1941, Stimson Papers. Admiral King: King and Whitehill, chap. 29; Rogow, pp. 102-105. Wilson’s comment: Moran, pp. 23-24.

Senior Partners, and Junior. Roosevelt’s negotiations with Litvinov over a religion clause: Sherwood, pp. 448-449; Hull, p. 1120. Churchill³, pp. 682-683, relates Roosevelt’s alleged effort to save Litvinov’s soul; see also Lash, p. 266. Formulating the Charter of the United Nations: Hull, chap. 81; Sherwood, pp. 449ff. (with text showing Russian amendments); Churchill³, pp. 666, 683-685; Lash, p. 270; McNeill, pp. 94-102; Davies Papers, May 1942 Folder, Box 11, LC. Text of the Charter: PPA, 1942, pp. 3-4; Rothstein¹, p. 114. Lash, p. 271, quotes Churchill on “four-fifths of the human race.”

Relations with China; Roosevelt to Morgenthau, Jan. 9, 1942, PL, p. 1270; PSF, Diplomatic Corr., China, 1933-1943; Blum², pp. 87-102; Currie to Roosevelt, Sept. 13, 1941, PSF, Currie Folder. Attitudes of Pacific allies: Matloff, pp. 87-96; Roosevelt to Marshall, Jan. 9, 1942, PL, p. 1271; Roosevelt to Berle, Jan. 29, 1942, PL, p. 1281. Lash, p. 268, relates the exchange among Churchill, Hopkins, and Roosevelt on Russia. Stalin’s complaints about war supplies: Stimson Diary, Nov. 24, 1941. Eden-Stalin discussions: Eden, pp. 289 ff. (with texts of some of the exchanges); Churchill³, pp. 694 ff.; see also Gwyer and Butler, pp. 319-325. Churchill to Eden on likely postwar considerations: Churchill³, p. 696. Washington reaction: Hull to Roosevelt, May 5, 1942, PSF, Hull Folder. Stalin’s earlier interest in American troops on his front: Sherwood, pp. 342-343. Later Soviet attitudes and developments: Eden, p. 300; Churchill³, pp. 627-628; Russian Correspondence, AR, 4557-31, Dec. 15, 1941; see also Roosevelt to Currie, and attached cable, Dec. 12, 1941, PSF, China, Box 4. Hoped-for Soviet intervention against Japan: Stimson Diary, Dec. 10, 1942; Gerow to Marshall, Dec. 17, 1941 (marked “Not Used”), AR, 4557-32 (but see Stark to Roosevelt, Dec. 13, 1941, AR, 4557-32); see also Matloff, p. 239, and sources cited therein; Correspondence², pp. 17-18. MacArthur’s advice: MacArthur to Marshall, Dec. 10, 1941, AR, 4544-26. Roosevelt on Stalin: Lash, pp. 262, 267, 268. Roosevelt to Mrs. Churchill on Churchill: Sherwood, p. 478.

The Sinews of Total Victory. Roosevelt’s State of the Union message, Jan. 6, 1942: PPA, 1942, pp. 32-42. Mobilization situation after Pearl Harbor: Matloff and Snell, p. 108; Hopkins to Roosevelt, Jan. 2, 1942, HHP, Maritime Commission Folder; Frankfurter to Roosevelt (with enclosed memorandum), Dec. 17, 1941, Freedman, pp. 628-632; Roosevelt to Land, Feb. 21, 1942, PSF Safe File.

The mobilization situation pre-Pearl Harbor: Novick et al., pp. 83 ff.; Industrial Mobilization for War, pp. 181 ff. Lubin reports: PSF, Currie Folder, Box 45. Influences close to the administration for reorganized production machinery: Stimson to Roosevelt, fan. 7, 1942, PSF, Stimson Folder; Frankfurter letter cited above; Smith Diary, LC. Baruch: Clapper Papers, Personal File, Cont. 23, LC. Knudsen shift: E. M. W. (Watson) to Roosevelt, Dec. 8, 1941, with Wallace memorandum, PSF, Wallace Folder; Sherwood, pp. 475-476; Smith Diary, Jan. 12, 13, 16, 1942, LC. For Stimson’s general view, see his letter to Roosevelt cited above. Frankfurter’s praise: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Jan. 17, 1942, Freedman, pp. 643-644. Labor’s attitude toward union security: Harry A. Millis and Royal E. Montgomery, Organized Labor (McGraw-Hill, 1945), p. 695. Captive mine labor situation: John L. Lewis to Roosevelt, Nov. 19, 1941, PSF, Strikes Folder; William H. Davis to Roosevelt, Nov. 22, 1941, PSF, Strikes Folder. An appraisal of labor leadership of the time: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, March 20, 1942, Freedman, pp. 652-654. Origins of White House labor-management conference: Lubin to Roosevelt, Nov. 6, 1941, PSF, Strikes Folder. Interest-group concerns in price-control policy-making are amply reflected in “Hearings before the Committee on Banking and Currency,” House of Representatives, on H.R. 5479, 77th Congress, 1st Session. I have used my dissertation, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies,” Harvard University, 1947, chap. 4, “The Emergency Price Control Act of 1942,” in connection with the price-control situation of early 1942. Roosevelt’s statement on signing the Emergency Price Control Act, Jan. 30, 1942: PPA, 1942, pp. 67-70.

CHAPTER SIX

Eleanor Roosevelt reports her husband’s remark about all being killed except Miss Perkins: Eleanor Roosevelt, p. 249. Roosevelt’s White House life: PSF, Eleanor Roosevelt Folder, Box 55. Stimson saw the President’s map room: Stimson Diary, April 12, 1942. Roosevelt and Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd: Daniels¹, chaps. 11, 13; Clapper Papers, Nov. 3, 1942, Box 23, LC; confidential sources. Detailed accounts of Roosevelt’s weekend trips to Hyde Park: Hassett, pp. 1-81. Roosevelt’s veto of Eleanor’s proposal to make Hyde Park a convalescent home: PL, p. 1283, Feb. 9, 1942. Hassett, pp. 26-28, and Lash, pp. 271-275, picture Roosevelt’s March (26-30) 1942 weekend at Hyde Park; the Lash diary item evidently refers to the same weekend.

Defeat in the Pacific. For the Japanese plan of attack, see Morton, pp. 103 ff., and Butler, Vol. 3, Pt. II, pp. 293 ff., both of which make extensive use of Japanese sources. MacArthur’s initial reports to Washington: see references for chap. 4. Morison³ describes the American naval defeats feelingly. Kirby, The War Against Japan, Vol. I, The Loss of Singapore (London, 1957), chaps. 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 20, narrates in detail the British retreat in Malaya. Churchill⁴, pp. 5-6, 8, provides documentation of his exchanges with the Australians; on later developments, see Hopkins to Roosevelt, March 25, 1942, PSF, Australia; Freedman, pp. 650-651, 654-655. Early American planning on the Philippines: Pogue¹, pp. 238-239; see also Stimson and Bundy, p. 396; Stimson Diary, Dec. 14, 1941; and “Our Preparations for Supporting MacA,” handwritten, Stimson Papers. Churchill’s feelings about the Chinese: Churchill⁴, p. 135; on the Chiang-Wavell issue, see also Butler, pp. 410-412; Stimson Diary, Dec. 29, 1942, and Dec. 30, 1942. Wavell’s comment on American sentiment toward China: Churchill⁴, pp. 134-135.

Louis Morton, The Fall of the Philippines (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953), is a richly detailed study with emphasis on military operations. Broader questions of command: MacArthur; Whitney; and Willoughby and Chamberlain, which describes the command situation and differences from the MacArthur perspective; and Pogue¹; Stimson and Bundy; Morton, Fall of the Philippines, from the Washington viewpoint. See Lewis H. Brereton, The Brereton Diaries (Morrow, 1946), for somewhat different views, and John Hersey, Men on Bataan (Knopf, 1943), and Carlos P. Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (Doubleday, 1943), for close-ups of the combat. The early write-off of the Philippines as a strategically defensible theater is indicated in Pogue¹, pp. 239 ff.; Stimson Diary, Dec. 24, 1941; and Morton, Strategy and Command, pp. 187 ff. MacArthur’s feeling of security against air attack: report of conference of MacArthur and others, Manila, Dec. 6, 1941, PMRP, Naval Aide’s file, Warfare, Philippine Islands, Box 17. On the White House interpretation of Roosevelt’s Philippine message, see Whitney, p. 29, and NYT, Dec. 29, 1941, pp. 1, 6; Dec. 30, 1941, p. 1. The Quezon message: MacArthur, pp. 138-139; Stimson Diary, Feb. 9, 11, 1942; the texts of Roosevelt’s messages to MacArthur and Quezon are in Stimson and Bundy, pp. 400-403; see also PSF, Interior. Richard H. Rovere and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The MacArthur Controversy (Farrar, Straus, 1965), discusses the episode and puts the MacArthur-War Department relationship in a wider perspective. MacArthur’s reports and proposals to Washington: MacArthur to Adjutant General, Dec. 23, 1941; MacArthur to Marshall (no. 201), Feb. 4, 1942; MacArthur to Marshall (no. 297), Feb. 16, 1942; MacArthur to Marshall (no. 344), Feb. 22, 1942; Marshall’s main response: Marshall to MacArthur, Feb. 8, 1942—all in PSF Safe File, Philippines, Feb. 8, 1942. See also Frank Sayre to Roosevelt, Jan. 26, 1942, PSF, Philippine Folder. This file also contains communications on relations with Quezon and on the evacuation from the Philippines.

This Generation of Americans. Roosevelt’s standing in the polls: relevant polls in PSF, Box 54; see also Cantril, pp. 756, 1174-1175. Press support: study by James S. Twohey Associates, cited in PM, Feb. 27, 1942. “Sinking” of the Japanese “battleship”: Morison², p. 180, n. 33, which indicates the difficulty of identification. Attacks on Hopkins: Time, Jan. 5, 1942, pp. 16-17; Sherwood, p. 517. Social Justice attacks are from facsimiles of articles in PM, Feb. 20, 1942. Roosevelt’s attitude toward his old-time adversaries: Rosenman, p. 6. Joseph Kennedy’s nonappointment: PL, pp. 1289-1290; see also PL, p. 1383; Richard J. Whalen, The Founding Father (New American Library, 1964). Stimson and Lindbergh: Stimson Diary, Dec. 21, 1941, Jan. 12, 1942; see also Stimson Papers, Jan. 9, 1942, Jan. 13, 1942. Roosevelt on Washington as a rumor factory, Feb. 17, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 102. Roosevelt on the “Cliveden Set” and its associates: PSF, Vatican Folder, Box 19; Hassett, p. 19; PL, pp. 1301-1302. Cissy Patterson’s “undies”: Ernst to Roosevelt, March 20, 1942, Ernst Papers; Roosevelt to Ernst, March 23, 1942, PL, p. 1300. Roosevelt’s Washington’s Birthday speech, Feb. 23, 1942: PPA, 1942, checked against recordings. Japanese shelling: Sherwood, p. 504. Roosevelt on personal leadership: Roosevelt to Leffingwell, March 16, 1942, and to Mary Norton, March 24, 1942, PL, pp. 1298-1299, 1300; see also Roosevelt to Josephus Daniels, July 30, 1942, PPF 86. Elmer Davis remark: PL, p. 1298.

The background and events of the Japanese evacuation have been brilliantly researched by scholars with various perspectives: Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard S. Nishimoto, The Spoilage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946); Morton Grodzins, Americans Betrayed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949); Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart, Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954); Stetson Conn, “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” in Greenfield². The last, part of the U.S. Army history program, makes full use of government records. White House records on this subject are relatively scanty; see Thomas D. Campbell to Roosevelt, March 12, 1942, and attached memorandum, Campbell to John McCloy, Feb. 25, 1942 and March 7, 1942, OF 133; and for an example of Roosevelt’s differentiation between Japanese and Caucasian aliens, see Roosevelt to Stimson, May 5, 1942, OF 4849. Biddle’s experience with Roosevelt on civil-liberties matters: Biddle, pp. 166 ff., 207, 238.

The War Against the Whites. The poem “Remember December Eighth” is from Mosley, p. 270. The Japanese army and nationalist reaction: F. C. Jones, Japan’s New Order in East Asia (Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 362-363. The central role of Japan in the co-prosperity sphere: Otto D. Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945), pp. 86, 87. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s first exchange on the Indian question: Churchill⁴, p. 209; Moran, p. 33. Frankfurter’s views: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, July 9, 1942, enclosing Frankfurter to Stafford Cripps, July 9, 1942, Freedman, pp. 664-667. Feeling in the Senate on British imperialism in India: Robert M. La Follette, Jr., to Roosevelt, Feb. 20, 1942, PSF, Senate Folder. Mixed administration attitudes: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Jan.-Feb. 1942 Folder, LC. Roosevelt’s concern that the Indians would not rally in defense of their country: FRUS, 1942, Vol. I, p. 604. Churchill to Harriman on Indian incapacity for defense: ibid., pp. 608, 612. Roosevelt to Churchill, March 10, 1942, on American experience with confederation: ibid., pp. 615-616. Johnson on Indian situation: ibid., pp. 626 ff. Hopkins’s view: ibid., p. 629. Churchill to Cripps on coming home: Churchill to Roosevelt, April 11, 1942, ibid., p. 633. Roosevelt to Churchill, April 11, 1942, urging postponement of Cripps’s departure: ibid., pp. 633-634. Churchill’s reply to Roosevelt: ibid., pp. 634-635. Indian Ocean situation: messages in HHP, Box 305. Roosevelt to Marshall on putting Hopkins to bed: Sherwood, p. 531.

Willkie on the U.S. Navy: Time, March 9, 1942, pp. 9-10. Roosevelt on the Navy’s lack of enterprise: Stimson Diary, Dec. 28, 1941. Knox’s exchange with Churchill: Churchill³, p. 667. Morison², chaps,n-21, and Morison³, chaps. 1-9, provide a graphic portrait of the triumphs and tribulations of American naval power in the Pacific during the early months of the war. Doolittle raid: PMRP, Box 15; Arnold to Roosevelt, April 21 and 22, 1942, Arnold Papers, Box 45, LC. The Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway: Morison³; Morton; Mitsuo Fuchida and Masatake Okumiya, Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan (Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1955), with a useful foreword by Admiral Spruance; Walter Lord, Incredible Victory (Harper, 1967); Masatake Okumiya and Jiro Horikoshi, Zero! (London: Transworld Publishers, 1958), pp. 144 ff. The “Shangri-La” exchange is reported in Hassett, pp. 40-41, and I have quoted Morison³, p. 76, on the Japanese as Oriental disciples of Mahan. Roosevelt message to MacArthur about approaching Japanese fleet: PSF, Australia, Box 1. On the fall of Corregidor, see Jonathan M. Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1946).

CHAPTER SEVEN

Roosevelt and inflated battle reports: Roosevelt to Churchill, March 17, 1942, PMRP; compare Morison³, p. 389; see also Emmons to Marshall, June 7, 1942, on AAF role at Midway, HHP, Box 308; report from Western Defense Command, June 12, 1942, PSF Safe File. Hitler’s directive: Directive No. 41, April 5, 1942, Führer Headquarters, text in Trevor-Roper, pp. 116-121. Hitler on Middle Eastern prospect: Hinsley, chap. 10. Stalin’s May Day proclamation: Stalin, p. 54. Litvinov on second front: Time, March 9, 1942, p. 9. Background of strategic planning: Pogue¹, p. 304; Matloff and Snell, pp. 177 ff.; Marshall to Roosevelt, quoted in Sherwood, p. 519. Stimson on taking initiative: Stimson to Roosevelt, March 27, 1942, PSF, Stimson Folder. White House conference of April 1, 1942: Marshall to Roosevelt, n.d., Marshall Folder, PSF Safe File; see also Pogue¹, p. 306; Sherwood, pp. 518 ff.; Matloff, pp. 183 ff. Roosevelt’s “cigarette-holder gesture”: Pogue¹, p. 306. Roosevelt’s developing views on second front: PMRP, Spring 1942. Stimson on the memorable meeting: Stimson Diary, April 1, 1942. Roosevelt to Churchill on the planned Hopkins-Marshall trip: Churchill⁴, p. 314. Reports of conference to Roosevelt: Marshall to Roosevelt (via McNarney), April 12, 1942, PSF, Marshall Folder. Churchill’s position on war plans: Bryant², pp. 286 ff.; Sherwood, pp. 523 ff.; Moran, pp. 38-39; Churchill⁴, pp. 317 ff., quoted from p. 322.

Reprise: Russia Second. Background of policy on military aid to Russia: AR, 4557-32 to AR, 4557-38 (Dec. 1941 to Feb. 1942). Conferences: Roosevelt to Stalin, April 12, 1942, Correspondence², pp. 22-23; Roosevelt to Churchill, March 18, 1942, PMRP. Molotov’s accoutrements: Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 250-251. Soviet-British peace treaty: Rothstein¹, pp. 158-160. Roosevelt-Molotov discussions: FRUS, 1942, Vol.III, pp. 566 ff.; Sherwood, pp. 557-576, which includes notes by Samuel H. Cross, interpreter, as well as by Hopkins. On Molotov’s stop-over in London earlier, see Clapper Papers (Diary, March 24, 1943), LC. Roosevelt’s concern about Russian front: Sherwood, pp. 568, 569. Text of second-front statement: Sherwood, p. 577; Rothstein¹, pp. 166-167 (slight variation). Roosevelt on his relations with Molotov: Roosevelt to Winant, June 17, 1942, PL, p. 1329. Churchill to Molotov on second front: Gwyer and Butler, pp. 596-597; Churchill⁴, pp. 341-342. Molotov report in Moscow: Werth, pp. 382-384. Churchill on keeping the President on the rails: Bryant², p. 320. Churchill at Hyde Park: Pawle, p. 167; Churchill⁴, pp. 376-377. Receipt of news of Tobruk fall: Ismay, p. 255; Bryant², p. 329; Churchill⁴, p. 383. Marshall’s reaction: Pogue¹, p. 333; Marshall to Roosevelt, July to, 1942, AR. Stimson and Marshall on second front: Stimson to Roosevelt, July 15, [1942], PSF, Stimson Folder; Elting E. Morison, pp. 586-587. Discussions in England and Roosevelt’s shift: Sherwood, pp. 606-612. On second front generally: Berezhkov, Pt. II; Deborin, chap. 10; McNeill, pp. 178-201; Kolko, pp. 14-20; Maisky, Pt. 4; Davies Papers, Jan.-Nov. Folders, Boxes 11-12, LC; Clapper Papers, 1942, LC.

