Abdel-Rahman, Shaykh Omar Abdel, 74, 102, 116, 117, 118, 218
Abdullah, II, 125
Abdurrahman, III, 250
Abravanel, Don Isaac, 243–45
Abravanel, Don Samuel, 245
Abu Ghraib, 163
Abu Zeid, Nasr Hamid, 104
Afghan war, 117
Afghanistan, 23, 32, 131, 137, 170
Alawis of Syria, 14, 28–30, 54, 96
Alawis of Tripoli, 11
Fedden on, 49
history of, 47–48
Khalifa on, 47-67, 51–52, Kurds and, 65
Lawrence, T. E., on, 48–49
population of, 66
rebellion, 64–66
Solomon on, 65
World Heritage site, 65
Alexandretta, 48
The Alexandria Quartet (Durrell), 81–82, 92
Camus and, 188–89
civil war, 168–73
clan wars in, 174
death toll in, 168
Egypt and, 75
GIA, 173
languages of, 186–87
literature in, 175
Muslim Brotherhood in, 173
officer corps, 169
population demographic of, 186
religion in, 186
riots in, 168–69
secret police, 172
terror in, 171–74
war of liberation, 179, 185, 187–88
Algiers, 99, 168, 175–76, 178, 205, 231, 245
al-Alim, Mahmoud Amin, 108, 114
Allah, 30, 58, 67, 121, 138, 182, 183, 184
Allawi, Ali A., 145–52, 153, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163
Allawi, Ayad, 146, 154, 159–61
Almohads, 253
Almoravids (Berber camel nomads), 252
Alrawi, Karim, 80
Amam al-Arsh (Before the Throne) (Mahfouz), 92, 225
American University of Beirut, 1, 13, 94
Among Believers (Naipaul), 194, 199, 213
Annan, Kofi, 158
anti-Americanism, 24, 115–16, 122–23, 130–32, 158
anti-communism, 198
anti-Persian campaign, 97
anti-Shia campaign, 97
anti-Zionism, 113
Antonius, George, 44, 46sn, 94–95, 96, 113
anusim (forced converts), 261
The Arab Awakening (Antonius), 44, 94, 113
Arab East (mashreq), 28, 113, 173, 185–86
Arab journalism, 11
The Arab Predicament (Ajami), 4–5, 7
“Arab Thought Between Privacy and Globalization,” 114
Arabian Peninsula, 9, 28, 37, 91, 120, 125, 126
Arab-Israeli war, 128, 184, 271
Arabs
intellectual class, 5, 134, 230–31
Jews, 271–72
liberty, 21, 22, 33, 41, 163, 223
Muslim and Christian, 96
revolt, 24–25, 26, 28, 29, 67, 81
state, Syria and, 30–31.
See also nationalism
Arafat, Yasir, 13, 112, 116, 127–30, 243
An Area of Darkness (Naipaul), 193
Armed Islamic Group, 108
arts, in Egypt, 80
Ashtor, Eliyahu, 249, 274sn al-Assad, Bashar, 24, 30, 41, 65
al-Assad, Hafez, 7, 11–15, 21, 28, 31, 49, 59, 62, 130–31
attempt on al-Assad, Hafez, 59
attempt on Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 34
In Praise of Hatred, 53–54
Mroue, Kamal, 10
ordered by Hussein, Saddam, 126–27
Ataturk, Kemal, 95
Atta, Mohamed, 137–39
authenticity, 108–9, 197, 226, 268
authoritarianism, 82, 130, 193
autocracy, 87, 98, 87, 100, 110, 163, 184, 216, 221
Awlad Haretna (Children of Gebelawi) (Mahfouz), 219–20, 236
azan, 56–57
Al-Azhar University, 57, 77–78, 199
Baath Party, 12, 16, 28, 31, 44, 96–97, 148, 149, 153, 154, 159, 160–161
Baghdad, 9, 15, 22, 29, 100, 105, 106, 127, 129, 145, 146, 149–50, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 184, 248, 250, 270
Balanche, Fabrice, 28, 46sn al-Banna, Hassan, 34–35
Bapak (Father), 199
Barzani, Massoud, 160
battalions of death, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61–62, 63, 64
Bayezid, Sultan, II, 268
Before the Throne (Amam al-Arsh) (Mahfouz), 92, 225
el-Beheiry, Sarhan, 233