Roosevelt to Churchill on latter’s forthcoming meeting with Stalin: Sherwood, p. 616. Churchill’s trip to Russia: Churchill⁴, p. 475. Stalin on diversions from Soviet front: Correspondence, p. 28 and passim. Stalin’s refusal to accept second-front postponement: Correspondence¹, p. 56. Churchill-Stalin discussions in Moscow: Churchill⁴, pp. 472-502; Sherwood, pp. 617-622. Reports from the front: A. I. Yeremenko, Stalingrad Notes of the Front Commander (Moscow, 1961), p. 87, as cited by Ulam, p. 337. See Ulam, pp. 328-338 and generally, on this period. Roosevelt’s message to Stalin after the conference: Sherwood, p. 622. Implications of second-front strategy: Williams, pp. 209-229.

Asia Third. Hopkins on “white man’s burden”: Sherwood, p. 578. Indian political situation: M. S. Venkataramani and B. K. Shrivastava, “The United States and the ‘Quit India’ Demand,” Indian Quarterly (New Delhi), April-June 1964, pp. 101-139, and sources cited therein; see also FRUS, 1942, Vol. I, pp. 663 ff., 685 ff. Gandhi-Chiang meeting: Payne, pp. 243-244. Gandhi to Chiang, June 25, 1942: PSF, China.

Chiang to Roosevelt, July 25, 1942: FRUS, 1942, Vol. I, pp. 695-698. British position on India: FRUS, 1942, Vol. I, pp. 703-705; further correspondence of principals: ibid., pp. 703, 705, 713, 714-715, 716; see also Hull, pp. 1486-1490; Roosevelt to Ickes, Aug. 12, 1942, PPF 3650. See, generally, PSF, Diplomatic Corr., China, 1933-43; FRUS, 1942, China. American military turn to the possibility of Pacific First: Stimson Diary, July 10, 1942; Dill to Churchill, July 15, 1942, Churchill⁴, pp. 439-440; Sherwood, p. 594; King and Whitehill, pp. 398-399; Marshall to Roosevelt, May 9, 1942, Arnold Papers, Box 45, LC; see also Morison⁵, p. 13. Roosevelt’s response: PMRP, Box 13; Stimson Diary, July 15, 1942; Sherwood, p. 605; Morison⁵, p. 13 n.; Churchill⁴, pp. 440-441. MacArthur’s pressing for second front in Asia: PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, S.W. Pacific, Box 17.

The Long Arms of War. Führer Conferences, p. 80, records Hitler’s new interest in submarine warfare. Estimates and reports of ship losses from submarine and raider attacks must be treated with care; I have used Richard M. Leighton and Robert W. Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-1943 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1955), pp. 206 ff.; see also Hinsley, pp. 204 ff. The early difficulties of the Navy and Army in the antisubmarine offensive: McNarney to Marshall, April 14,1942, PMRP; see also Morison¹, chaps. 6, 10; Craven and Cate, Vol. I, chap. 15. Roosevelt’s PBV suggestion: Roosevelt to King, April 21, 1942, PL, p. 1311. Roosevelt’s response to the slow Navy mobilization: Sherwood, p. 499; Hopkins’s report from London, ibid., p. 528. Land’s labor proposal: Land to Roosevelt, March 13, 1942, PSF, Maritime Commission Folder. Janeway on energy and efficiency: Janeway, p. 250.

Lagging war production, spring 1942: Roosevelt to Nelson, May 4, 1942, copy to Arnold, Arnold Papers, Box 45, LC. Roosevelt and Army expansion goals: Roosevelt to Harold Smith, June 8, 1942; Roosevelt to Marshall, June 10, 1942, PSF, War Department Folder. Nelson’s status: Nelson to Somervell, May 21, 1942, PSF, War Production Board; see, generally, Industrial Mobilization for War, chap. 2; The United States at War, chap. 5 (also the source, p. 113, of the quotation on the disappearing balance in the production program); Nelson, chap. 19. Anglo-Saxon basis of the Munitions Assignments Board: Leighton and Coakley, p. 252. Roosevelt and aid to Russia: Blum², pp. 81, 82, 85; see also Roosevelt to Stimson, April 11, 1942, PSF, Stimson Folder.

The Alchemists of Science. Of the abundant literature on the early development of the atomic weapon, especially relevant to Roosevelt’s role are Baxter; Churchill⁴, Bk. 1, chap. 22; Groves; Moore. Einstein’s letter, Aug. 2, 1939: text in Teller and Brown, pp. 10-12. Sachs’s meeting with Roosevelt: Jungk, pp. 109-111. Bohr on the “Alchemysts”: Freedman, p. 732. Roosevelt’s speech to Pan American scientists, May 10, 1940: PPA, 1940, pp. 184-187; Teller and Brown, pp. 12-13. Different types of research: Baxter, pp. 433-436. Roosevelt-Churchill discussion, June 20, 1942: Churchill¹, pp. 377-381. Conant on time factor: Baxter, p. 434. Stewart Burns helped in research and drafting of this section.

CHAPTER EIGHT

Texts of Roosevelt’s communications with Wilhelmina, and of his toast to her: PSF, Netherlands File. Rosenman on Wilhelmina: Rosenman, p. 338. On Roosevelt’s hospitality to royalty in previous years, see, for example, Roosevelt to Princess Juliana, June 6, 1941, PSF, Netherlands Folder. Hassett’s observations: Hassett, pp. 88, 91, 92-93, 104, 133. Roosevelt to Wilhelmina, Aug. 21, 1942, on caring for Juliana: PL, p. 1340. “Shangri-La”: Hassett, pp. 113-115. Roosevelt on problems at Hyde Park: Roosevelt memorandum, Dec. 9, 1942, PL, pp. 1378-1380. August 8, 1942 trip to Shangri-La: Dorothy Rosenman, in Rosenman, pp. 351-355, excerpt from p. 352. Gambling caution: Tully, pp. 20-21. Roosevelt and the Nazi saboteurs: Hassett, pp. 97, 98; see also Biddle, pp. 327-328, 330, 331.

The Economics of Chaos. Roosevelt on the situation in the Pacific: Rosenman, p. 353; PC 857, Nov. 6, 1942; PPA, 1942, pp. 445-447. Roosevelt’s anti-inflation proposals to Congress, April 27, 1942: PPA, 1942, pp. 216-224; Eccles, Pt. 6, chap. 4. Reaction to his stabilization program: see roundup of opinion in PM, May 3, 1942, p. 12. Tax proposals, April 27, 1942: PPA, 1942, pp. 220-221. New York Herald Tribune comment is quoted in Paul, p. 301; Theodore Roosevelt’s presumed “bully” in Freed-man, p. 657. Friction between Morgenthau and Smith: Smith Diary, FDRL; Blum²; Rosenman, p. 357. Morgenthau on writing tax bills: Blum², p. 38. Roosevelt to Morgenthau on standing pat: Blum², p. 42; see also Smith Diary, June-July 1942, FDRL. The Knoxville foundry operator’s complaint: J. W. Keller to Roosevelt, June 12, 1942, OF 327. Politics of price control: McIntyre to Roosevelt, June 30, 1942, with memorandum, Henderson to Roosevelt, n.d.; Henderson to Roosevelt, July 17, 1942, OF 327; Henderson to Roosevelt, July 10, 1942 (telegram), FDRL; Roosevelt to Wallace and others, July 11, 1942, OF 4403. Rubber situation: Nelson, p. 292; Smith Diary, June 5, 1942, FDRL; Charles Michelson to Roosevelt, n.d., but evidently mid-1942, OF 56-B; Nelson, p. 304 (misdated). Roosevelt on the scrap-rubber situation: PC 831, June 9, 1942; PPA, 1942, p. 265; Smith Diary, Aug. 6, 1941, FDRL. Stone to Roosevelt, July 20, 1942, Freedman, pp. 663-664. Roosevelt to Baruch, July 29, 1942, PL, p. 1334. The rubber program: PPA, 1942, pp. 319-322. See, generally, J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (Atheneum, 1968), chap. 16.

Extent of Roosevelt’s personal, ad-hoc involvement in labor problems and crises: see documents in OF 407, 1942. Roosevelt on pleasure driving: PC 846, Sept. 11, 1942. Preparation of stabilization speech of Sept. 7, 1942: Rosenman, pp. 356-360; Sherwood, p. 631. Roosevelt on the response of Congress in 1933: PC 848, Oct. 1, 1942; see also Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, LC. Fireside chat, Sept. 7, 1942: PPA, 1942, pp. 368-377. Exchange with reporter over possible congressional rejection: PC 846, Sept. 11, 1942. Recall of Congress: Roosevelt to Rayburn, Sept. 6, 1942, PL, p. 1346. Farm policy and politics: The United States at War, pp. 267-270; Young, pp. 95-98. Roosevelt and Morgenthau on tax legislation: Blum², p. 51. Frankfurter on Byrnes: Freedman, pp. 660-661, 670-671; Hopkins on Byrnes: Hopkins to Roosevelt, Sept. 29, 1942, HHP, Box 317. Byrnes to Hopkins: Sherwood, p. 634.

The People at War. Roosevelt on the women’s diffidence, Oct. 12, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 420. For intra-administration views of labor-management production efforts, see Hillman to Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1942; Addes to Nelson, Dec. 15, 1942; Nelson to Addes, Dec. 28, 1942, OF 407; see also OF 4451 (Requisitioning). Hillman’s situation: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, March 20, 1942, Freedman, pp. 652-654; Josephson, pp. 577-586; Industrial Mobilization for War, pp. 246-248, 265-266; Nelson, chap. 16. The new union security formula: J. M. Burns, “Maintenance of Membership: A Study in Administrative Statesmanship,” Journal of Politics, Feb. 1948, pp. 101-116. As an interesting possible example of Roosevelt’s influence on maintenance-of-membership policy, see Roosevelt to Wayne Coy, Dec. 30, 1941, OF 407. FEPC: OF 4245 G, Box 3, has correspondence and other documents on initial FEPC appointments; on later developments, see OF 93 and 4245 G, which includes data on transfer to War Manpower Commission; Smith Diary, FDRL. Stimson’s private views: Stimson to Alfred E. Stearns, Jan. 30, 1942, Stimson Papers; Stimson Diary, Jan. 24, 1942. Rejection of Negro units: Eisenhower to Marshall, March 25, i948, with marginal comments by Stimson, Arnold Papers, Box 44, Folder 127, LC. Japanese-American relocation situation: Milton Eisenhower to Roosevelt, June 18, 1942, OF 4849. Roosevelt’s term for the camps: PC 853, Oct. 20, 1942. Situation in the camps: Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard S. Nishimoto, The Spoilage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946), pp. 38, 40, 45. Propaganda aspect: Elmer Davis to Roosevelt, Oct. 2, 1942, OF 197. Navy attitude: J. H. Newton to Knox, Oct. 15, 1942, OF 4849. German and Italian-Americans: Roosevelt to Herbert Lehman, June 3, 1942, PPF 133; see also enclosure, unsigned, n.d., but presumably Luigi Antonini to Lehman.

Roosevelt’s defense tour: HHP, Box 333, includes planned itinerary; the President’s reports to press, Oct. 1, 1942, and public, Oct. 12, 1942, are in PPA, 1942, pp. 384-396, 416-426. The trip itself: Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President (Harper, 1946), pp. 50-56; Time, Oct. 12, 1942, pp. 15-17. Margaret Mead’s book was And Keep Your Powder Dry (Morrow, 1942); quotations from pp. 161, 167, 174. On the problems of the mobilization effort and the mood of the people, early 1942: Reston, especially chaps. 2, 3, 7, 11.

The Politics of Nonpolitics. Roosevelt’s comments to the press on forgetting politics: PC 811, March 13, 1942; see also PC 803, Feb. 6, 1942; PPA, 1942, p. 80. Liberal hopes for party realignment: PM, Feb. 8, 1942, p. 11. Roosevelt-Willkie relationship: Smith Diary, Feb. 14, 1942, LC (Smith mistakenly cites the Labor Relations Board); Barnard, p. 325. Roosevelt and Willkie’s trip abroad: Roosevelt to Marshall, July 31, l942, PSF, Willkie; see also PL, pp. 1336, 1341-1342; PPA, 1942, pp. 334-335.

Roosevelt to Mary Norton, June 1. l942: PL, p. 1328. Bennett candidacy in New York: Roosevelt to Flynn, Aug. 14, l942, PSF, N.Y. State, Political Folder; see also Hassett, pp. 104-106. Roosevelt and Hamilton Fish: Hassett, pp. 86, 94. Norris candidacy: PPA, l942, p. 433; Roosevelt’s earlier endorsement, Oct. 10, l936: PPA, l936, pp. 431-432; see, generally, Norris Papers, LC. Roosevelt to Norris, Oct. 22, 1942: PL, p. 1357. Willkie trip: Willkie to Roosevelt, Sept. 10, 1942, PSF, Willkie; Clapper Papers, Oct. 30, 1942, Cont. 23, LC. Roosevelt on “typewriter strategists”: PC 849, Oct. 6, 1942; Barnard, pp. 361, 375-377. Cantril data: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 12, 14, 30-32; Cantril to Anna Rosenberg, July 24, Aug. 3, Aug. 17, Sept. 1, 1942, ibid. General election situation: Kenneth Crawford, in PM, Oct. 5, 1942, p. 3; Clapper interview of Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Election Day at Hyde Park: Hassett, p. 133. Norris’s reaction to his defeat: The Nation, Nov. 14, 1942, p. 497.

CHAPTER NINE

Roosevelt to King George, Oct. 17, 1942: PL, p. 1354. Stalingrad: Werth, Pt. V; Zhukov, chaps. 9-10; Clark, chaps. 11-12. Stalin on Oct. 1942 as low point: Werth, p. 484. Willkie in Moscow: Werth, p. 485; Davies Papers, Box 12, LC. Guadalcanal: S. E. Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949); John Miller, Jr., Guadalcanal: The First Offensive (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1949). For estimates of the situation by naval authorities in Washington during the battle: Clapper Papers, Nov. 6, 1942 (Adm. King); Nov. to, 1942 (Adms. Ghormley and Home), LC. Roosevelt on low point of Guadalcanal operation: Roosevelt to Queen Wilhelmina, Oct. 17, 1942, PL, p. 1355; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 19, 1942, PL, p. 1356. MacArthur’s warning: MacArthur to Marshall, Oct. 17, 1942, PMRP, Box 17. Roosevelt to Joint Chiefs on reinforcing Guadalcanal: Roosevelt to Leahy, King, Marshall, and Arnold, Oct, 24, 1942, PMRP, Box 17. Roosevelt to Stalin on situation in Solomon Islands: Sherwood, p. 658, and, in paraphrased form, Correspondence², p. 40.

Thrust Across the Atlantic. The history of the political-military invasion of North Africa has been well served by historians and participants. General background and significance: William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (Knopf, 1947); Robert Aron, Histoire de Vichy (Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1954); Geoffrey Warner, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France (Macmillan, 1969); Paul Farmer, Vichy Political Dilemma (Columbia University Press, 1955); Kolko, pp. 64-67; Maisky, pp. 278-289; Woodward, chap. 10. Military operations: I. S. O. Playfair and C. J. C. Molony, The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol. IV, The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966); Howe; Morison². Participants’ reports: Macmillan; Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (Doubleday, 1964); de Gaulle, chaps. 1-3; Eisenhower; Mark W. Clark, Calculated Risk (Harper, 1950); Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (Simon and Schuster, 1946). On de Gaulle and North Africa, see also Viorst. Strategic aspects of invasion: Fuller, pp. 240-243. On United States relations with Vichy, see Roosevelt-William D. Leahy correspondence, ABCD File, FDRL. For a detailed estimate of the Vichy situation by Leahy, see Leahy to Roosevelt, Nov. 22, 1941, ABCD File, FDRL. See, generally, Davies Papers, Nov. 2-15, 1942 Folder, Box 12, LC.

Misgivings about the North African enterprise: Marshall to Leahy and King, 8/17/42, WDCSA/381 Torch, AR; Arnold to Hopkins, Sept. 3, 1942, Arnold Papers, Box 43, LC; Matloff, pp. 236-239, 290; Bryant¹, pp. 403-406; OCS 21384-3, AR; Stimson Diary, Box 39; Stimson and Bundy, p. 426. Repercussions of TORCH on other theaters: Pogue¹, p. 410; Bryant², p. 407. Stalin’s doubts on political aspects: Sherwood, p. 618. Murphy’s military knowledge: Murphy, p. 103. Eisenhower’s political grasp: Eisenhower, pp. 100, 109. Background of planning: OCS 21384-3, AR. Churchill-Roosevelt exchange in the planning of TORCH: Churchill⁴, pp. 530-543; Bryant², pp. 398-403. Key quotes have been taken from the full messages. Measuring opinion in Africa: Hadley Cantril, “Evaluating the Probable Reactions to the Landing in North Africa in 1942: A Case Study,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1965, pp. 400-410. Roosevelt to Marshall on timing of invasion: Pogue¹, p. 402. Roosevelt’s instruction to Murphy: Murphy, pp. 102, 106. Murphy’s relations with French leaders: Murphy, p. 118. French African political situation: McNeill, pp. 203-209. Anxieties on the eve of invasion: Stimson Diary; Pogue¹, pp. 398, 416; Langer, p. 354. Eisenhower’s earlier discouragement: Eisenhower to Marshall, Oct. 10, 1942, 381 Torch, AR. Early’s remark: conference with Marshall, Nov. 15, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s reception of the news of the landing: Tully, p. 264.

To Walk with the Devil. Reflections on the “luck” of the African enterprise, by an old military observer: J. C. Smuts (writing from Chequers) to Roosevelt, Nov. 15, 1942, PSF, Union of South Africa. Roosevelt’s letter to troops: copy in PSF, War Department File. Roosevelt’s broadcast in French: Butcher, p. 174; PPA, 1942, pp. 451-452; Morison², p. 71; see also Frankfurter to Roosevelt, April 16, 1942, Freedman, p. 656. Exchange of messages between Roosevelt and Pétain: PPA, 1942, pp. 455-457; see also Leahy to Welles, Nov. 5, 1942, 740.001 EW 1939/25712, SD; Warner, chap. 10. Casablanca “fire-away Flannagan”: Morison², p. 91. Generally, on the landings, see Morison² and Howe. Roosevelt’s “promise” to Giraud: McNeill, pp. 205, 246-247, and sources cited therein. The American military and politics: Butcher, p. 165; Mark Clark, pp. 107, 121, 133, 138. Darlan’s situation: Clark, pp. 109-110, has part of the transcript of the Clark-Darlan exchange. Roosevelt to Churchill on Giraud and Darlan, Nov. 11, 1942: 740.0011 EW 1939, SD. See, generally, volumes cited in notes for previous section of this chapter. Marshall’s and Eisenhower’s defense of Darlan dealing: conference with Marshall, Nov. 15, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC.

Freda Kirchwey quotation: The Nation, Nov. 21, 1942, pp. 529-530; ibid., Nov. 28, 1942, pp. 559-560. Churchill to Eden on de Gaulle: Eden, pp. 350-351; see also Nicolson, pp. 262-267. Stimson and the liberals: Stimson Diary, Nov. 16, 1942, Box 41; Blum², pp. 148-150; Freedman, p. 681. Stimson’s call to Willkie: Stimson, ibid.; Barnard, pp. 391-394. De Gaulle and the Darlan deal: Viorst, p. 124. Churchill and North African politics: Churchill⁴, pp. 639-640. Roosevelt’s military calculations: Langer, pp. 359-360; Sherwood, p. 651. Military losses in invasion: Howe, p. 173. Churchill on the critics: Churchill⁴, p. 641. Military advice to Roosevelt to deal with Darlan: Marshall to Roosevelt, n.d.; Marshall to Roosevelt, Nov. 26, 1942, both in 381 Torch, AR. Morgenthau’s complaint to Roosevelt: Blum², pp. 150-151. Roosevelt on walking with the Devil: he quoted the saying slightly differently each time; I have used his comment to the press conference, Nov. 17, 1942, PPA, 1942, p. 479. Stalin and his proverb: Sherwood, p. 651. A later critique both of the dealings with Vichy in North Africa and of Langer’s treatment of them: Louis Gottschalk, “Our Vichy Fumble,” Journal of Modern History, March 1948, pp. 47-56. Later military developments, North Africa: Howe.

Roosevelt: A Turning Point? Hassett on Roosevelt: Hassett, p. 145. Roosevelt on the “Star-Spangled Banner” without frills: Roosevelt to Capt. John L. McCrea, Aug. 31, 1942, PL, p. 1343. Roosevelt on second helps: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 7, 1942, PL, p. 1352. Roosevelt and King: King and Whitehill, p. 412. Hyde Park diaries: Roosevelt to Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson, Nov. 19, 1942, PL, pp. 1368-1369. Dining with Ickes: Roosevelt to Ickes, Dec. 4, 1942, PL, p. 1376. Coffeeless breakfasts: Roosevelt to Fred Allen, Dec. 28, 1942, PPF 8275. Roosevelt’s French: Grace Tully to Herbert Bayard Swope, Dec. 1, 1942, PL, pp. 1374-1375 (the memorandum was obviously written by Roosevelt himself). Eleanor Roosevelt’s planned trip to Great Britain: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 16, 1942, PL, pp. 1353-1355. Roosevelt at Thanksgiving service: Lilienthal, pp. 562-563. Roosevelt on the second front: Roosevelt to Josephus Daniels, Nov. 10, 1942, PL, pp. 1362-1363. George Fielding Eliot on Roosevelt as strategist: Time, Dec. 7, 1942, p. 21. Lilienthal at the White House: Lilienthal, pp. 566, 570-572. New Year’s Eve gathering: Sherwood, p. 665; Rosenman, p. 365.

CHAPTER TEN

Roosevelt on telling off Congress: Lilienthal, p. 571. Preparing message to Congress: Rosenman, p. 366. Public opinion favoring conciliation: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 90-96. The address, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 21-34. Roosevelt and Clare Boothe Luce: PL, pp. 1390-1391. Roosevelt to McCormack, n.d.: PL, p. 1389. Roosevelt and Henry Luce: Roosevelt to Welles, Dec. 28, 1942, 811.917 Time/128, SD.

The Gaming Board of Strategy. Quotation from President’s 1943 message to Congress, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 22. Hitler on leaving the Volga: quoted in Shirer, p. 1210. On Hitler’s strategic situation: Higgins; Warlimont; Trevor-Roper; Shirer. Atlantic sinkings: Roosevelt to Marshall and to King, March 18, 1943, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Box 31. Stalin to Churchill on suspension of convoys: Correspondence¹, p. 72. Stalin’s public questioning of second-front absence: Stalin, pp. 61, 64; Werth, p. 491. Stalin on war progress in Africa: Correspondence¹, p. 75; Werth, p. 491. Stalin on “basic blows”: quoted in Higgins, p. 149, from Raymond Garthoff, Soviet Military Doctrine (Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1953), p. 130. Brooke on Stalin as strategist: Bryan², pp. 460-465; see also Churchill⁴, p. 582. Churchill on plans for after Africa: Churchill⁴, pp. 649-650. Churchill on Europe: Churchill⁴, p. 562.

Roosevelt’s lack of strategic commitment: Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 11, 1942, 740.0011 EW 1939/25495 1/3 CF, SD. Churchill’s awareness that TORCH precluded ROUNDUP in 1943: Churchill⁴, pp. 648, 656. (I am using ROUNDUP here to include the build-up—BOLERO—as well as the actual cross-channel attack.) Issue of Allied planes for Caucasus: Correspondence², pp. 36 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Oct. 9, 1942), 44 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 16, 1942), 45 (Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 18, 1942); see also Matloff, pp. 329-346. Actual, compared with planned, distribution of American military strength, end of 1942: Matloff, pp. 357-360; see also Maisky, pp. 352-353. Planning for Big Three or Big Two conference: Churchill⁴, pp. 662-665 (Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 26, 1942; Churchill to Roosevelt, Nov. 26, 1942; Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 3, 1942; Churchill to Roosevelt, Dec. 3, 1942); Correspondence², pp. 42-45 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 2, 1942; Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 6, 1942; Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 8, 1942; Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 14, 1942). Churchill and second front: Maisky, pp. 351-353. Preparations for Casablanca Conference: Stimson Diary, Jan. 7, 1943; Churchill⁴, p. 671; Matloff, pp. 376, 379-380. On specific aspects of cross-channel, see Harrison, pp. 32-38. Roosevelt’s continued indecision: Sherwood, p. 671; Churchill⁴, p. 664; Matloff, p. 363.

Toward the Underbelly? Roosevelt’s trip to Casablanca: Sherwood, pp. 671-674; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 13, 1943, PL, p. 1393; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 75; Reilly, chap. 14. Roosevelt at Casablanca: Elliott Roosevelt, p. 66; PL, pp. 1393-1394; Reilly, pp. 149-151; and works cited below. Military conferences at Casablanca: Matloff, pp. 19-36; King and Whitehall, pp. 416-417; Bryant², p. 446. Churchill’s instructions to the British military chiefs: Bryant², p. 445. Roosevelt-Churchill conferences: Sherwood, pp. 674-675; Churchill⁴, p. 676; Eisenhower, p. 163; Bryant², pp. 454, 458-459 Eisenhower’s appointment: Sherwood, pp. 677-678; Bryant², pp. 454-455; Ismay, pp. 288-289.

French politics and personalities at Casablanca: Sherwood, pp. 675-686; Churchill⁴, pp. 680-682; Macmillan, pp. 255-256; de Gaulle, chap. 3; Eden, p. 363. Roosevelt’s conference with de Gaulle: Reilly, pp. 157-158; Sherwood, p. 685. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s personal feeling about de Gaulle: Churchill⁴, p. 682. Roosevelt and Giraud’s documents: Arthur Layton Funk, “The ‘Anfa’ Memorandum: An Incident of the Casablanca Conference,” Journal of Modern History, No. 3, September 1954, pp. 246-254, and documents cited therein; see also Macmillan, pp. 256-260; Stimson Diary, Feb. 3, 1943. Roosevelt’s seeming lightheartedness at Casablanca: Macmillan, p. 259; Murphy, p. 165; Eisenhower, p. 161; Elliott Roosevelt, chap. 4; Stimson Diary, Feb. 3, 1943. President’s trip to Rabat: Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 105-107; PPA, 1943, pp. 45-47, 61-62; Reilly, p. 160; PPA, 1943, pp. 57-58. Roosevelt’s dinner party for the Sultan: Murphy, pp. 172-173; Macmillan, pp. 250-251; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 109-112. “Reconciliation” of Giraud and de Gaulle: Macmillan, p. 253; Moran, p. 89; PPA, 1943, p. 84; Sherwood, pp. 693-694; these accounts differ in minor details. Announcement of unconditional surrender: PPA, 1943, p. 39; Sherwood, p. 696; Churchill⁴, pp. 686-687; see also Macmillan, pp. 263-264; Ismay, p. 290; cf. Deborin, pp. 296-297. Early staff work on unconditional surrender: Department of State, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, Dept. of State Publication 3580, General Foreign Policy Series 15, 1950, p. 127. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s trip to Marrakesh: Churchill⁴, pp. 694-695; Moran, p. 90.

The First Kill. Roosevelt’s return trip to the United States: PC 876, Feb. 2, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 55-62; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 29, 1943, PL, p. 1395. Roosevelt-Churchill message to Stalin: Correspondence², pp. 51-52 (message received Jan. 27, 1943). Stalin’s reception of message: Feis³, p. 114; William H. Standley and Arthur A. Ageton, Admiral Ambassador to Russia (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 327. Further exchanges: Correspondence², pp. 54-55, 55-56, 56-57. Battle of Tunisia: Howe, chaps. 20-24; Churchill⁴, p. 764. American defeat: Martin Blumenson, Kasserine Pass (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). Further Stalin-Roosevelt-Churchill exchanges: Correspondence¹, pp. 99-102, 105-106; Correspondence², pp. 58-59.

Roosevelt to Churchill on informing Stalin about suspension of convoys: Churchill⁴, pp. 752-753. Churchill to Stalin: Correspondence¹, pp. 110-111. Stalin’s answer: Correspondence¹, p. 112. Linking of Eighth Army and American troops: Churchill⁴, p. 771. Shift of II Corps north: Eisenhower, p. 177; Howe, Pt. 6. Churchill on results of Tunisia: Churchill⁴, p. 780; on “scrunch and punch”: Nicolson, p. 291. Hitler on his African strategy: quoted in Warlimont, p. 314. Stalin’s congratulations on Tunisia: Stalin to Churchill, April 12, 1943, Correspondence¹, p. 117; Stalin to Roosevelt, May 8, 1943, Correspondence², p. 64.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

William Allen White on Roosevelt: quoted from Emporia Gazette in Time, Feb. 22, 1943, p. 53; March 8, 1943, p. 12. Vandenberg on White House-Congress liaison: Vandenberg, p. 33.

Emergency Management. Establishment of Office for Emergency Management: PPA, 1940, pp. 624-625. War production: The United States at War, chaps. 5-7; Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Dec. 31, 1942, LC; PPA, 1943, p. 26; Roosevelt to Beaverbrook, March 24, 1943, PL, p. 1416; Baruch to Roosevelt, PPF 88, May 10, 1943; see also Industrial Mobilization for War, pp. 604-608. Manpower: The United States at War, pp. 431-432; Harold Smith memoranda, Nov. 23, 1942, Dec. 4, 1942, and Roosevelt to Smith, Nov. 19, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL; Hassett, p. 160. Labor developments: Roosevelt to Mackenzie King, Nov. 1, 1943, PL, p. 1462. John L. Lewis: Saul Alinsky, John L. Lewis (Putnam, 1949); James A. Wechsler, Labor Baron (Morrow, 1944). Roosevelt’s response: Byrnes, p. 180; Rosenman, p. 380; PPA, 1943, pp. 190-197; extensive material in OF 407-B, Box 29; see especially Ickes to Roosevelt, July 9, 1943, July 17, 1943; Roosevelt to Ickes, July 11, 1943; Biddle to Roosevelt, July 11, 1943. Attitudes of coal miners: Cantril to Lubin, “How the Miners Feel,” March 21, 1943; Cantril Notebook II. Byrnes’s birthday celebration: Byrnes, p. 181. Stars and Stripes editorial: Kirk to Hull, June 16, 1943, with text, OF 407-B. Drafting of miners: Roosevelt to Stimson et al., June 21, 1943, Stimson Diary; Roosevelt to Davis, Nov. 8, 1943, and earlier draft proposals by Byrnes, OF 407-B. Railroad labor troubles: OF 407-B and OF 4451; see, especially, Leiserson to Roosevelt, June 29, 1943, Oct. 13, 1943; Vinson to Roosevelt, July 5, 1943, Dec. 20, 1943; Byrnes to Roosevelt, Oct. 21, 1943; see also Byrnes, pp. 198-202. Marshall’s threat to resign: Byrnes, p. 201; his biographer, Forrest Pogue, is dubious about this report.

Senate subcommittee report on production: Senate Committee on Military Affairs, “Report of Subcommittee on War Mobilization,” 78th Congress, 1st Session, May 13, 1943. Baruch’s near-appointment: Baruch, pp. 314, 318; Byrnes, p. 174; Sherwood, p. 700; Rosenman to Roosevelt, May 24, 1943, PSF, Rosenman; Stimson Diary, Feb. 16, 1943, Feb. 22, 1943; Cox Diary, June 6, 1943, FDRL. Roosevelt’s veto of Bankhead bill, April 2, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 135-142; Byrnes, pp. 177-178. Jones-Wallace imbroglio: Byrnes, pp. 192-194; The United States at War, pp. 421-425; Smith to Roosevelt, Feb. 6, 1943, March 3, 1943, Smith Diary, FDRL; Cox to Hopkins, July 12, 1943, Cox Diary, FDRL. For the Jones and Wallace views respectively: Timmons, chap. 28; Lord, pp. 496-514; PC 890, April 9, 1943. Roosevelt ban on public disputes: PPA, 1943, pp. 299-300. 1942 plea: White House statement, Aug. 20, 1942, 111.018/114 1/2, SD. Roosevelt on administrative rivalry as technique: Perkins, pp. 380-387. Roosevelt on conflicting recommendations: Smith to Roosevelt, Nov. 8, 1943, quoting Roosevelt memorandum of Sept. 14, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL.

The Technology of Violence. This section was drafted by Douglas Rose and Stewart Burns in collaboration with the author. The warfare of machines: Baxter, p. 395. Patton on new weapons: Baxter, p. 236. Marshall on peacetime army: Marshall to Stimson, Stimson Papers, April 18, 1944. Hopkins as idea buffer: Washington Post “Parade Publications,” Oct. 31, 1943. Creation of NDRC: Baxter, pp. 14-16; Irvin Stewart, Organizing Scientific Research for War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), pp. 5-7. Civilian-military co-operation: Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 216-219, 226-232. Bush on incompatibility: Baxter, p. 12. Creation of OSRD: Baxter, pp. 124-135; Stewart, p. 36; Fulton to Roosevelt, July 1, 1941, PPF 7656; Hopkins to Roosevelt, Roosevelt to Coy, May 20, 1941; Coy to Roosevelt, June 13, 1941; Bush to Watson, July 10, 1941, OF 4482; Ickes to Roosevelt, Aug. 19, 1940, Feb. 7, 1941; Knudsen to Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1941; Smith to Roosevelt, March 17, 1941; Ickes to Roosevelt, April 11, 1941, OF 2240. American-British scientific exchange: Baxter, pp. 119-123. OSRD operating methods: Stewart; Baxter, pp. 21, 129.

Bombing effectiveness: Stimson Diary, Dec. 13, 31, 1944; Stimson and Bundy, pp. 465-469. Reluctance to use the proximity fuse: Stimson Diary, Oct.-Nov.-Dec. 1944. Problems of weapons use: Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 512-515. Co-ordination of science and military: Baxter, pp. 28-32; Stewart, pp. 325-329. Stimson and radar: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 464-470; Baxter, pp. 136-157. Stewart on faith in instrument: Stewart, p. 328. Problems of man-instrument combination: Stewart, pp. 325-328; Green, Thomson, and Roots, pp. 515-517.

Roosevelt as Chief Executive. Excerpts from Smith Diary are by dates indicated. More orthodox aspects of Roosevelt’s administrative record: Barry Dean Karl, Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963). Roosevelt’s assumption of different roles: Burns. For shrewd comments on Roosevelt as chief executive in the broadest, political sense, see Richard E. Neustadt, Presidential Power (Wiley, 1960), which also throws light on Roosevelt’s war leadership; see especially pp. 214-215.