Beirut, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 44, 48, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 119, 129, 135, 136, 137, 138, 143, 184, 185, 231, 235, 242, 272
Belhadj, Ali, 173
Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine, 21, 25, 27
Berber camel nomads (Almoravids), 252
Berbers, 186, 187, 248, 251–53, 273–74
The Best and the Brightest (Halberstam), 141, 164
Beyond Belief (Naipaul), 194, 206
bilingual Christians (Mozarabs), 246, 248
ancestral roots of, 122
Jarrah and, 137
U.S. and, 121
bin Ziyad, Tariq, 273–74
al-Bitar, Salah al-Din, 12, 14, 96–97
“Blind Liberation,” 141
Bonang, Sunan, 201
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 74, 83–84
Boudiaf, Mohamed, 170–71
Boumédiène, Houari, 179
Bourguiba, Habib, 44–45
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 174–75
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 158–59
Braudel, Fernand, 246, 266, 274
Bremer, Paul, 142, 150, 152, 158
A Bright Shining Lie (Sheehan), 141
British in Egypt, 34, 82, 84, 224, 225, 226, 234,
Bumiputras, 203
Burns, John, 123
Burundi, 168
Bush, George W., 22, 23, 43, 125, 127, 133, 145, 150, 158, 159, 161, 163
Byzantium, 255
Cairo, 8, 9, 11, 25–26, 32–33, 34, 36, 39, 43, 44, 76, 81, 88, 94, 117, 123, 151, 176, 181, 199, 201
culture, 91
Mahfouz and, 216–17, 218, 224, 227, 228, 229, 231, 236, 253
population of, 217
Cairo Trilogy (Mahfouz), 225
Cambodia, 168
Camp David, 128
Camp David Accords, 90
Camus, Albert, 188–89
capitalism, 20, 85, 86, 108, 160, 198
Caribbean, 192
Castile, 243, 244, 247, 249, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 264, 265, 267–68, 269, 273
Castro, Américo, 246, 261, 276sn
Catholic, 136, 138, 197, 207, 243, 262
Catholicism, 247
Cedar Revolution, 23
Celebes, 201
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 149, 150, 159
Cervantes, Miguel de, 267–68
Chandler, Jeff, 169
Charara, Waddah, 98
Charles, V, 242
Children of Gebelawi (Awlad Haretna) (Mahfouz), 219–20, 236
Christendom, 254–55, 197, 246, 249, 268, 274sn
Islam and, 96, 133, 245–47, 249, 254, 248
Jewish converts to, 244–45, 259–63, 266, 272, 275sn
Moorish converts to, 246–47, 264–68
garb, 269
Moors who turned, 247
rule, Muslims under, 246
Christians who turned Islamic (Muladies), 247
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Cisneros, Francisco Ximenez de, 263
civil society, 79, 124, 132–33
civil war
Algeria, 168–73
Claiming the Future (World Bank Report), 103
clerics (ulama), 119, 154, 202, 250
Clinton, Hillary, 24
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 150–52, 157, 158, 160
colonization, faith and, 205
Columbus, Christopher, 242, 243, 254–55, 257, 272, 274sn
commander, of death battalions, 53, 59, 60, 61–62, 64, 172, 173, 187
Confucianism, 20
Conrad, Joseph, 5–6, 192, 211–13
Constantinople, 254–55, 248, 257
conversion, 195–97, 201, 244–47, 253, 259–70, 272
Conversos (Jewish converts to Christianity), 244–45, 259–63, 266, 269–70, 272, 275sn, 276sn
Copts, 33, 72, 77, 81, 92, 227
Córdoba, 248, 249, 250–53, 258
CPA. See Coalition Provisional Authority
Crane, Charles R., 94
“The Crisis of the Arab Intellectual,” 134
cruelty, 7, 30, 59, 75, 100, 144, 163, 210, 266
culture
Arab, 93, 101, 102, 104, 109, 114, 130