Stimson on Roosevelt as administrator: Stimson Diary, Jan. 23, 1943, Feb. 3, 1943, March 28, 1943, May 4, 1943; Stimson to Burlingham, March 13’943 Stimson Papers, Box 400; Stimson to Horner, May 7, 1943, Stimson Papers, Box 401; see also (for Hull’s views) Blum², pp. 241-242. Cox’s criticism: Cox to Lubin, Oct. 12, 1942, Cox Diary, FDRL. For a measured critique just after Pearl Harbor on the implications of the British and French war administrative experience for the United States, see Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Dec. 17, 1941, with enclosure, Freedman, pp. 628-632; see also Cox’s call for a war secretariat in diary item cited above. Japan Times-Advertiser comment on Roosevelt as chief executive: FCC recording, from Domei transmission in English, OWI, Oct. 1, 1942, FDRL. Roosevelt on controlling the Treasury, etc.: Eccles, p. 336. Kennan’s visit to Washington: Kennan¹, pp. 145-161; memo on War Department meeting, Nov. 2, 1943, PSF, Portugal. Stettinius to Roosevelt, Nov. 8, 1943, PSF, Portugal; for different perspectives, see Hull, pp. 1335-1344; Stimson Diary, Nov. 2, 1943, Nov. 9, 1943. Roosevelt’s reluctance to make military manpower or spending commitments more than a year ahead: Roosevelt to Smith, June 8, 1942; Roosevelt to Marshall, June 10, 1942; Roosevelt to Stimson and Marshall, Aug. 11, 1942, Smith Diary, FDRL; PSF, War Department Folder. Harold Smith on budgeting and planning: Smith Diary, Aug. 31, 1943, pp. 6-7, FDRL. “Layering” and the Office of War Mobilization: Somers. Roosevelt hating to fire: Smith Diary, Sept. 26, 1941, FDRL; Flynn, p. 226. Gulick observations: Luther Gulick, “War Organization of the Federal Government,” American Political Science Review, Dec. 1944, pp. 1166-1179.

CHAPTER TWELVE

The main records of the building of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial: OF 1505. See Roosevelt to Daniel C. Roper, Dec. 27, 1937, OF 1505, Box 1; see also PPF 5319 and OF 4077 for Roosevelt’s intense personal interest in the planning and building of the memorial. Roosevelt and the cherry-tree ladies: Hassett, p. 19. Moore speech: NYT, April 14, 1943, p. 16. Roosevelt’s warning against silk hats: RB to Watson, March 24, 1943, OF 1505, Box 2. His address, April 13, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 162-164; Edith Helm Papers, Cont. 9, 1943, LC.

“A World Forged Anew.” Roosevelt on the presidency as a place of moral leadership: NYT, Nov. 13, 1932, VIII, p. 1. Wallace on the century of the common man: Lord, pp. 492, 494-496. Willkie: quotations from Willkie, pp. 178, 178-179. Other views: roundups in PM, Dec. 11, 1942, Jan. 5, Jan. 11, 1943, March 16, March 31, 1943, April 14, 1943. Development of Roosevelt’s views on world security and organization: Range; PPA, 1943, pp. 5, 30, 87; Roosevelt to Norris, Sept. 21, 1943, PL, pp. 1446-1447; Burns, pp. 318-319, 523-524; Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, interview with Hopkins, Feb. 11, 1943, LC; Robert A. Divine, The Illusion of Neutrality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). Administration views: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, interview with Welles, Nov. 19, 1942; interview with Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, LC; Vandenberg, p. 43 (April 7, 1943 diary notation); see also Burns, chaps. 4, 7, 13, 19, and passim. Roosevelt on role of Big Four: PC 916, Sept. 7, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 376. Roosevelt on concrete postwar arrangements: Roosevelt to Hull, April 9, 1943, 800.50/626, CF, SD Files, NA; see, generally, Kolko, chap. 11. Straight’s book: Michael Straight, Make This the Last War (Harcourt, Brace, 1943). Vandenberg’s views: Vandenberg, pp. 39, 43, 45, 47-48, 50. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s caution: Clapper interview with Hopkins, Feb. 11, 1943, Clapper Papers, LC.

State of the Union address, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 30-31. Beveridge plan: William Beveridge, Social Insurance and Allied Services (Macmillan, 1942); for a contemporary report, see Richard Lee Strout, “The Beveridge Report,” The New Republic, Dec. 14, 1942, pp. 784-786. Roosevelt on the “Roosevelt plan”: Perkins, p. 283. Popular attitudes toward expanded Social Security: Cantril Notebook. II, pp. 64-73. GI Bill of Rights: PPA, 1943, pp. 449-453. Rider ending Roosevelt’s authority to limit salaries: PPA, 1943, pp. 157-160. Tax situation generally: Paul, pp. 144-145. Roosevelt on tax forgiveness, May 17, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 209-210. Congressional action: Young, pp. 130-136. Morgenthau and Roosevelt on tax struggle: Blum², pp. 64-70; Paul, pp. 145-147. Roosevelt on the administration as one big family: Blum², p. 68. Roosevelt on medical insurance: Blum², p. 72.

The Broken Pledge. Roosevelt to Churchill on talks with Eden: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, pp. 1-3. Hull’s return to Washington: Hull, p. 1213. Roosevelt on postponing discussion of immediate postwar arrangements: Clapper Papers, Cont. 23, Feb. 11, 1943, LC. Roosevelt on announcement of his discussions with Eden: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, p. 5. Roosevelt-Eden discussions: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, especially pp. 13-18, 25-26, 35, 36, 39; Eden, pp. 373, 377; Sherwood, pp. 707-720. Roosevelt on results of discussions: Churchill⁴, p. 738; PC 888, March 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 133-134. Eden on Roosevelt as conjuror: Eden, pp. 373-374. Questions about Stalin’s postwar plans: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III; Eden, p. 373. Davies mission to Moscow: Davies Papers, Box 13, LC. Roosevelt’s invitation to Stalin: Correspondence², pp. 63-64. Journey of Churchill and party to the United States: Ismay, p. 294; Churchill⁴, p. 788. U.S. Joint Chiefs’ preparation: Stimson Diary, May 12, 1943; Matloff, p. 69. The Washington discussions in May are well covered in Stimson Diary, May 1943; Churchill⁴; Sherwood; Brooke; Ismay; see Ismay, pp. 296-298, for an excellent summary of the British and American approaches.

Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s letter to Stalin: Churchill⁴, pp. 812-813; Correspondence² (received June 4, 1943), pp. 67-69. Davies in Moscow: Sulzberger, p. 213. Davies’s report to Roosevelt: Davies Papers, June 3, 1943, LC. Stalin’s letter agreeing to meet in July or August: Correspondence², p. 66 (Stalin indicated the place—Fairbanks—orally through Davies). Stalin’s response to postponement of second front: Stalin to Roosevelt, June 11, 1943, Correspondence², pp. 70-71. Polish-Soviet developments: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, pp. 329, 362, 373-374, 396. Major items on diplomatic correspondence between the Polish government and the President are in PSF, Poland; see also Werth, Pt. 6, chap. 6; Churchill⁴, pp. 757-761; and for the Polish case, Bronislaw Kusnierz, Stalin and the Poles (London: Hollis & Carter, 1949). Roosevelt’s attempt to conciliate Stalin: Roosevelt to Stalin, Correspondence², p. 61. Stalin’s reactions and reflections: Correspondence¹and Correspondence²; Maisky, pp. 351, 361, 362; Deutscher, pp. 478-479; Ehrenburg; Berezhkov, Pt. II. Origins of the Cold War: Williams, especially chap. 6; D. F. Fleming, The Cold War and Its Origins (Doubleday, 1961); Louis J. Halle, The Cold War as History (Harper, 1967); John Lukacs, A History of the Cold War (Doubleday, 1961); Paul Seabury, The Rise and Decline of the Cold War (Basic Books, 1967); Andre Fontaine, History of the Cold War (Pantheon, 1968).

The King’s First Minister. Roosevelt’s attitude toward China: Sherwood; Blum²; see especially Morgenthau Diary (China), p. 658; Sherwood, p. 925. Chiang on the end of extraterritorial rights: quoted in Feis², p. 62. Roosevelt on repeal of exclusion laws, Oct. 11, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 427-428. Rumors of Chinese separate peace with Japan: Feis², p. 61. Stilwell’s skepticism: Romanus and Sunderland², chap. 7. Stilwell on Chinese military condition: Romanus and Sunderland². Chennault’s plan and assurances to Roosevelt: Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter (Putnam, 1949), pp. 212-214, quoted in Romanus and Sunderland², pp. 252-253. Madame Chiang Kai-shek’s visit to the United States: Sherwood, pp. 660, 706-707; Time, March 1, 1943, pp. 9-10, 23-26; PC 88i, Feb. 19, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 100-108; Stimson Diary, May 4, 1943; Perkins, p. 74; Eden, p. 377. Roosevelt to Marshall on dealing with Chiang, March 8, 1943: quoted in Romanus and Sunderland², pp. 279-280. Marshall’s reply, March 16, 1943, is quoted in Romanus and Sunderland², pp. 280-282. See, generally, Woodward, chap. 24.

Stilwell on calling Chiang’s bluff: Romanus and Sunderland², p. 278. Roosevelt’s anticolonial views: Foster Rhea Dulles and Gerald E. Ridinger, “The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Political Science Quarterly, March 1955, pp. 1-18. The administration’s views of the U.S. record in the Philippines: Hull, p. 1491; Clapper interview with Hopkins, Feb. ii, 1943, Clapper Papers, LC; PPA, 1942, p. 474; Clapper interview with Wallace, Dec. 7, 1942, Cont. 23, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s criticism of Western colonial record, following Casablanca Conference: PC 879, Feb. 12, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 86. Philippine wartime developments: Stimson Diary, Aug. 12-Sept. 5, 1943; Elmer Davis to Roosevelt, June 24, 1943, OF 400 P.I. Indochina: Hull, p. 1596; Eden, p. 378; Stilwell, p. 246; see, generally, Bernard B. Fall, The Two Viet-Nams (Praeger, 1963); Buttinger. Reference to Roosevelt’s grandfather in Indochina: Fall, p. 453. Roosevelt on French colonialism in Indochina: Elliott Roosevelt, p. 115; Hull, p. 1597. Question of Free French representation on Pacific War Council: 740.0011 Pacific War/3648, SD, NA. Roosevelt on Atlantic Charter: PC 855, Oct. 27, 1942; PPA, 1942, p. 437. Phillips-Roosevelt and Phillips-Hull exchanges: FRUS, 1943, Vol. IV, pp. 178-222; specific quotations or references are from pp. 190, 207, 211, 222, 215, 220-222; see also William Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1952), chap. 22; Hull, p. 1491; Vandenberg, pp. 52-53; Nicolson, p. 295; interview with Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt and the Indian famine: M. S. Venkataramani, “The Roosevelt Administration and the Great Indian Famine,” International Studies (New Delhi), Jan. 1963, pp. 241-264. Appeal to Roosevelt: Sirdar J. J. Singh to Roosevelt, Sept. 29, 1943, 845.48/333, SD, NA. Nationalist developments in Indonesia: George McTurnan Kahin, Nationalism, and Revolution in Indonesia (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1952), chap. 4.

Roosevelt as Propagandist. Battle of Sicily: Garland and Smyth; Samuel Eliot Morison, Sicily-Salerno-Anzio (Boston: Little, Brown, 1954), chaps. 4-10; Eisenhower, pp. 200-206; Hanson Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won (Harper, 1966), chap. 6; Fuller, pp. 260-264. Roosevelt’s receipt of the news of Mussolini’s fall: Sherwood, pp. 741-742; Rosenman, pp. 383-384. Roosevelt on OWI broadcast about Italian King, July 27, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 323. Mussolini’s fall: F. W. Deakin, Bk. IV, which has extensive quotations from the council proceedings; see also MacGregor-Hastie, chap. 8. Roosevelt’s fireside chat after Mussolini’s fall, July 28, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 326-336. Roosevelt on dealing with Italians: PC 912, July 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 344-345. Background of development of information and propaganda agencies: Reston, pp. 199-215; PPA, 1942, pp. 274-283; PPA, 1943, pp. 118-121; The United States at War, chap. 8. Cantril critique of OWI, circa Dec. 1942: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 60-61; Philleo Nash interview by Mrs. Sharp, “Historical Appraisal on O.W.I., World War II,” Jan. 9, 1942, HSTL. Elmer Davis’s appointment and adventures as director: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, March 12, 1942, Freedman, p. 651; Elmer Davis Correspondence, Box 1, 1943, LC; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 137-138; Smith Diary, Aug. 25, 1943, FDRL; Harold Smith to Roosevelt, Feb. 5, 1943, Smith Diary, FDRL; George Creel to Davis, Aug. 4, 1942, Davis Correspondence, LC. Unconditional surrender and psychological warfare: Ernest K. Bramsted, Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda, 1925-1945(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1965), p. 309; William E. Daugherty and Morris Janowitz, A Psychological Warfare Casebook (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1958), pp. 260, 263, 273 ff., 278; Murray Dyer, The Weapon on the Wall (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), pp. 32, 47; Garland and Smyth, pp. 268-278. Generally, on the strategy of freedom: Reston, chaps. 1, 3.

Allied propaganda aims, as in Italy: Hammond to AC of S, OPD, Oct. 27, 1942, OPD Torch, AR. Nazi propaganda: FDRL has transcripts of translated Nazi radio broadcasts, which were sent on to the White House, some marked for special attention of the President. See, generally, Z. A. B. Zeman, Nazi Propaganda (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964); Alexander L. George, Propaganda Analysis (Row, Peterson, 1959); Paul M. A. Linebarger, Psychological Warfare (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1948). Zeman quotation is from Zeman, p. 6. Excerpts from Hochschule text, 1939, are in FDRL. The Nazi cartoon leaflet is reprinted in Linebarger, pp. 138-139. The struggle over freedom as a symbol: J. M. Burns, “The Roosevelt-Hitler Battle of Symbols,” Antioch Review, Fall 1942, pp. 407-421. Roosevelt statement on freedom and social progress, Nov. 6, 1941: PPA, 1941, p. 476. Japanese propaganda is quoted in Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 431-432. Roosevelt on himself as an expert on public psychology: Roosevelt to Basil O’Connor, May 16, 1939, PSF, Box 53. Relation of propaganda and deed: Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 19, 44; Dyer, p. 104. Roosevelt as target: Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 436-437. Roosevelt and Hitler compared as propagandists: Ralph K. White, “Hitler, Roosevelt, and the Nature of War Propaganda,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, April 1949, pp. 157-174. See, generally, H. G. Nicholas, “Roosevelt and Public Opinion,” The Fortnightly, May 1945, pp. 303-308.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

Hyde Park matters: Roosevelt to W. Russell Bowie, Feb. 6, 1943, PL, p. 1399; Roosevelt to Moses W. Smith, June 10, 1943, PL, p. 1428; Roosevelt to William A. Plog, June 11, 1943, PL, p. 1429; Roosevelt to Curtis Roosevelt Dall, Feb. 19, 1943, PL, pp. 1402-1403; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt Dall, April 8, 1943, PL, p. 1419. Library matters: Roosevelt to Archibald MacLeish, June 9, 1943, PSF, MacLeish Folder; Roosevelt to Ickes, Oct. 29, 1943, PL, p. 1461. Roosevelt on Joe Martin: Roosevelt to Fritz G. Lanham, March 9, 1943, PL, pp. 1407-1408. Roosevelt on Poughkeepsie Episcopalians: Hassett, p. 204. Roosevelt on his two illnesses: Roosevelt to Churchill, March 17, 1943, PL, p. 1413; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 25, 1943, Churchill⁴, p. 314.

The Mills of the Gods. “No truck with fascism” pledge, July 28, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 327. Hitler on his plans for Rome: quoted in Shirer, p. 1298. British prisoners of war in Italy: Churchill⁵, p. 59. Roosevelt on dealing with any Italian leaders except Fascists: PC 912, July 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 344-345 Sforza on fear of revolution: NYT, July 30, 1943, p. 3. Del Vayo on lack of democratic policy: The Nation, Aug. 21, 1943, p. 211. Churchill on radical tendencies in Italy: Churchill to Roosevelt, Aug. 5, 1943, Churchill⁵, pp. 99-100. PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Italy and Sicily, Box 13, include extensive documentation on the Italian surrender; see, especially, Murphy to Roosevelt, Nov. 6, 1943. Churchill’s trip to Niagara Falls and Hyde Park: Churchill⁵, p. 82. Marshall’s and Stimson’s strictures to Roosevelt before Quebec Conference: Matloff, pp. 211-213; Stimson and Bundy, pp. 436-438; Stimson Diary, Aug. 10, 1943. Quebec Conference: Matloff, pp. 220-230; Bryant², pp. 575-586; Churchill⁵, pp. 83-85; Sherwood, pp. 745-749. Leahy Diary, LC. Garland and Smyth provide a detailed account of the Italian surrender; the “say Uncle” quotation is from p. 444. Churchill³, chap. 6, offers a good short picture of the developments. Battle of Salerno: Salerno (Washington, D.C.: War Department, 1944); Eisenhower, chap. 10; Churchill⁵, pp. 142-149; Garland and Smyth, pp. 521, 523. Stalin’s message of congratulation: Stalin to Churchill and Roosevelt, Sept.10, 1943, Correspondence¹, p. 162.

Roosevelt’s wartime concern for Jewish victims of Nazism, Oct. 25, 1941: PPA, 1941, p. 433; Aug. 21, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 329; July 30, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 338. Establishment of commission to investigate crimes, Oct. 7, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 410. Of the extensive published material on Roosevelt and the European Jews, see, especially, Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (Random House, 1967), and published and unpublished materials cited therein; and review of Morse by John M. Blum, The New Republic, Feb. 17, 1968, pp. 30-32. Wise to Roosevelt is quoted in Morse, pp. 26-27. Bermuda Conference: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 134-250. Roosevelt on the conference: Roosevelt to Hull, May 14, 1943, FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, p. 179. Background of British and American policy on refugees: Hull to Roosevelt, n.d., but probably late Feb. 1943, with enclosures on British policy, FDRL; see also materials in SD, NA, 1943. Roosevelt and Zion: Range, pp. 152, 156-157; Blum², pp. 207-208; Hull, pp. 1531-1534, 1536.