Arab-Judeo, 241
Conrad, 212
contemporary, 205
Dutch colonial, 201
of Egypt, 76, 77, 80, 87, 196, 217
elite, 101
of Iran, theocratic, 109
Mahfouz, 226
political, 130
Turgenev, 100
of Vietnam, 141
Damascus, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 29, 47, 48, 61, 67, 176, 177, 184
Arab nationalism and, 48
Fedden on, 49
regime, 11, 14, 23, 24, 28, 30, 47, 62
The Day the Leader Was Killed (Mahfouz), 217–18, 231, 236
debt, foreign, 107
democracy, 20, 21, 22, 41, 64, 111, 159, 160
democratic capitalism, 20
Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS), 171–72
Desert Storm, 91, 106, 120, 125, 127
despotism, 20, 21, 28, 93, 98, 146, 155, 157, 160, 162, 174
Dhahran, 118–19
Dick, Marlin, 50
dictatorships, 7, 12, 31, 41, 64, 198
The Dirty War (La Sale Guerre) (Souaïdia), 170, 189
dissimulation (taqiyya), 154
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 267–68, 276sn
DRS. See Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité
Dutch colonialism, 201–2
Dutch East Indies, 211–12
Echoes of an Autobiography (Mahfouz), 218, 236
Economy
of Algeria, 171
of Arab World/political economy, 106
of Europe, 107
Granada, 257
of Malaysia, 203
of Spain, 249
of Tunisia, 21
of Valencia, 264
“Edict of Expulsion,” 242, 258, 259, 263
education
in Egypt, 77–78, 79, 80, 82, 201
society and, 101
Algeria and, 75, 117, 120, 181, 186
Arab politics and, 90–91, 97, 105
arts in, 80
British in, 8, 34, 82, 84, 224, 225, 226, 234
culture of, 76, 80, 87, 91, 96, 196, 217
dictatorship in, 41
economy of, 85–86
education in, 77–78, 79, 80, 82, 201
flag of, 78
Free Officers, 8, 15, 34, 72, 74, 81, 99, 221
governance in, 25, 36, 37, 72, 74, 75, 82, 84, 216
import substitution in, 85
independence, 224
Islamists, 88, 92, 99, 101, 102, 103, 108, 109, 112, 117, 118, 123, 130
Israel and, 71, 72, 73, 89, 90, 112, 123, 124, 229, 230, 231, 235, 271
job market in, 82
Jordan and, 90
Mahfouz and, 40, 76, 79-80, 215, 236
media in, 79
military coup d’état, 41, 42, 43
Muslim Brotherhood and, 34, 36, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 43
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 5, 9–10, 12, 35, 44, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 89, 97, 119, 181, 184, 220, 231
national anthem, 78
nationalism in, 81, 97, 111, 224, 235, 271
officer corps, 8, 25, 34, 41, 42, 87
peace and, 73, 77, 89, 90, 105, 112, 229–30, 231
pharaoh, 21, 33, 40–41, 72, 89, 215, 236
politics, 5, 10, 11, 12, 15, 21, 24, 25, 27, 36, 44, 73, 80, 84, 85, 86–89, 109
sovereignty of, 73
Tadros, Samuel, 33
Tunisia and, 27–28
U.S. and, 37, 82, 89, 117, 123–24
women in, 72, 80, 81, 104, 225, 232, 233, 234,
Egypt Air, 39
ElBaradei, Mohamed, 43
elders, 2, 5, 6, 16, 99, 185, 271
elections, in Egypt, 33, 82, 87
Elliott, J. H., 256, 266, 275sn
émigré journalism, 98
Enaciados (those between two religions), 247
England, Lynndie, 163
The Enigma of Arrival (Naipaul), 194
Ennahda, 31
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 38
Erekat, Saeb, 129
exile politics, 5
exports, 106
extremists, 118
factions, 249
Fahmi, 225
Faisal, II, 15
faith, 199
campaign of Hussein, S., 148
colonization and, 205
interfaith utopia, 268–69
Islam and, 206
politics and, 205