Cairo: The Generalissimo. Drew Pearson incident: PC 915, Aug. 31, 1943; Hull, p. 1253; Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 30, 1943, Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Stalin’s pique: Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Aug. 22, 1943, Correspondence², p. 84; Correspondence¹, pp. 138 ff. I have discussed with Soviet historians why Stalin did not meet with Roosevelt and Churchill to press his second-front demands, rather than complaining about exclusion, but the explanation remains elusive. Diminished Soviet interest in the second front: Long, pp. 320-322, 331; Sherwood, p. 734; Stimson Diary, Nov. 10, 1943; Matloff, pp. 285-286, 303, and references therein; Leahy Diary, Oct. 7, 1943, LC; Werth, p. 747. Realpolitik attitude in the War Department: Matloff, pp. 287-288. Reports of peace feelers: Nicolson, pp. 277, 309, 345; Leahy Diary, Aug. 11, 1943, LC; see also Ulam, p. 333; McNeill, p. 324 and citations. Bullitt’s strategic alternative: Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 12, 1943, PSF, Bullitt Folder. For a different (and somewhat later) view, see Kennan¹, pp. 211, 218ff. Mackinac Island conference: Vandenberg, pp. 55-61. Proposed foreign ministers’ and Big Three meetings: Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 6, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 11, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Sept. 12, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Oct. 14, 1943; Correspondence¹, pp. 89, 90-91, 92-93, 94, 100-101; Hull, pp. 1292-1296. Hull mission to Moscow, including Chinese adherence to the four-nation declaration: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 513-781; Hull, chaps. 92-94; Eden, chap. 10. Stalin’s statement about Soviet intervention against Japan following defeat of Germany: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, p. 686; Hull, pp. 1310-1311; FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, p. 147; PMRP, Box 210; text also in Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Previous Soviet indications of willingness to join war against Japan: Harriman statement, Congressional Record, Vol. 97, Pt. 14, Aug. 27, 1951, pp. 5410-5416; Deane, p. 226; Leahy, p. 147.

Roosevelt’s trip to Cairo: FRUS, Cairo-Teheran; Leahy Diary, LC. Torpedo incident: FRUS, ibid., pp. 279-280; King and Whitehill, p. 501; Sherwood, p. 768; NYT, March 16, 1958, p. 52 (recollections of the erring destroyer’s officer of the deck at the time). Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt en route, Nov. 18, 1943: PL, p. 1469. Precautions for the trip: Churchill⁵, pp. 326-327; Eisenhower, pp. 220-221; Green to Matthews, Nov. 18, 1943, PMRP, Folder 3, Box 17. Churchill on Cairo: Churchill⁵, p. 316. Roosevelt’s exchanges with Chiang: FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, Nov. 23, 1943, pp. 322-325; Leahy Diary, Nov. 23, 1943, LC; see also Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 142, 163-166. The Chinese and the CCS: FRUS, ibid., pp. 305-307, 325, 337 379-380, 390, 748. The theater view: FRUS, ibid., pp. 316-322; Stilwell, p. 245. The strategic dilemma: Churchill⁵, p. 328; Matloff, pp. 347-352. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt on the conference, Nov. 21, 1943: PL, p. 1470. Roosevelt’s promise to Chiang on Bay of Bengal operations: Matloff, p. 350. Thanksgiving dinner: Churchill⁵, p. 341; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 159-160.

Teheran: The Marshal. Roosevelt’s trip from Cairo to Teheran: “Log,” FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, pp. 459-460; Leahy, p. 202; Reilly, pp. 176-177; Leahy Diary, Nov. 27, 1943, LC. Arrangements in Teheran: FRUS, ibid., pp. 463-464; Reilly, pp. 177-179. Assassination plot: Laslo Havas, Hitler’s Plot to Kill the Big Three (Cowles, 1969); Viktor Yegorov, “The Plot Against Eureka,” in Soldiers of Invisible Battles (Moscow: 1969); Yakovlev, Pt. II; Berezhkov, Pt. I. Roosevelt’s first meeting with Stalin: FRUS, ibid., pp. 483-486; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 176; see also PPA, 1943, p. 558. First plenary session: FRUS, ibid., p. 487; Arnold, p. 465. The bulk of the remainder of this section is drawn from FRUS, Cairo-Teheran; Ehrman¹, chaps. 4-5; Yakovlev; Bryant¹, pp. 68-101; and Berezhkov, Pts. II-V. The FRUS minutes were drawn from two prime sources: a record kept by Bohlen, the interpreter; and Joint Chiefs of Staff Minutes. FRUS, Cairo-Teheran, pp. xi-xxi, explains the scope and limitations of the official records of Cairo and Teheran. Stalin on future Soviet intervention against Japan: FRUS, ibid., pp. 489, 499-500; Ehrman¹, p. 173. Roosevelt’s interest in operations at the head of the Adriatic: FRUS, ibid., pp. 489, 499, 503; Sherwood, p. 780. Turkish situation: FRUS, ibid., 505; Churchill⁵, p. 355. Roosevelt’s illness after first dinner: Eden, p. 427; Leahy Diary, Nov. 28, 1943, LC; Moran, p. 150. Stalin on unconditional surrender: FRUS, ibid., p. 513; Sherwood, p. 783; the Minutes suggest that Roosevelt may have left the after-dinner discussion by the time Stalin mentioned unconditional surrender; Roosevelt later stated to Hull that the matter had not been raised at Teheran in his presence: Roosevelt to Hull, Dec. 23, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, pp. 2-43. Churchill quoting Hopkins on Roosevelt: Moran, p. 150. Roosevelt’s private meeting with Stalin: Churchill⁵, p. 363; Sherwood, p. 784; Moran, p. 146. Sword of Stalingrad ceremony: King and Whitehill, pp. 519-520; Arnold, pp. 467-468; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 180-182; Perkins, p. 85. Roosevelt’s toast: FRUS, ibid., p. 585; Arnold Papers, Box 42, LC; Yakovlev, Pt. II.

Roosevelt to Perkins on playing up to Stalin: Perkins, pp. 83-85; Berezhkov emphasizes Roosevelt’s rapport with Stalin and popularity with the Soviet delegation. Roosevelt to Stalin on Polish situation: FRUS, ibid., pp. 594-596; later discussion of Poland: ibid., pp. 596-604, 837-838. Teheran in summary: Smith, chap. 4. Teheran communiqué and declaration: PPA, 1943, p. 533; drafts are in OF 4675 (Teheran Conference). Roosevelt on Turkish point of view: FRUS, ibid., p. 698, 713. Change of plans for Bay of Bengal: FRUS, ibid., p. 706; Ehrman¹, pp. 183-193; Stilwell, pp. 251-255; Sherwood, p. 801; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 207. Chiang’s response: Chiang to Roosevelt, received Dec. 9, 1943, in Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 74-75; also in PMRP, Box 210, Sextant. Eisenhower’s appointment: Sherwood, p. 803; Stimson Diary, Dec. 16, 17, 1943; Churchill⁵, pp. 413 ff. ; Eisenhower, pp. 235-236. Visit to Sphinx: Churchill⁵, p. 419; Film 208 UN 82, NA. Churchill’s rendition of “Barbara Fritchie”: Sherwood, p. 729; Churchill⁴, pp. 795-796. Churchill on Russians: Arnold, p. 474. Roosevelt’s return trip: Stimson Diary, Dec. 17, 1943; Film 208 UN 82, NA; Rosenman, p. 411. Roosevelt’s Christmas Eve address: PPA, 1943, pp. 553-562. Roosevelt on lack of civilization: Roosevelt to Frankfurter, Dec. 23, 1943, Freedman, p. 709.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Quotations and references are, respectively, to Smith Diary, Dec. 11, 1943, FDRL; leading politician, Time, Dec. 20, 1943, pp. 13-15; The Nation, Dec. 18, 1943, pp. 720-723. Max Lerner, PM, Dec. 20, 1943, p. 2; TRB, The New Republic, Dec. 27, 1943, p. 914. A Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt’s mood on returning from Teheran: Rosenman, p. 421. Roosevelt’s post-press conference remark on no need for a New Deal: Time, Jan. 3, 1944, p. 14; his remarks at the next press conference on Dr. New Deal and Dr. Win-the-War: PC 929, Dec. 28, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 569-575 (checked against PC transcripts, indicating only slight differences). State of the Union address, Jan. 11, 1944: preparation: Rosenman, pp. 417-427; Freedman, pp. 715-717; text: PPA, 1944, pp. 32-42 (checked against recording of radio address as given, which varied slightly in wording and emphasis). The economic bill of rights as culminating concept in American ideological development: James MacGregor Burns, Presidential Government (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), chap. 7, and works cited therein.

Wheeler on the barons: cited in Burns, Roosevelt, pp. 341-342. State Department planning on postwar security organization: Harley Notter, Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1949), chaps. 8-10. Fulbright Resolution: Fulbright to Roosevelt, June 26, 1943, SD, NA; Hull, pp. 1262-1263. Roosevelt’s cautiousness on postwar security planning: Hull to Roosevelt, Sept. 9, 1943; Roosevelt to Hull, Sept. 16, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, 2-43. Roosevelt’s colloquy with reporters, Oct. 29, 1943: PC 924; PPA, 1943, pp. 460-461. Vandenberg on Mackinac conference: Vandenberg, p. 59. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration: PPA, 1943 (Nov. 9, 1943), p. 503; see also PC 926, Nov. 9, 1943. Go-ahead to Hull on planning: Hull, p. 1649.

The Revolt of the Barons. Roosevelt and the servicemen’s vote: message to Congress, Jan. 25, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 53-60; congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 45, 60-61; Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Pt. 1, Jan. 26, 1966, pp. 706-740, 745ff.; Time, Feb. 7, 1944, p. 13. Legislative action: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 111-116. Lilienthal’s trials: Lilienthal, pp. 627, 630, 632. National service law: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 483-484; PPA, 1944-45, p. 39 (State of the Union message, Jan. 11, 1944); Rosenman, pp. 421-424.

Background of tax bill: Paul; Blum², chap. 2; J. M. Burns, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies,” chap. 5, “The Revenue Act of 1943” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1947). Byrnes quoted in Blum², p. 75. Barkley’s role: Barkley, chap. 12; interview with Alben W. Barkley, Reel 5, Side 1, HSTL. Roosevelt’s veto message, Feb. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 80-83. Congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 87-91. Barkley’s speech: Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Pt. 2, Feb. 23, 1944, pp. 1964-1966. Roosevelt’s reaction: Roosevelt to Mackenzie King, Feb. 28, 1944, PSF, Canada, 1-44; Byrnes, pp. 111-212; Hassett, pp. 235-236; Roosevelt to Sherman Minton, March 1, 1944, PSF, Box 52. Roosevelt’s letter to Barkley: PSF, Senate Folder, 4-40. Barkley’s resignation and redesignation: Drury, pp. 91-93. Roosevelt’s timber-cutting and taxes: Hassett, p. 237. On the considerable comment at the time on Roosevelt’s approach to Congress, see, especially, James Wechsler, PM, Feb. 27, 1944, p. 3. Bob Hope’s comment: Time, March 13, 1944, p. 12.

The Suction Pump. Roosevelt on the long road ahead, March 8, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 99-100. The strategic situation in the Mediterranean: Ehrman¹, chaps. 6-7; Matloff, chap. 18. Churchill’s view: Churchill⁵, pp. 426-427, source of quotation, p. 429. Roosevelt-Churchill exchange on Anzio, Dec. 28, 1943: Churchill⁵, pp. 440-441. General developments in Italy: W. G. F. Jackson, The Battle for Italy (Harper, 1967), pp. 182-201. German reaction to Anzio: Marshall to Roosevelt, Jan. 28, 1944, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Box 13. Roosevelt on Anzio situation: PC 935, Feb. 11, 1944. Churchill on same: Churchill⁵, p. 488. Question of abandoning or postponing ANVIL: Matloff, pp. 416-426; Ehrman¹, pp. 241-242. Unconditional surrender: Matloff, pp. 428-432; retrospective statement by Eisenhower, NYT, Dec. 21, 1964, p. 6; Hull, pp. 1574-1582; Roosevelt to Joint Chiefs of Staff, April 1, 1944, quoted in Matloff, p. 431. Roosevelt to Hull on not making exceptions, April 5, 1944: Hull, p. 1577. Roosevelt to Hull on Germans, April 1, 1944: Hull, p. 1576. Roosevelt and the plight of the Jews: Blum², pp. 220-221; cf. Hull, pp. 1538-1540; Long, pp. 334-337. Roosevelt on Long: quoted by Morgenthau in Blum², p. 221; see also Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died (Random House, 1967), pp. 90-97 (Morse later interviewed Pehle). Creation of War Refugee Board, Jan. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.48-50. Roosevelt on Palestine: Blum², pp. 224-227. Emergency refugee shelters: Roosevelt to Congress, June 12, 1944. PPA, 1944-45. pp. 168-171.

The Pacific plan is well laid out in Ehrman¹, pp. 421-423. Army operations in Makin and Kwajalein are described in Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love, Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1955); also American Forces in Action Series, Makin (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). Tarawa: Robert Sherrod, Tarawa (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944); James R. Stockman, The Battle for Tarawa (Washington, DC: Historical Section, Marine Corps, 1947). Admiralties: American Forces in Action Series, The Admiralties: Operations of the 1st Cavalry Division (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945). Churchill on the Pacific plan: Ehrman¹, pp. 439, 448. Roosevelt’s position: Roosevelt to Churchill, Feb. 25, 1944, Churchill⁵, pp. 561-562; Leahy draft is in PMRP, Box 14. Chennault’s views: Chennault to Roosevelt, Jan. 26, 1944; Chennault to Hopkins, Feb. 8, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Roosevelt’s response: Roosevelt to Chennault, March 15, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Background of development of air power and operations in Europe: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, chaps. 20-21; Vol.III, chaps. 2-3; Arnold, chap. 26. Inflated reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 711; Arnold Papers, Boxes 43, 45, LC; Noble Frankland, The Bombing Offensive Against Germany (London: Faber and Faber, 1965), chap. 2. British intelligence reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 708; see also United States Strategic Bombing Survey, cited in Fuller, p. 225.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

Noel F. Busch, What Manner of Man? (Harper, 1944), pp. 12-17, describes the President in the White House in early 1944. The President’s health during this period and earlier and later: main source is a detailed and informed manuscript by Dr. Howard G. Bruenn (the heart specialist who attended Roosevelt during the last year of the President’s life), “Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” pp. 1-30, based on Dr. Bruenn’s records and observations. Also consulted: W. G. Eliasberg, “How Long Was Roosevelt Ill Before His Death?,” Diseases of the Nervous System, Nov. 1953, pp. 323-328; Noah D. Fabricant, “Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Nose and Throat Ailments,” The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly, Feb. 1957, pp. 103-106; Rudolph Marx, “FDR: A Medical History,” Today’s Health, April 1961, pp. 54 ff.; James A. Halsted, “F.D.R.s ‘Little Strokes’—A Medical Myth,” Today’s Health, Dec. 1962, pp. 53 ff.; Ross McIntire, White House Physician (Putnam, 1946); review of Hugh L’Etang, The Pathology of Leadership (London, 1969), in Medical World News (especially on Roosevelt’s rumored malignant melanoma). On Roosevelt’s health, see, generally, Hassett; Tully; Reilly; Perkins; Jonathan Daniels interview, HSTL; Edith Helm Papers, LC; Herman E. Bateman, “Observations on President Roosevelt’s Health during World War II,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, June 1956, pp. 82-102; see also John T. Flynn, pp. 368, 412. On Roosevelt’s health especially during 1944: Hassett, pp. 233, 242; Perkins, pp. 389-390; Tully, pp. 273-274. Roosevelt at his press conference: Drury, pp. 107-108. Roosevelt at Hobcaw, and afterward: Roosevelt to Hopkins, May 18, 1944, Sherwood, pp. 6-8; Hassett, p. 241; Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 347. Curacao incident: Eleanor Roosevelt to Roosevelt, April 4, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 5, 1944, PPF 1063.

Secrecy and “Sedition.” Stimson’s comment: Stimson Diary, March 15, 1944, May 23, 1944. White House arrangements: Jonathan Daniels interview, pp. 16, 22, 23, 35, 63, HSTL. Blair House: Roosevelt to Hull, Aug. 28, 1942, FW 110.12/326 SD. Byrnes office: Somers, pp. 51-60; Byrnes. Leahy office: Leahy, p. 97. Budget Bureau: Smith Diary, FDRL. Roosevelt-Marshall channels of communication: Cline, pp. 105-106. Hopkins on his condition: Sherwood, p. 805. Roosevelt on Hopkins’s return to Washington: Sherwood, p. 6. Administration “backgrounders” (or “seminars”) for reporters: Clapper Papers, LC. Publication of “secret” war information: Biddle, pp. 248-251. Background of sedition trial: Biddle, chap. 15; the trial itself is vividly described in Time (especially May 1, 1944, pp. 17-18) and in PM. Montgomery Ward episode: Stimson Diary, April 4, 1944, May^1, 2, 1944; Biddle, pp. 311-324; PPA, 1944-45, May 9, 1944, pp. 122-125, Dec. 27, 1944, pp. 446-452; Timmons, pp. 343-345.

The White House visitor: interview with Jonathan Daniels, April 13, 1969; see also Moore, p. 323; Hewlett and Anderson, p. 203. Secrecy: Tully, pp. 265-266; Davis; Groves. Keeping atom secret from Congress: Bush to Bundy, Feb. 24, 1944; transcript of telephone conversation, Stimson and Representative Andrew J. May, Nov. 27, 1943, Stimson Papers. Sharing atomic information with Britain: Gowing, chaps. 4-5; Groves, pp. 125-137; Sherwood, p. 704; with Russia: Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 268, 329-330. Bohr’s views: Moore. Bohr to Roosevelt, July 3, 1944: Freedman, pp. 728-735. Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1944: ibid., pp. 735-736. Frankfurter’s views: ibid., pp. 723-728; Freedman cited, p. 724. Bohr’s interview with Churchill: Gowing, pp. 354-355; Moore, pp. 342-344; with Roosevelt: Moore, pp. 348-350. Roosevelt-Churchill conference: Leahy, p. 266; Moore, pp. 351-353. Aide-memoire of Sept. 19, 1944: Moore, p. 353; text is from Gowing, p. 447. Indications that Germans were not building the bomb: Churchill⁶, p. 148; Stimson Diary, Dec. 13, 1944. Stimson’s notes on meeting with President: Stimson Papers, Aug. 23, 1944.

The Mobilized Society. The author and Douglas D. Rose collaborated in research and writing for this section. Roosevelt on building planes: PC 956, June 9, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp.165-166. Data and description of social and economic changes is drawn largely from research conducted by Douglas D. Rose at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and at the University of Minnesota. Urban crowding: Davis McEntire, Residence and Race (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), chap. 3. Whites’ attitudes toward Negro job opportunity: Cantril, p. 510. Racial stoppages: FEPC statement, n.d., OF 4245 G, Box 5. OWI report, Dec. 9, 1942: OF 4245 G O, OWI Box 13. Ickes on discrimination as a national question: Ickes to Roosevelt, July 7, 1943, OF 6, 1943. Suppression of FEPC report: Cramer to Roosevelt, July 3, 1942; Patterson to Roosevelt, July 14, 1942; Roosevelt to McIntyre, July 17, 1942; McIntyre to Cramer, July 17, 1942; OF 4245 G, Box 3. FEPC Mexican-American hearings stopped: Welles to Roosevelt, June 20, 1942, continued to July 31, 1942; McIntyre to Roosevelt, OF 4245 G, Box 3. Jackson Daily News is quoted in PM, March 20, 1944, p. 3. South Carolina legislature declaration, March 31, 1944: OF 93. Hoover report on Communism: FBI report sent to Daniels, Aug. 22, 1944, OF 4245 G, F-H-L Box 10. Hershey on requisitioning and discrimination: Hershey to Roosevelt, Oct. 4, 1941, OF 93; War Department communication, Selective Service 6142, see OF 93 B, Sept. 18, 1944. Visit of members of the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association: PC 933, Feb. 5, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 66-70. Roosevelt on Negroes at Warm Springs: Ross to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 25, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Jan. 31, 1944; Roosevelt to Daniels, Feb. 7, 1944, OF 93. Roosevelt promise of Japanese-American return: press letter to the President of the Senate, Sept. 10, 1943, OF 4849, 1942-1944, Box 1. Japanese-American situation: Stimson Diary, May 17, 1944, May 26, 1944; Roosevelt to Stettinius and Ickes, June 12, 1944; PL, pp. 1517-1518; Hull to Roosevelt, June 16, 1944, OF 4849; Fortas to Roosevelt, Aug. 25, 1944, OF 4849.

School attendance: I. L. Kandel, The Impact of the War Upon American Education (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), pp. 85-88. Roosevelt requests schools as service centers: Roosevelt message to National Institute on Education and the War, Aug. 28, 1942, OF 6 G. On curriculum: What the Schools Should Teach in Wartime, NEA pamphlet, OF 107, Box 8. On idle colleges: report to Roosevelt, July 30, 1943, OF 5182; Bush, p. 7. ASTP and V-12 programs and cuts: OF 25 NN, 1943-45, especially Patterson to Rosenman, Jan. 27, 1944; Rosenman to Roosevelt, Feb. 21, 1944; Marshall to Roosevelt, Feb. 22, 1944. Roosevelt on limited federal school participation: Roosevelt to Pepper, Nov. 12, 1942, OF 107, Box 8. Roosevelt’s request of War and Navy Departments for a study of use of colleges for war purposes: PPF 7886, Oct. 15, 1942. Roosevelt’s request of Bush for postwar science program: PPA, 1944-45, Nov. 17, 1944, and note; Cox Diary, Oct. 24, 1944, FDRL; draft letter to Hopkins, Oct. 18, 1944; Cox to Hopkins, Nov. 9, 1944, with proposed Roosevelt letter to Bush; Smith Diary, Daily Record, March 19, 1945, FDRL. See Kandel on war and education in general. Roosevelt on planning for future: Roosevelt to Embree, March 16, 1942, OF 93. Union and labor changes: Executive Order 9240, OF 15. E. J. Burtt, Labor Markets, Unions, and Government Policies (St. Martin’s, 1963), pp. 15, 94, 99, 273. Ann Arbor housing segregation: Emmerich to McIntyre, Feb. 16, 1943; McIntyre to McNutt, March 4, 1943; McIntyre to Blandford, March 29, 1943, OF 63, Box 16.

The Culture of War. Roosevelt on the existence of one front: State of the Union message, Jan. 11, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, P 42Citizen participation in the war: “Review of the Progress of the War,” fireside chat by the President, June 12, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, p. 173. American attitudes toward the meaning of the war: Jerome S. Bruner, Mandate from the People (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), pp. 27-29. The Nation criticism of Roosevelt: The Nation, April 1, 1944, p. 381. Roosevelt’s summary of war goals, March 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, P ¹⁰3 Roosevelt’s answer to critics, March 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, p. 109. Dos Passos’ observations: John Dos Passos, State of the Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944), pp. 181, 215-223. Roosevelt’s electoral standing: Cantril, pp. 627, 631, 632, 634, 635, 762-763. Brogan on American people at war: D. W. Brogan, “The American Way in War,” Harper’s, May 1944, pp. 491-499.

The Washington scene: Hurd, chap. 24. This section is based in part on personal observation by the author, as a government employee in Washington and Denver, 1942-43, and as an infantryman and combat historian, 1943-45. Civilian and servicemen attitudes toward the fact of war: Stouffer, chap. 9; see also John M. Blum, “The G.I. in the Culture of the Second World War,” Ventures, Spring 1968, pp. 51-56. Infantrymen’s attitude toward soldiers’ vote: Ernie Pyle, Brave Men (Holt, 1944), p. 137. “Why We Fight” films and their impact: Stouffer, pp. 461-468. Negro soldiers: Fish to Stimson, Feb. 1, 1944, Congressional Record, Vol. 90, Pt. 8, pp. A659-A66o; Hastie to Stimson, Feb. 29, 1944, text in Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), pp. 478-479; see Lee generally for a well-documented and significant treatment of this subject. Attitude of black troops toward discrimination: Stouffer, pp. 502-503. Stimson’s views generally: Stimson and Bundy, p. 461; Stimson Diary, Jan. 27, 1944. Myrdal on the ideological war: Myrdal, p. 1004. Roosevelt on problems of Negro servicemen: special conference for Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (full text in FDRL), Feb. 5, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 66-67. See, generally, Mina Curtiss (ed.), Letters Home (Boston: Little, Brown, 1944).

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

Supply background to the invasion of France: Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, Vol. I, The European Theatre of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953). The British scene before the invasion: Pogue²; Churchill³, p. 596; Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day (Simon and Schuster, 1959); Morison⁵. On the final meetings, see Pogue², p. 170, n. 23. Enemy estimates and plans: Trevor-Roper, pp. 149-153, 164-165; B. H. Liddell Hart (ed.), The Rommel Papers (Harcourt, Brace, 1953), p. 465; Warlimont, pp. 407-408; Friedrich Ruge, “The Invasion of Normandy,” in Jacobsen and Rohwer, pp. 317-349. Hitler on Roosevelt: Liddell Hart, cited above, p. 465. The cross-channel attack: Harrison; Morison⁵; see also Churchill⁶; Eisenhower; Bradley, among other accounts and memoirs. Murrow’s broadcast: Edward R. Murrow, In Search of Light (Knopf, 1967), p. 81. Roosevelt prior to D day: Tully, p. 265; Hassett, p. 248. Press conference on morning of D day: PC 954, June 6, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp.154-160; see original transcript, FDRL, for slightly expanded coverage.

Crusade in France. Harrison describes operations in Normandy through the fall of Cherbourg. Eisenhower on the millionth man to land: Marshall to Roosevelt, July 4, 1944, PMRP, Box 23. Churchill’s visit to the war: Churchill⁶, p. 15. Roosevelt’s response: Roosevelt to Churchill, June 19, 1944, PMRP, Box 23. Differences over grand political strategy: see the able discussion in Ehrman¹, pp. 249, 255; see also Ehrman¹, pp. 345-367; Matloff, pp. 466-475. Churchill’s “solemn protest”: Ehrman¹, p. 356. Churchill to Roosevelt on ANVIL, June 28, 1944: Churchill⁶, pp. 63-64. Roosevelt’s response, June 29, 1944: Churchill⁶, pp. 721-723. On composition of latter message, and on Roosevelt’s information that the British ultimately would give way on Trieste, see Leahy to Roosevelt, June 30, 1944, PMRP, Box 23. ANVIL landings: Morison⁵, chap. 16. Churchill’s inspection: Churchill⁶, p. 100.

Roosevelt’s relations with de Gaulle, 1943 and early 1944: de Gaulle; FRUS, 1943, Vol. II; FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV; Viorst, chap. 11; Schoenbrun, chap. 5, which includes extensive documentation. Roosevelt on de Gaulle’s “infiltration”: Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 31, 1943; PL, p. 1474. Presentation of destroyer escort, Feb. 12, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.70-72. French currency: Blum², pp. 166-177; Nicolson, p. 377. Roosevelt to Marshall on de Gaulle: Roosevelt to Marshall, June 2, 1944 (in answer to Marshall to Roosevelt, May 17, 1944, enclosing Eisenhower to Marshall, n.d., including Eisenhower message for Roosevelt), FDRL. On Roosevelt’s attitude toward de Gaulle around the time of D day, see also Blum², p. 168; Stimson and Bundy, p. 551. Churchill-de Gaulle exchange at this time: Churchill⁵, pp. 629-630. Preliminaries to de Gaulle’s visit to Washington: Viorst, p. 207; Hull, p. 1432; memorandum and correspondence, June 27, 1944, Stimson Papers. Roosevelt’s toast to de Gaulle, July 7, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 194-196; see also de Gaulle, pp. 265-275. Roosevelt on liberation of Paris, Aug. 24, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.240-241. Stalin on Soviet military plans: Stalin to Roosevelt, June 7, 1944, Correspondence², p. 145. Roosevelt’s toast to Mikolajczyk, June 7, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, PP160-163. Poland: Roosevelt to Stalin, June 19, 1944; Stalin to Roosevelt, July 23, 1944, Correspondence², pp. 146, 152-153. Spheres of interest: Hull, pp. 1451-1452; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 11, 1944; Churchill to Roosevelt, June 11, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 13, 1944, all in Churchill⁶, pp. 75, 75-77. Stalin’s May Day order: Werth, pp. 842-843. Stalin’s comments on Churchill and Roosevelt: Djilas, p. 73.

Pacific Thunderbolts. Strategic situation in the Pacific, 1944: Matloff, chap. 20; Ehrman¹, chap. 11; S. E. Morison, Neiu Guinea and the Marianas (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), chap. 1, Differences between MacArthur and Navy: King and Whitehill; Whitney; Willoughby and Chamberlain. MacArthur’s strategy as quoted: Whitney, p. 120. Japanese naval situation: Morison, ibid., pp. 10-14. Strategic value of Marianas: Morison, ibid., pp. 157-158. Japanese plans and injunctions in the Marianas: Morison, ibid., p. 221; Philip A. Crowl, Campaign in the Marianas (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1960), p. 117. The “Great Marianas Turkey Shoot”: Morison, ibid., chaps. 14-16. Capture of Saipan: Carl W. Hoffman, Saipan: The Beginning of the End (Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1950); Crowl, chaps. 3-12; see also Edmund G. Love, The 27th Infantry Division in World War II (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1949). Guam: O. R. Lodge, The Recapture of Guam (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-9 Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954); Crowl, chaps. 15-20 (on army operations). See, generally, Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crowl, The U.S. Marines and Amphibious Warfare (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951); Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1951); Clark G. Reynolds, The Forging of an Air Navy (McGraw-Hill, 1968); Robert Sherrod, On to Westward! War in the Central Pacific (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1945).

Roosevelt to Churchill on importance of capture of Saipan, June 19, 1944: PMRP, Box 23. Trip to Oahu and arrival: Rosenman, pp. 456-457; Leahy, pp. 249-250; Rigdon, pp. 115-116. MacArthur’s arrival: Rigdon, p. 116; Rosenman, pp. 456-457; Whitney, p. 123. Data on the conferences is sketchy; see Matloff, p. 482; Leahy Diary, July 28, 29, 1944, LC; Leahy, pp. 250-251; Whitney, pp. 123-125; Willoughby and Chamberlain, pp. 233-236; Robert L. Eichelberger, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo (Viking, 1950), pp. 165-167. MacArthur on Philippines and Roosevelt’s re-election: Whitney, p. 125. Roosevelt’s tour of Oahu: Rosenman, p. 458; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 206-212; Films 2594-72, 208 UN 116, NA. Aleutians and trip back: Leahy, pp. 253-254; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 213-216. Reports received at sea: PMRP, Box 23. Roosevelt on the “low” that followed the ship, Aug. 14, 1944: PL, pp. 1527-1529. Roosevelt’s follow-up letters to MacArthur and to Nimitz: Rigdon, pp. 121-123.

Roosevelt as Commander in Chief. Roosevelt’s wish to be called Commander in Chief: Hull, p. 1111; King and Whitehill, p. 567; there is no reference to the episode by King, or in Leahy or Leahy Diary. Roosevelt’s desire to be considered a soldier: GGT (but undoubtedly Roosevelt) to S.T.E. (Early), Dec. 11, 1941, PL, pp. 1255-1256. Roosevelt on not overruling his military advisers: address to Advertising War Council Conference, March 8, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, p. 99; see also Sherwood, p. 948. Noncommissioning of La Guardia and La Guardia background: Arthur Mann, La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Time (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959); Stimson and Roosevelt: Stimson Diary, March 27, 30, April

6,7, 9, 10, May 3, 1943; Charles Burlingham to Stimson, March 28, 1943,with copies of Burlingham-La Guardia correspondence; Stimson to Burlingham, March 30, 1943; Stimson to Roosevelt, April 6, 1943; Roosevelt to Stimson, April 8, 1943; Stimson to Roosevelt, April 12, 1943; all in Stimson Papers, Box 400; Roosevelt to Stimson, Oct. 15, 1943, PL, p. 1456. On later developments: Roosevelt to Stimson (unsigned), Sept. 29, 1944, PMRP, Box 12; Hopkins to Roosevelt, Sept. 30, 1944, HHP. Roosevelt on Patton: PC 927, Dec. 17, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 552. Second Patton incident: Pogue², pp. 164-166. Stimson on Roosevelt’s nomination of generals: Stimson to Roosevelt, April 12, 1943, Stimson Papers, Box 400; see Rawleigh Warner to Mrs. Frank Knox, March 29, 1949, Knox Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s technical advice, respectively: Roosevelt to Acting Cominch, Feb. 23, 1943, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Logistics; King to Roosevelt, July 17, 1942; Roosevelt to Knox, Aug. 12, 1942; Roosevelt to Leahy, Sept. 16, 1942, all three in PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, General Corr., 1942-45, Box 31; Wilson Brown to King, Nov. 27, 1944, PMRP, Box 15; Roosevelt to Stimson and Knox, Sept. 20, 1943, PL, pp. 1443-1444; see also Roosevelt to Land, Sept. 14, 1942, U. S. Maritime Comm., FDRL. Calf shooting: PC 948, May 6, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 119-120. The AWOL WAC, July 2, 1944: Hassett, pp. 257-258.

Exchange with reporters over Leahy’s status: PC 836, July 21, 1942; Leahy, p. 97. Paradox of American civil-military relations: William Emerson, “Franklin Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief in World War,” Military Affairs, 1958, pp. 181-207 (this excellent article has been of great assistance in this analysis, especially on the question of the change over time in the extent of Roosevelt’s disagreements with his military advisers); see also Greenfield¹, pp. 41 ft; Neustadt, pp. 214-215. War as an aberration for Americans: Louis Morton, “National Policy and Military Strategy,” Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1960, pp. 10, 11. See also the excellent essays in Greenfield² for implications for Roosevelt as Commander in Chief. Churchill as Commander in Chief: see his volumes, especially the documents and appendices; also Morison⁵, p. 12. Stalin as Commander in Chief: Deutscher, p. 466; Zhukov. Roosevelt on military planners’ occasional conservatism: Matloff, p. 211. Hitler as Commander in Chief: Shirer, p. 1134; see also almost any of the memoirs of German generals. Roosevelt on officers’ plot against Hitler: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 2i, 1944, PL, p. 1525; Roosevelt to Stalin, July 21, 1944, Correspondence², pp. 150-151.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Suspension of presidential election: PC 934, Feb. 8, 1944, PC Transcripts. Discord in America: S. K. Ratcliffe. “America’s Crucial Year,” Contemporary Review, April 1944, p. 198. Letters to Roosevelt: these are drawn from a wider selection made by Paul Streicker in Aug. 1966 from a large collection in OF 4166. Chandler is quoted in PM, Jan. 27, 1944, p. 16. As a Good Soldier. Willkie’s 1944 nomination campaign: Barnard, chaps. 20-21; Johnson, chap. 7. Willkie’s speech to industrialists: Johnson, pp. 250-251. His statement after defeat: Johnson, p. 280. MacArthur’s campaign: Vandenberg, pp. 75-89. For Roosevelt’s earlier view of MacArthur, see Tugwell, p. 349; Jonathan Daniels, The Time Between the Wars (Doubleday, 1966), p. 207. MacArthur’s discussion with naval officers prior to Pearl Harbor: Report of Conference, PMRP, Manila, Dec. 6, 1941. Naval Aide’s File, Warfare, Philippine Islands, Box 17; see also Forrestal, pp. 17-18. Published material on Dewey is slight; for the pre-1944 period, see Stanley Walker, Dewey: An American of This Century (McGraw-Hill, 1944), a campaign biography. Dewey’s acceptance speech: ibid., pp. 344-350.

Roosevelt on not running for a fourth term: Leahy, p. 239; Roosevelt to Patrick H. Drewry, March 7, 1944, PL, pp. 1499-1500. Roosevelt on running for a fourth term: Roosevelt to Hannegan, July 11, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Personal memoirs and accounts of preconvention Democratic party politicking are numerous; see, for example, Rosenman, chap. 22; Blum², pp. 280-281; Byrnes, chap. 13; Barkley, pp. 188-191; Allen, chap. 10; Lord, pp. 526-537; Josephson, pp. 616-625; Steinberg, chap. 24; Tully, pp. 275-277. Roosevelt’s handling of 1940 nomination rivals: Burns, pp. 411-412. Roosevelt’s handling of vice-presidential ambitions: Tully to Roosevelt, July 11 and 13, 1944, PSF, Box 54; Blum², pp. 280-281; Byrnes, pp. 219-222; Krock interview, Oral History Project, p. 90. July 11 conference with party leaders: Allen, pp. 127-128; Rosenman, pp. 443-445; Byrnes, pp. 221-222. Wallace’s response: “Report from Senator Guffey,” July 11, 1944, PSF, Wallace Folder; Lord, p. 529. Byrnes’s response: Byrnes, pp. 223-224. Roosevelt’s personal statement for Wallace: Roosevelt to Samuel D. Jackson, July 14, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 199-200. Roosevelt’s pressure on Truman: Rosenman, p. 451; Steinberg, p. 213. Roosevelt’s acceptance speech, July 20, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 201-206.