Father (Bapak), 199
“Fathers and Children: Turgenev and the Liberal Predicament,” 114
Fathers and Sons (Turgenev), 99–100
Ferdinand, of Aragon, 243–45, 255–57, 262, 268
Fernandez, Friar Alonso, 264
Fernando, III, 247
Finding the Centre (Naipaul), 191, 193, 213
Fire in the Lake (FitzGerald), 141
The First Man (Camus), 188
FIS. See Le Front Islamique du Salut FitzGerald, Frances, 141
Foda, Farag, 76
forced converts (anusim), 261
foreign debt, 107
foreign power, 66, 85, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133
The Forever War (Filkins), 144–45, 164
France, 6, 14, 27, 99, 102, 118, 143, 167, 170, 175, 176, 177, 182, 185, 186–87, 255, 258
Francophiles, 75
Free Officers, 8, 15, 34, 72, 74, 81, 99, 221
Free Syrian Army, 66
From the Secrets of Journalism and the Intelligence Services (Saad), 7–8
Le Front Islamique du Salut (Islamic Salvation Front) (FIS), 169–70, 173
Gamaa, 62–64
Gamaat/Gamaat Islamiyya, 75, 77, 86
Geertz, Clifford, 200–201, 213
The German Mujahid (Sansal), 19, 45, 175–76, 178, 180, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189
Boumédiène, Houari, 179
fascism in, 185
Final Solution, 180
Great Pyramid, 181
Islamists formation and, 183
Madjali, Aïcha, 177
Nuremberg trials, 179
Schiller, Hans, (Hassan Hans, Si Mourad), 176, 177, 178, 179–181
Schiller, Malek Ulrich, (Malrich), 176, 182–183, 185
Schiller, Rachid Helmut, (Rachel), 176–182
Ghada, 51
Ghannouchi, Rachid, 31
ghareebs (strangers), 211
Ghazali, Shaykh Muhammad, 77
GIA. See Groupe Islamique Armé
global marketplace, 104–5
Governing Council, 151–52
Granada, 241–42, 244, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255–57, 263–65
Graner, Charles, 163
greed, 172, 220, 233, 234, 244
Greene, Graham, 141
Groupe Islamique Armé (GIA), 173–74, 177
Guernica, 66
Guevara, Che, 118
Gulf War, 97, 105, 115, 119, 122, 126, 154
Habibie, B. J., 199
Hadramawt, 122
Halberstam, David, 141–42, 164
Halevi, Yehuda, 242
Halorqi, Joshua, 260–61, 276sn
Hama, 28, 29, 47, 50, 55, 56, 60, 63, 64, 98
harafish (rabble or the riff raff), 217
haram (impermissible), 98
harat al-Yahud (Jewish Quarter), 184, 272
harragga (those who burn their documents), 273
Hassoun, Shaykh Ahmad Badr al-Deen, 58
hawza (a Shia study group and academic circle), 143, 147
Al-Hayat, 10
Haykal, Muhammad Husayn, 226
Hebraeomastix (The Scourge of the Hebrews) (Halorqi), 261
Hendawi, Hamza, 66
heretics (kaffirs), 170
heritage (turath), 104
Herzen, Alexander, 93
Hezbollah (Party of God), 23, 30, 99, 170, 272
hidalgos (minor nobility of Castile), 256, 267
hijab, 148
hijackers, 135–39
Hizb França (Party of France), 170
The Holy See, 258
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 193
House of Khalifa, 32
House of Saud, 10, 30, 57, 102, 119
al-Huda, Bint, 154
human rights organizations, 153
Hundred Years’ Wars, 255
Hussein, Adel, 92
Hussein, bin Talal (King Hussein of Jordan), 124, 143
Hussein, Saddam, 21, 97, 105, 106, 122, 126, 130, 146, 148, 153, 154, 159, 162, 163
assassinations ordered by, 126–27
death warrant, 161
faith campaign, 148
Sunni Arabs and, 156
Ziyad on, 163
Hussein, Taha, 40
Husseiniyya (place of religious observance), 3
Iberian Peninsula, 197, 198, 241, 243, 246, 248, 250, 263, 273
ibn balad (son of the land), 105, 189
Ibn Baz, Shaykh Abdelaziz, 120, 121
Ibn Maksan, Habus, 251
Ibn Shaprut, Hasdai, 250
Idris, 26
Ilwan, Rauf, 221–24
Imaduddin, 199–200
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
immortals (al-khalidun), 225, 226
Imperial Spain (Elliott), 256, 266, 275
import substitution, in Egypt, 85
In Praise of Hatred (Madih al-Karahiyah) (Khalifa), 49, 50–53, 55
Aleppo in, 49, 50–52, 54, 55–56, 59, 60, 64
assassinations, 53–54
azan, 56–57
battalions of death, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61–62, 64
commander of death battalions, 53, 59, 60, 61–62, 64
executions, 54
Gamaa, 62–64
Ghada, 51
Jamil, Shaykh, 57–58
Khadija, 55
Mamdouh, Umm, 63
militants in, 53
mothers, 55
Mukhabarat, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57–58, 62
Nada, 51
narrator of, 50–51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 62, 63, 64
Nazir, 59–62
Old City, 64
political loyalties in, 52
prison attack in, 59–60
prisons in, 62–63
Samir, 56
Souad, Hajja, 55
Suheir, 62
Tuhama, 63
Umayyad Mosque, 53
Yemeni, 52–53
India, 192–94, 196, 200, 207, 208, 229, 257
India: A Million Mutinies Now (Naipaul), 193–94
India: A Wounded Civilization (Naipaul), 193
Indonesia, 34, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200–201, 202, 211, 213sn
inequality, 110
infant mortality, 103
inflation, in Egypt, 38
Inquisition, 244, 248, 258, 262, 264, 247, 259, 263, 275sn
Inside 9–11: What Really Happened, 136, 139
Integrity Commission, 160
intellectuals, 5, 26, 44, 89, 94, 96, 112, 134, 145, 199, 230–31
inter-Arab wars, 11
interfaith utopia, 268–69
International Atomic Energy Agency, 43
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 37
international relations, 3
Iran, 4, 23, 30, 32, 89, 91, 98, 119, 130, 194, 199
Iraq and, 125, 154, 159, 160, 210
Naipaul and, 208–11
oil in, 37–38
religion in, 196
revolution of, 74, 105, 117, 125, 154, 202–4, 208–11
theocratic culture of, 109
Iraq, 4, 48, 79, 89, 91, 96, 97, 98, 104, 106, 120, 144-45, 146, 149, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 196, 250, 272
air-defense installations of, 127
Allawi, Ali A., 145–52, 153, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163
Allawi, Ayad, 146, 154, 159–61
anecdotes about, 143
Bremer, Paul, 142, 150, 152, 158
education in, 148
Filkins, Dexter on, 144–45, 164
fuel shortage in, 157
Governing Council, 151
Hussein, Saddam, 21, 97, 105, 106, 122, 126, 130, 146, 148, 153, 154, 162, 163
independence of, 151
Iran and, 97, 125, 154, 159, 160, 209, 210
jihadists and, 21, 45, 156, 157, 161
literacy in, 148
no-fly zone over, 119
population demographics, 156
Shia and, 3, 4, 22, 29, 96, 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 162
al-Sistani, Ayatollah Ali, 143, 155, 159
Sunnis and, 22, 29, 96, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156–57, 158, 159, 160
Talmudists of, 250
U.S. governance in, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158–59, 160
U.S. war in, 4, 21–22, 23, 43, 115, 125, 126, 127, 132, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 158, 161, 163,
values in, 148–49
writing on, 141–64
Iraqi National Accord, 159
Isabella, of Castile, 243–45, 256–57
Isis, 225