A New Party? Roosevelt’s spell of pain in the railroad car: Roosevelt and Shalett, pp. 351-352; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, July 21, 1944, PL, p. 1525. Rumors of Roosevelt’s ill-health: Daniels interview, p. 42, HSTL; Reilly, pp. 195, 196; Moran, p. 242. FBI agent’s report: Hopkins to Roosevelt, July 28, 1944; Leahy to Hopkins, July 28, 1944, PMRP, “Trip to Pacific Theatre,” Box 23. On pictures of Roosevelt giving his acceptance speech, see Rosenman, p. 453. Arrangements for Seattle speech: Roosevelt to Reilly, PMRP, Box 23; see also Reilly, pp. 191, 193-194. Aides’ reaction to the talk: Rosenman, pp. 461-462; Reilly, p. 194; Tully, pp. 277-278. Roosevelt’s physical condition: Bruenn Ms. (see notes, chap. 15 above); Rigdon, p. 130. Roosevelt’s seeming boredom with political detail: Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 351. Roosevelt on “ghoulish” newspapermen: Reilly, pp. 196-197. Signing of GI Bill of Rights, June 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 180-185. Missouri Valley Authority, Sept. 21, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 274-278; see also PC 980, Nov. 14, 1944; PPA, 1944-45. pp.419-422

Willkie’s views after Wisconsin: Wendell L. Willkie Papers, Speech Material Cont., LC; Johnson, chap. 9. Willkie’s support in the presidential Democratic party: Barnard, p. 478. Joseph Barnes, Willkie (Simon and Schuster, 1952), pp. 367-371, has rounded up the rumors of Willkie as a possible Roosevelt running mate; see also Roosevelt to Norris, July 17, 1944, PL, p. 1522, which indicates that Roosevelt had a role in feelers put out to Willkie even though he implies he had not. “Leaking” of Roosevelt’s letter: Barnard, p. 482. So secretive were both Roosevelt and Willkie about their preliminary negotiations over party realignment that documentary sources are limited; see, however, Roosevelt to Willkie, July 13, 1944, PL, p. 1520; Roosevelt to Willkie, Aug. 21, 1944, PL, pp. 1531-1532; and Willkie statements and correspondence in Barnes and Barnard. Rosenman, chap. 24, offers the fullest and most firsthand report of Roosevelt’s actions. Hassett, p. 255, confirms that Roosevelt saw Pinchot on June 29, 1944.

A Grand Design? Specialized international co-operation: Myron Taylor to Roosevelt, n.d.; Roosevelt to Taylor, June 5, 1944, PSF, Myron Taylor Folder, Vatican; Berle to Roosevelt, May 19, 1944; Roosevelt to Berle, May 20, 1944, PSF, Hull Folder, 2-44. Bretton Woods: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Feb. 29, 1944, with enclosures; Roosevelt to Byrnes, March 6, 1944; Byrnes to Roosevelt, March 10, 1944, FDRL; Blum², chaps. 5-6; Roy F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (St. Martin’s, 1963), chap. 13. Roosevelt’s message to conference: Blum², p. 257; see also PPA, 194445, pp.138-140. Popular attitudes toward postwar international organization: Cantril, pp. 908-910. Congressional role: Young, pp. 191-196. Background and basic documents on Dumbarton Oaks: Robert A. Divine, Second Chance (Atheneum, 1967); Welles; FRUS, 1944, Vol. I, General, pp. 614-923. Roosevelt on the intellectuals is quoted in Divine, p. 167. Daily progress reports submitted to Roosevelt by Stettinius are in FDRL and included in FRUS. Dewey criticism and response: Hull, pp. 1686-1699. Soviet stand on veto: FRUS, ibid., pp. 738, 742, 748, 750, 766, 777; see Kolko, pp. 272-274. Roosevelt-Gromyko meeting: FRUS, ibid., pp. 784-787.

Second Quebec Conference: Ismay on the Churchills’ and Roosevelt’s reunion: Ismay, p. 373. Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s estimate of the situation: Churchill⁶, pp. 153-154; Ehrman¹, p. 509. Adriatic strategy: Ehrman², p. 511; Matloff, p. 510; Churchill⁶, pp. 155-156. Churchill’s offer of fleet: Churchill⁶, pp. 154-155; Ehrman¹, p. 518; King and Whitehill, p. 569; Ismay, p. 374. Expectations of German defeat: Matloff, p. 508. Allied zones: Ehrman², p. 515; Blum², pp. 330, 372; Stimson Papers. Morgenthau plan: Blum², chap. 7; Churchill⁶, pp. 156-157; Morgenthau-Churchill confrontation: Blum², pp. 373-374; Moran, pp. 190-193; McCloy notes, Sept. 20, 1944, Stimson Papers. Roosevelt-Churchill statement: Blum², p. 371. Churchill-Eden exchange: Blum², p. 371; Eden, p. 476. On Roosevelt’s backing away from Morgenthau plan, cf. Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 334-335. Stimson’s reaction: memorandum, Sept. 5, 1944, Stimson Papers. Hyde Park days: Leahy, p. 265; see also Hassett, pp. 271-272.

The Strangest Campaign. Anna Roosevelt Boettiger on her father’s Teamsters’ talk: Rosenman, p. 478. Teamsters’ Union speech, Sept. 23, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 284-292, read against recordings of speech. Dewey’s reaction: Time, Oct. 2, 1944, pp. 22-23; PM, Sept. 25, 1944, p. 12; interview with Dewey, April 11, 1969. Vote analysis: Bean to Lubin and Hopkins, Feb. 4, 1944, FDRL; see earlier study of turnout by Cantril, April 26, 1943, Cantril Notebook II, pp. 50-63. Role of PAC: Joseph Gaer, The First Round (Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944), which includes documents and leaflets; Josephson, p. 631. Negro vote: Cantril Notebook IV, p. 97.

Campaign tour of New York: Hassett, pp. 278-282; Reilly, pp. 198-199; Eleanor Roosevelt, pp. 336-338; Film 2757-14, NA. Other campaign speeches are from PPA, 1944-45. Silencing Hershey: memorandum of talk with Roosevelt, Oct. 3, 1944, Stimson Papers. MacArthur’s announcement: Whitney, p. 158. Chicago speech: Rosenman, p. 496; Hassett, p. 286. Communism as issue, and Boston speech: Sherwood, p. 829; Reilly, p. 197; Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 353; Hassett, pp. 277, 287; Forrestal, p. 13; Time, Nov. 27, 1944, p. 18. Election Day and night: Hassett, p. 293; Leahy, pp. 277-278; Leahy Diary, Nov. 7, 8, 1944.

For You Are the Man for Us. Roosevelt’s comment on Dewey to Hassett, election night: Hassett, p. 294. Roosevelt’s notes, election night: PSF, Box 54. Letter from black woman in Pittsburgh (lines broken, from prose form of letter, by author): OF 4166, Fourth-term Corr., letter dated Nov. 1, 1944. Votes written in to Roosevelt: Susie Phillips to Roosevelt, Oct. 10, 1944, OF 93.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

Roosevelt’s return to Washington after the election: Hassett, pp. 295-296. His speech, Nov. 10, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 418-419. Press conference: PC 97g, Nov. 10, 1944. Congratulations from Stalin and Mao, respectively: Stalin to Roosevelt, Nov. g, 1944, Correspondence², p. 168; Mao to Hurley, Dec. 16, 1944, FRUS, 1944, Vol. VI, pp. 740-741. Election figures: Svend Petersen, A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections (Frederick Ungar, 1963), Tables 35-42.

Europe: The Deepening Fissures. Basic U.S. policy toward Poland, especially future economic reconstruction: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Oct. 31, 1944, with enclosed report “Reconstruction of Poland,” FDRL. Polish-American pressures: Arthur Bliss Lane, I Saxu Poland Betrayed (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948), pp. 58-62; Stettinius to Roosevelt, on “Resolution of Polish American Democratic Organization of Chicago,” Jan. 4, 1945, Poland Folder, 1-45, FDRL. Roosevelt-Churchill correspondence with Stalin on Warsaw: Roosevelt and Churchill to Stalin, Aug. 20, 1944;Stalin to Roosevelt and Churchill, Aug. 22, 1944, Correspondence², pp.156, 157; Churchill to Roosevelt, Aug. 24, 1944, Sept. 4, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, Aug. 24, 1944, Aug. 26, 1944, Sept. 5, 1944, Churchill⁶, pp. 136-144. Stalin’s general attitude and policy on Warsaw situation: Werth, pp.873-883; Deborin, pp. 370-374; Ulam, pp. 361-363; Hull, p. 1446; FRUS,1944, Vol. IV, p. 1013. Roosevelt’s view: above citations and Hull, pp.1448-1449. Churchill “hushing up” Poland for Roosevelt: Churchill to King George, Oct. 16, 1944; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 22, 1944, Churchill⁶, pp. 239, 242. Lane and Roosevelt exchange: Lane, pp. 64-67. Mikolajczyk appeal to Roosevelt, Oct. 26, 1944: Malta-Yalta, pp. 207-209;Roosevelt to Mikolajczyk, Nov. 17, 1944, ibid., pp. 209-210; memo, Stettinius to Roosevelt, Nov. 15, 1944, ibid., p. 209. Roosevelt’s appeal to Stalin and Stalin’s answer, Dec. 16, 1944 and Dec. 27, 1944, respectively: Malta-Yalta, pp. 217-218, 221-223; Stalin’s further message and Roosevelt’s response, Dec. 30, 1944 and Jan. 1, 1945, ibid., pp. 224-226; see also Correspondence-, pp. 175-184. Churchill to Roosevelt, Jan. 6, 1945: Malta-Yalta, p. 226.

Churchill-Stalin agreement on spheres of interest: Churchill⁶, pp. 226-228; see also Harriman reports, FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV, pp. 1003-1024. Harriman’s presence at Churchill-Stalin meeting: Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 4, 1944, Churchill⁸, pp. 219-220. Dispute over Italy: Malta-Yalta, pp. 266ff., 430 ff.; Sherwood, pp. 838-839. Churchill’s “easing” of Italian situation before presidential election: Churchill to Halifax, Dec. 4, 1944, Malta-Yalta, pp. 267-269. Greek situation: Churchill⁶, chap. 18; Eden, chap. 14; Sherwood, pp. 839-843; Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 13, 1944, Churchill⁶, pp. 299-301. Harriman’s reports on Soviet policy and attitudes: Hull, p. 1459; FRUS, 1944, Vol. IV, pp. 988-990, 992-998.

China: The Edge of the Abyss. On Chinese developments generally during 1944, see Tsou, Pts. 1-2; FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI; Kirby, Vol. IV; Kolko, chap. 10; Stilwell, chaps. 10-11; Romanus and Sunderland³, chap. 1; White and Jacoby; OPD 384 (China), AR. Battle for Leyte Gulf: King and Whitehill, pp. 576-580; S. E. Morison, Leyte (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Forrestal, pp. 19-20; E. B. Potter and Chester W. Nimitz (eds.), Triumph in the Pacific (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963), chap. 5. CBI developments: Romanus and Sunderland³, chaps. 4-6; Churchill⁵, p. 566. Churchill’s skepticism of Chinese possibilities: Churchill⁵, pp. 560-561. Roosevelt-Chiang exchanges on military situation: Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 383-384. Stilwell’s report on situation: ibid., p. 435. Internal problems of China: Smith, pp. 48-52, 94-98.

Reports on Mao’s regime: Gauss to Hull, Aug. 26, 1944, enclosing report by Second Secretary John S. Service, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 517-520; see also ibid., pp. 551-556, 559-567. Attitude and questions of Communist leaders: ibid., p. 606; Oct. 10, 1944, pp. 637-638; see also White and Jacoby, pp. 240-241. Roosevelt to Chiang on the developing disaster: text in Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 445-446. Stilwell’s presentation of the climactic message: Stilwell, p. 333. Final developments: Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 5, 1944, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 165-166; Chiang to Roosevelt, Oct. 9, 1944, ibid., pp. 166-167; ^al^so Chiang to Hurley, Oct. 10, 1944, ibid., pp. 167-170; Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 18, 1944, Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 468-469. Many of Roosevelt’s messages to Chungking were drafted in the War Department; see OPD 384, AR.

Roosevelt as Grand Strategist. Stilwell’s view of Roosevelt: Stilwell, chap. 11. Roosevelt’s aims in China: Tsou, pp. 33-34, 123-124; Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 59, 457-458; Gauss to Hull, Aug. 9, 1944, FRUS, 1944, China, Vol. VI, pp. 139-140. Roosevelt to Chiang on deteriorating military situation: Roosevelt to Chiang, Oct. 5, 1944, Oct. 18, 1944, Romanus and Sunderland¹, pp. 459, 468-469; see PC 960, July 7, 1944, 2-3, 8, for a much earlier indication of Roosevelt’s awareness of both the deterioration of Chinese resistance and the role of bombing. Unconditional surrender: address by Roosevelt to White House Correspondents’ Association, Feb. 12, 1943, PPA, 1943, pp. 79-80; see also PC 962, July 29, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 209-211; Hull, chap. 113; Anne Armstrong, Unconditional Surrender (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961), especially chap. 2. Grand strategy defined: S. E. Morison, Strategy and Compromise (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958), pp. 5-6; Greenfield¹; Fuller; B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy: The Indirect Approach (Praeger, 1954), pp. 335-336, 362; Urs Schwarz, American Strategy: A New Perspective (Doubleday, 1966), chaps. 2, 3, and preface by Henry Kissinger.

View of Roosevelt as military pragmatist or opportunist: Matloff, pp. 3-4; Divine, chap. 4. Roosevelt on Four Freedoms as ultimate stake: PPA, 1941, p. 66; see also Range. Military and civilian ends and means: William T. R. Fox, “Civilians, Soldiers, and American Military Policy,” World Politics, April 1955, pp. 402-418. Roosevelt quoted on priority for military policy: Roosevelt to Smuts, Aug. 3, 1942, PL, p. 1337; Roosevelt to Churchill, June 29, 1944, Churchill⁶, Appendix, p. 721. A critical treatment of Roosevelt’s unconditional-surrender policy is Armstrong; see also Paul Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defeat (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958); Louis J. Halle, “Our War Aims Were Wrong,” NYT Magazine, Aug. 22, 1965, pp. 13 ff., and, for a more favorable view, John L. Chase, “Unconditional Surrender Reconsidered,” Political Science Quarterly, June 1955, pp. 258-279. Widespread recognition of the impact of unconditional surrender on German resistance: Vandenberg, p. 91; Liddell Hart, memorandum of July 1943, quoted in Armstrong, p. 155; Matloff, pp. 428-432; see also Snell, pp. 115 ff. Roosevelt’s warning to Senators about separating military and political problems: Forrestal, p. 23. Bombay Harbor incident: Ehrman¹, pp. 466-468. Atomic developments, fall 1944: Jungk, chap. 11; Stimson Diary. Higgins on Roosevelt: Higgins², p. 141. The two diplomacies: Russell H. Bastert, “The Two American Diplomacies,” The Yale Review, Summer 1960, pp. 518-538; see also Acheson, pp. 15-16. Stalin and the art of “dosage”: quoted in Kennan², p. 248. Churchill as grand strategist: Liddell Hart, in A. J. P. Taylor and others, Churchill: Four Faces and the Man (London: Penguin, 1969), pp. 155-202; see also, in the same collection, J. H. Plumb, “The Historian,” pp. 119-151, on Churchill’s response to mass popular attitudes and change; this essay is also the source of Churchill on Lloyd George, p. 144. On Churchill and the tides of change, see also Liddell Hart in ibid., pp. 196-199; Churchill⁰, p. 351; Moran, p. 265. On certain aspects of the three leaders’ views, see McNeill, pp. 366-368. Roosevelt and Wilson compared: Osgood, pp. 410-411. A book on grand strategy for “the freedom of men,” which Roosevelt was reported to have read (Clapper Diary, June 1, 1942, LC), is H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (Holt, 1919).

Christmas 1944. Dewey’s vacation: Hassett, p. 299. Hull’s resignation: Roosevelt to Hull, Nov. 21, 1944, PL, pp. 1554-1555; Hull, pp. 1715-1719. State Department nominations: Hassett, pp. 303-304; Roosevelt to MacLeish, Dec. 1, 1944, PL, pp. 15581559. Press conference, Dec. 19, 1944: PC 984; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 436-437; Drury, pp. 305-307. News from the Bulge: Leahy, p. 282. Battle of the Bulge: John Toland, Battle (Random House, 1959); Eisenhower, chap. 18; Churchill⁶, Bk. 1, chap. 17; Hugh M. Cole, The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1965); Hasso von Manteuffel, in Jacobsen and Rohwer, pp. 391-418; and, on a different aspect, “Did Stalin Betray Us in the Battle of the Bulge?,” American Legion Magazine, Jan. 1968, pp. 6-13, 48. Churchill on the failure of the strategic objective: Churchill⁰, p. 268. Allied bombing: Cole, p. 5; Craven and Cate. Vol. III, chap. 6. Christmas at Hyde Park: Christmas Eve talk to the nation, Dec. 24, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 444-445; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 226-227.