Islam, 16, 23, 28, 30, 53, 96, 100, 101, 126, 196, 204, 268, 269, 270, 273
in Algeria, 75, 98, 99, 102, 108, 117, 169–71, 172, 173, 174, 177, 186
British, 101
Christianity and, 96, 133, 245–47, 249, 254
demography, 118
in Egypt, 33, 34, 37, 42, 72, 76–78, 84, 88, 97, 99, 117, 126, 196, 216, 218, 227, 271
Islamists, 37, 42, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88, 92, 98, 99, 102, 109, 111, 112, 118, 123, 132, 138, 153, 155, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 182, 183, 184, 206
Jews of, 270–71
jihadists and, 21, 32, 45, 137, 138, 144, 156, 157, 161, 172, 183, 184, 185, 273
Khobar Towers and, 118, 120–21
mainstream, 28
marriage and, 233
militant Islam, 101, 118, 137, 272
morality and, 202–3
movements, 104
Naipaul and, 192, 194–98, 199, 202, 203, 205–6, 208–9, 211
Night of Destiny, 66
orthodoxy, 101
political Islam, 45, 72, 75, 78, 97, 98, 102, 117, 130, 194, 205
post, 109
Prophet Muhammad, 57, 121, 219, 220, 248
scriptural, 201–2
in Spain, 100, 242–44, 246, 247–48, 249, 253, 254, 263, 266, 273
See also Muslims; Political
Islam Islam Observed (Geertz), 200–201, 213
Islamic Salvation Front. See Le Front Islamique du Salut
Islamic Spain: 1250–1500 (Harvey), 254, 275sn
Islamists formation and, 183
Israa, 43
Israel
Arab-Israeli war, 271–72
Egypt and, 71, 72, 73, 89, 90, 124
October War of 1973, 72, 91, 96, 103, 229, 231
Palestine and, 24, 111–12, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 184, 243
politics of, 90, 129, 242, 259
Six Day War, 4, 10, 72, 90, 95–96, 105, 224, 228
statehood of, 129
U.S. and, 89, 111, 112, 123–24
Istanbuli, Khalid, 71–73
“It Happened Here,” 134
al-Jaafari, Ibrahim, 161
Jabal Tariq (Mountain of Tariq or Gibraltar), 274
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 272
Jacobin revolt, 99
Jamil, Shaykh, 57–58
Janviéristes, 171
Jarrah, Ziad
bin Laden and, 137
desire to be pilot, 136
family of, 135
final words, 138
flight training of, 137
journey to U.S., 137–38
move to Germany, 136–37
Jasmine Revolution, 31
Java, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, 210
Jewish converts to Christianity (Conversos), 244–45, 259–63, 266, 269–70, 272, 275sn, 276sn
Jewish Quarter (harat al-Yahud), 184, 251, 272, 251
Algeria, 186
Arab, 271–72
Arab lands, 129, 183, 184, 271, 272
Christians and, 243, 246, 247, 248, 249, 253, 260, 262, 263, 269, 270–71
“Edict of Expulsion,” 258, 259, 263
The German Mujahid, 176, 183–85, 186
of Iberian Peninsula, 250, 263
of Islam, 270–71
migration of, 249, 253, 258, 263
Ordinance on the Enclosure of the Jews and Moors at Valladolid, 258–59
Passover, 247
of Spain, 242–43, 244, 246, 248, 249, 250–51, 253, 257–59, 261, 262, 263, 272, 274sn, 276sn
yearning for Zion, 242
The Jews of Arab Lands (Stillman), 250, 274sn, 276sn
The Jews of Islam (Lewis), 271
The Jews of Moslem Spain (Ashtor), 249, 274sn
jihadists, 21, 32, 45, 133, 137, 144, 149, 156, 157, 161, 172, 183, 185, 273
See also Jarrah, Ziad
job market, in Egypt, 82
Jordan, 28, 32, 56, 82, 90, 112, 124–25, 129, 143, 157, 159
journalism
Arabic, 11
émigré, 98
al-Lawzi, Salim, 8–10
Lebanese, 8–10
Naipaul, V. S., 194
Saad, Faiza, 7
“society journalism”, 9
Judaism, 186, 245, 246, 259, 260, 270.