CHAPTER NINETEEN

Berlin in Jan. 1945: Hans Rumpf, The Bombing of Germany (Holt, 1962); Hans-Georg von Studnitz, While Berlin Burns (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964). Hitler at this time: Warlimont, pp. 495-497; Bullock, pp. 759-765; Shirer, pp. 1417-1418. Moscow and Stalin: Werth, pp. 951-952; Deborin, pp. 408-411; Kennan¹. Churchill to Stalin, Jan. 6, 1945, Correspondence¹, p. 294; Stalin to Churchill, Jan. 7, 1945, ibid., pp. 294-295; Churchill to Stalin, Jan. 9, 1945,ibid., p. 295. Trip to Yalta: Churchill⁸, pp. 337-338. Atomic-bomb development: Groves to Marshall, Dec. 30, 1944, Malta-Yalta, pp. 383-384; Stimson Diary, Dec. 31, 1944. Hewlitt and Anderson, pp. 333-335. Tokyo: Kirby, pp. 226, 230-232.

“The Only Way to Have a Friend…” Public attitudes toward Roosevelt and foreign events: Cantril Notebook VI, Dec. 1944, Jan. 1945; Cantril, p. 763; see also Stettinius to Roosevelt, Dec. 30, 1944 and Jan. 6, 1945, memoranda on public-opinion trends based on the Cantril reports, State Department Folder and Stettinius Folder, FDRL. Cabinet meeting, Jan. 5, 1945: Forrestal, p. 21; Stimson notes, Stimson Papers. National war-service legislation: Stimson memorandum for Diary, Dec. 23, 1944, Stimson Papers; Stimson and Forrestal to Roosevelt, Jan. 3, 1945, FDRL; Rosenman, pp. 514-516; Drury, pp. 332, 338. Message on the state of the union, Jan. 6, 1945: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 483-507. Jesse Jones dismissal: Roosevelt to Jones, Jan. 20, 1945, PL, pp. 1566-1567 (carbon of original in State Department Folder, 2-45, FDRL). Question of Perkins resignation: Perkins, pp. 391-394; Roosevelt to Perkins, Jan. 22, 1945, PL, p. 1569. Rumors of administration dissension: Time, Jan. 15, 1945, pp. 18-19. Ickes’s troubles: Ickes to Roosevelt, Jan. 13, 1945; Roosevelt to Daniels, Jan. 22, 1945, PSF, Daniels Folder, Box 47; Lilienthal, p. 680.

Roosevelt’s appearance: Perkins, pp. 391, 393; Leahy, p. 290; Lilienthal, p. 676. Early plans for inauguration: PSF, Inauguration File, Aug. 16, 1944; later plans: PC 980, Nov. 14, 1944; PPA, 1944-45, pp. 422-424; see also Inauguration File cited above on specific plans for the ceremonies; and Edith Helm Papers, 1945, LC, with inauguration lists and plans, and letters from Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt to Helm, both dated Jan. 22, 1945. The ceremony: Lilienthal, p. 675; Acheson, p. 102; Time, Jan. 29, 1945, pp. 18-19; Dorothy Parker, PM, Jan. 22, 1945, p. 2. The address: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 523-525 checked against recordings.

The King of the Bears. Major documentary sources on Yalta: Malta-Yalta, 1945, which not only is a remarkably full report of the major general and many of the smaller “private” meetings, but also often provides two or three different sets of minutes for the same meeting, thus allowing the historian to compare; Stettinius; Churchill⁶, Bk. 2, chaps. 1-4; Rothstein²; Correspondence², pp. 187-193. Many of the participants described the discussions in their memoirs. Of the many works on the conference, John L. Snell (ed.), The Meaning of Yalta (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1956) is useful; Williams, chap. 6, is perceptive. Roosevelt’s trip to Yalta and arrival: Malta-Yalta, p. 54g; Reilly, p. 212; Rigdon, pp. 138-146; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 236-271; Moran, p. 234; Edward J. Flynn, pp. 202 ff. Roosevelt’s appearance: Moran, p. 234; Churchill⁶, p. 344. King of the Bears: legend narrated to author by citizen of Yalta, May 1963. Roosevelt on forthcoming meeting: Roosevelt to Laski, Jan. 16, 1945, PL, pp. 1565-1566. Roosevelt’s pre-Yalta urging on Stalin of provisions for voting under international organization: Correspondence¹, pp. 173-174. Harriman on Soviet demand for veto, Dec. 28, 1944: Malta-Yalta, pp. 64-66. Roosevelt’s initial meeting with Stalin and Molotov: Malta-Yalta, pp. 570-573. President’s dinner: Malta-Yalta, p. 589; Stettinius, pp. 111-116; Eden, p. 512. Stalin as “Uncle Joe”: Stettinius, p. 115; Churchill⁶, p. 393. Extra votes for the U.S.S.R. in the new Assembly: Malta-Yalta, pp. 663-667, 672-677; Stettinius, p. 174; Sherwood, p. 856. Later developments: Stettinius, pp. 193, 195-196; Malta-Yalta, pp. 737, 966-967; Churchill⁶, pp. 359-360; Byrnes, pp. 40-41; Leahy, p. 310. Stalin’s dinner: Churchill⁶, pp. 361-363; Malta-Yalta, pp. 797-799.

Immediate background on Poland: “Poland: Government and Boundaries” (preconference State Department study), Malta-Yalta, pp. 202-236. Roosevelt’s raising of the issue at Yalta: Malta-Yalta, p. 677; further discussion and letters: ibid., pp. 727 ff., 776 ff., 846 ff., 883. Leahy’s reaction: Leahy, pp. 315-316. Proposed text of Declaration on Liberated Europe: Malta-Yalta, pp. 862-863. Roosevelt on purity of elections: ibid., pp. 853-854. On Poland generally: Smith, chap. 8 and passim; Snell, The Meaning of Yalta, pp. 14-19 and passim. See also John T. Flynn, pp. 388-389.

Asia: The Second Second Front. Roosevelt’s health at Yalta: Bruenn Ms. (see chap. 15 notes); Churchill⁶, p. 477; Moran, p. 242; Nicolson, p. 435; Byrnes, pp. 23, 40; Leahy, pp. 313, 321; Stettinius, p. 73; Harriman testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, p. 3330; Edward Flynn, p. 203; John T. Flynn, chap. 14. Roosevelt’s reference to Willkie: Malta-Yalta, pp. 854, 856. Eden on Roosevelt’s separate negotiations: Eden, p. 513. Roosevelt-Stalin discussion of political conditions for Soviet entrance into the Pacific war: Malta-Yalta, pp. 768-770. Harriman’s earlier report to Roosevelt on his discussion with Stalin, Dec. 15, 1944: ibid., pp. 378-379. American military policy on Soviet intervention: Harriman testimony, p. 3332; Malta-Yalta, pp. 361 ff., 367, 593-594, 757-760; Stettinius, p. 92; Snell, The Meaning of Yalta, p. 137. Notion that Russia would enter war in any event: Eden, p. 511. Stalin’s experience with unreliable partners in coalition politics: Ulam, pp. 280-284. Desire of American military for Soviet intervention and awareness of problem of timing: Forrestal, pp. 51, 55; Snell, The Meaning of Yalta, pp. 147-148; Deane, pp. 223-226; Tsou, p. 244; Rigdon, pp. 157-158. Louis Morton, “Soviet Intervention in the War with Japan,” Foreign Affairs, July 1962, pp. 653-662, clearly sees the problem of timing; see also sources cited therein. Roosevelt’s worry about Soviet ambitions in the Far East: Malta-Yalta, pp. 894-895. Extent of Soviet claims in the Far East in relation to its military power: Tsou, pp. 245-246, 259. Eden’s reservations: Eden, p. 513; see also Churchill⁶, pp. 388-390. Churchill’s dinner at Yalta: Malta-Yalta, pp. 921 ff.; Churchill⁶, pp. 390-393; Stettinius, pp. 272-278.

Winding up Yalta: Malta-Yalta, pp. 924-925; Byrnes, p. 22. Roosevelt receives the three monarchs: Leahy, pp. 325-327; Reilly, pp. 216-223; Sherwood, p. 872; PPA, 1944-45, p. 558; Rigdon, chap. 10. Churchill’s visit to Roosevelt at Alexandria: Churchill⁶, p. 397. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1945: PL, p. 1571. Decline of euphoria: Sherwood, p. 870; Rosenman, p. 526. Watson’s death: Bruenn Ms. (see chap. 15 notes). Trip home across Atlantic: Rosenman, pp. 522-524. Roosevelt’s comment to Berle: Berle to author, Aug. 8, 1969.

CHAPTER TWENTY

Roosevelt’s address to Congress on his trip to Yalta, March 1, 1945: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 570-586, as corrected against recordings; Rosenman, pp. 527-528; Drury, pp. 371-373; Acheson, p. 103.

Europe: The Price of Innocence. Planning for San Francisco Conference: Roosevelt to Stettinius et al., Feb. 28, 1945, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 565-566; Vandenberg, pp. 94, 172-175; Correspondence. Reaction to Yalta: N.Y. Journal-American, Feb. 14, 1945; N.Y. World-Telegram, Feb. 13, 1945; N.Y. Daily News, Feb. 14, 1945; Vandenberg, chap. 9; Cantril to Roosevelt and to Stettinius, March 13, 1945, Cantril Notebook VI. Churchill on likely Soviet reaction: Churchill⁶, p. 420. Churchill to Roosevelt on Polish crisis, March 13, 1945: Churchill⁶, p. 426. Motivation for Kremlin line: Stettinius, p. 309; Rosenman, p. 539; Ulam, p. 379; Correspondence². Churchill pressure on Roosevelt: Churchill⁶, Bk. 2, chap. 6. Roosevelt to Stalin on Polish situation, March 29, 1945 (received April 1, 1945): Correspondence², pp. 201-204. Molotov nonattendance at San Francisco Conference: Roosevelt to Stalin, March 24, 1945, PL, p. 1577; Stalin to Roosevelt, March 27, 1945, Correspondence², pp. 199-200. Extra votes in Assembly for the United States: Roosevelt to Stalin, Feb. 10, 1945; Stalin to Roosevelt, Feb. 11, 1945, Correspondence², pp. 191-192; later developments: Tully, pp. 356-357; Rosenman, pp. 540-541; Drury, pp. 401-402; Vandenberg, pp. 159-163; Grew to Roosevelt, March 22, 1945, United Nations Conference Folder, FDRL.

Eden comment: Nicolson to Victoria Sackville-West, March 1, 1945, Nicolson, p. 439. Dulles-Wolff episode: Feis³, chap. 61; Allen Dulles, The Secret Surrender (Harper, 1966); Deborin, pp. 431-432. Churchill on advantage of separate military surrender: Churchill⁶, pp. 441, 444-445; see also Churchill to Eden, March 24, 1945, Churchill⁶, p. 442. View of Combined Chiefs of Staff: Feis³, pp. 584 ff. Roosevelt-Stalin exchange on matter: Correspondence², pp. 198-213; see also Ulam, p. 381; Kolko, pp. 375-379; Deborin, pp. 431-432.

Asia: Never, Never, Never. Iwo Jima: Kirby, pp. 235-240; Yu Te-jen, pp. 250-253; S. E. Morison, Victory in the Pacific (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962). Hurley’s trip to Washington and rumors in Chungking: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2883-2885. Draft agreement between Nationalists and Communists: Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3669-3679. Summary of China’s dilemma: Stettinius to Roosevelt, Jan. 4, 1945, Feis², pp. 219-220. Hurley’s disagreement with Foreign Service officers in China: ibid., pp. 260-264; United States Relations with China, pp. 87-92; Hurley testimony, pp. 3255-3257. Hurley meetings with Roosevelt, March 1945: Hurley testimony, pp. 2883-2885, 2887, 2906; Feis², pp. 265, 272; Hassett, pp. 321, 326; Tsou, p. 298. Postwar testimony on China must be treated with caution; but see Harriman testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 3335-3342. Battle of Okinawa: Roy E. Apple-man, James M. Burns, Russell A. Gugeler, and John Stevens, Okinawa: The Last Battle (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1948); Mori-son, cited above; Yu Te-jen, pp. 254-264. For its effect on military thinking, see Churchill⁶, pp. 626, 627-629. Stimson on giving Russians information: memorandum, Dec. 31, 1944, Stimson Papers. Later atomic-bomb developments: Stimson Diary, Feb. 13, Feb. 15, March 5, March 15, 1945; Moore, p. 362; Freedman, p. 726; Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 339-340, 342.

Wedemeyer’s meeting with Roosevelt: Wedemeyer, p. 340; Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2293-2567. Policy toward Indochina: Hull, pp. 1596-1599; Eden, p. 378; Arthur H. Schlesinger, Jr., The Bitter Heritage (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967) and works cited therein. Roosevelt to Stalin on Indochina: Malta-Yalta, p. 770. Roosevelt’s trusteeship idea: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 562-563. Press conference discussion: ibid., pp. 562-564. Churchill at Yalta on the Empire: Malta-Yalta, pp. 844, 856, 858; Byrnes, p. x; Moran, pp. 244-245. Roosevelt’s position on trusteeship issue, March 1945: Hurley testimony, Military Situation in the Far East, pp. 2890-2891 (testimony of June 21, 1951). Declaration of Independence as exemplar: Shaplen, p. 29.

“The Work, My Friends, Is Peace.” Legislative situation: Drury, p. 408 and passim. Guaranteed wage plans and Trade Agreements Act renewal: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 592-593, 595-600. Roosevelt on the good old times: Roosevelt to Morgan Hoyt, Feb. 28, 1945, PL, p. 1572. Roosevelt on ending of war in May: Perkins, p. 396. Roosevelt at the dinner of the White House Correspondents’ Association, March 22, 1945: Drury, pp. 388-390. Military situation in Europe: John Toland, The Last 100 Days (Random House, 1966).

Hassett to Bruenn on Roosevelt’s health, March 30, 1945: Hassett, pp. 327-328; Bruenn Ms. does not mention this incident. Churchill on deteriorating relations with Russia: Churchill⁶, p. 456. Roosevelt’s efforts to quiet the situation: Roosevelt to Stalin, (received April 13, 1945), Correspondence², p. 214; Roosevelt to Churchill, April 12, 1945, Churchill⁶, p. 454. Philippine independence: Sergio Osmeña to Roosevelt, March 31, 1945, Philippines Folder, 1-45, FDRL; PC 998, April 5, 1945;

PPA, 1944-45, pp. 607-610; see also Sayre Papers, Box 7, LC; Hassett, p. 330; Early to Stimson, April 11, 1945, White House Correspondence-Stimson, AR. Undelivered Jefferson Day speech: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 613-616; Hassett, p. 333; Rosenman, p. 551.

EPILOGUE

For the sake of continuity, some of the ideas and language used in the epilogue to the first volume of this biography have been used or expanded in this epilogue. Asbell, chaps. 1-3, has recounted Roosevelt’s death in detail and with sensitivity; see also Hassett, pp. 333-338; Reilly, pp. 229-234; Tully, pp. 361-366. Roosevelt-McDuffie exchange: Asbell, pp. 7-9. Churchill’s reaction to the news: Churchill⁸, p. 471; Stalin’s: Sulzberger, p. 253; Chiang Kai-shek’s: NYT, April 13, 1945, p. 10; Goebbels’s: Shirer, pp. 1440-1441. Other foreign reaction: Nicholas Halasz, Roosevelt Through Foreign Eyes (Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1961), pp. 308-319.

Freedom’s Once-Born. Departure from Warm Springs: Walker, pp. 300-302; Asbell, chap. 12. Luce’s feeling about Roosevelt: John Kobler, Luce: His Time, Life, and Fortune (Doubleday, 1968), pp. 122-123. Acheson on Roosevelt’s condescensions: Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 165. Sholto-Douglas and Roosevelt: William Sholto-Douglas, Years of Command (London: Collins, 1966), pp. 230-231. Jones on Roosevelt: George Dixon, Washington Times-Herald, Feb. 1, 1945. Roosevelt and Buckingham Palace: John M. Carmody interview, OHP, 607.

“The Lonesome Train”: Millard Lampell, “The Lonesome Train,” a musical legend, Decca Records, 1949; Asbell, chap. 15. Concept of the “once-born”: William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (Longmans, Green, 1935), p. 199, as cited and interpreted in Erik H. Erik-son, Young Man Luther (Norton, 1962), pp. 41, 117. Roosevelt’s references to home and family in connection with policy matters are too numerous to be listed; some examples can be found in Range, p. 62; Churchill⁶, p. 216; PL, p. 1380. William White on the funeral in Washington: quoted in Asbell, p. 170. Funeral service in the White House: Biddle, p. 360; Lilienthal, p. 693. Eleanor Roosevelt’s confrontation of Anna: confidential source.

Democracy’s Aristocrat. Clare Boothe Luce on Roosevelt’s cautiousness: Kobler, p. 121. Poll on choice of new Navy Secretary: Cox Diary, May 1, 1944, FDRL. “Meaning it”: Erikson, Young Man Luther, pp. 208-210. Hopkins on Roosevelt’s commitment: Sherwood, p. 266; see also White, pp. 75-76, 87-88. Roosevelt’s belief in the brotherly spirit of science: PPA, 1944-45, p. 615. Roosevelt on dreaming dreams: Roosevelt to Smuts, Nov. 24, 1942, PL, pp. 1371-1372. Roosevelt to MacLeish, June 9, 1943: PSF, MacLeish Folder. Niebuhr on love and life: Reinhold Niebuhr, Christianity and Power Politics (Scribner, 1940), chap, 1; see also Osgood, pp. 381-383.

New York City rumors: PM, April 13, 1945, p. 9. Reactions abroad are from Time, April 23, 1945, p. 27; Life, April 23, 1945, pp. 30, 32; NYT, April 14, 1945, p. 14. Lincoln’s trip: Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (Harcourt, Brace, 1939), Vol. IV, chap. 76. Individuals’ views of Roosevelt: Maisky, pp. 286-287; Churchill⁶, Bk. 2, chap. 9; Arnold Papers, LC. Buchan: Janet Adam Smith, John Buchan (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1965), p. 405. Sherwood: Sherwood, p. 882. Lyndon Johnson: Life, April 23, 1945, p. 32. Stimson: Stimson to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 16, 1945, Stimson Papers. See also William S. White, pp. 12-15. The final sentences in this section are from Burns, p. 477. See, generally, Allen.

Voyager’s Return. Roosevelt on returning to Hyde Park: Roosevelt to Hannegan, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 197-198. Hyde Park burial service: Asbell, chap. 18; and contemporary accounts.