See also Jews
al-Junaydi, Shaykh Ali, 223
kaffirs (heretics), 170
Kalidjaga, Sunan, 201
Karman, Tawakkol, 32
Al-Karnak, 229–30
Karnak Café (Mahfouz), 236
Khadija, 55
Khaldun, Ibn, 148
al-khalidun (immortals), 225, 226
Khalifa, Khaled, 49–67
Khalkhali, Ayatollah Sadegh, 209
Khmer Rouge, 131
Khomeini, Ruhollah, 96, 101, 117, 154, 208, 209
kings, 27, 72, 212, 251, 252, 261–62
Kissinger, Henry, 91
Koran. See Quran Kurdistan, 98, 106, 160
Kurds, 29, 48, 65, 106, 127, 153, 158, 160
“The Lagoon,” 212
languages, of Algeria, 186–87
Lawrence, T. E., 48–49, 67sn, 105–6, 114sn
al-Lawzi, Salim
background of, 8
death of brother, 12–13
death of child, 10
death of mother, 13
education of, 8
journalism of, 8–10
patron, 11
sister-in-law, 12–13
wife of, 13–14
League of Arab States, 27, 30, 151, 158
Lebanon, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 23, 82, 94, 107, 129, 186
Levi, Primo, 175
Lewis, Bernard, 121, 133, 271, 269, 276sn
liberalism, Egyptian, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43, 80, 84–85, 226
Libya, 4, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 67, 89, 96, 104
“License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad,” 133sn
Limpieza de sangre (purity of blood), 246
Lincoln Brigade, 67
Linus, 207
literacy, 101–2, 103, 148, 249
literature, in Algeria, 175, 185
London, 8, 11, 12, 14, 39, 56, 64, 98, 102, 104, 231, 272, 273
L’Orient-Le Jour, 136
lyrics, 6
MacArthur, Douglas, 150
Machiavelli, NiccolÒ, 262
Madih al-Karahiyah (In Praise of Hatred) (Khalifa). See In Praise of Hatred
Madjali, Aïcha, 177
mafias, in Algeria, 171
Mahfouz, Naguib, 40, 79–80, 92
birth of, 217
Cairo and, 216–17, 227, 229, 231, 236
demonstrations and, 224
Egypt and, 234–35
mourning for, 236
Nasser and, 220, 221, 223–24, 225, 226, 228, 231, 232
nihilism of, 228
obituaries of, 226
paradox of, 232
paralysis of, 216
religion and, 218, 219, 220, 234
revolution and, 221, 222, 223–24, 233
el-Sadat, Anwar and, 217, 225, 230, 231–32
scholarship, 235
women of/in, 232, 233, 234, 235
Zaghloul and, 224–26
Mahran, Amm, 223
Mahran, Said, 221–23
Maimon, Moses ben, 253
al-Makkari, Ahmed Ibn Mohammed, 266, 275sn
Malaysia, 194, 203–6, 207, 211
al-Maliki, Nuri Kamal, 154, 161–62
Mamdouh, Umm, 63
Marcos, Ferdinand, 199
Marjiiyya (official religious institution of Shia jurists), 155
marriage, Islam and, 233
marriages of convenience (zawaj al motaa), 172
Martinez, Fernando, 258
martyrs (shuhada), 52, 62, 130, 154, 162, 169, 227, 232)
Martyrs’ Cemetery, 208
mashreq (Arab East), 28, 113, 173, 185–86
al-Massari, Muhammad, 102
maximalism, 128
media, 21, 42, 77, 79, 111, 119, 147, 151
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Braudel), 246, 266, 274sn
Midaq Alley (Mahfouz), 233–34, 237
middle class, 34, 44, 73, 74, 79, 109, 147–48
militant Islamists, 118, 137, 272
military
in Algeria, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176
coup d’état in Egypt, 41, 43, 44
millenarianism, 103
Ministry of Interior, 163–64
minor nobility of Castile (hidalgos), 256, 267
Miramar (Mahfouz), 232–33, 236
Mitidja plains, 168
modernism
modernity (Arab), 6, 7, 14, 24, 93–94, 98, 100–102, 104, 110
Algeria, 75
Atta, 138
Women, 95
Mohajirs (Muslim migrants from India), 208
Mohtashami, Alwan, 231–32
Molavi, Afshin, 235
Moorish converts to Christianity (Moriscos), 246–47, 264–68, 275sn, 276sn
Moors, 242, 243, 245, 247, 249, 252, 257–59, 263–64, 266
The Moor’s Last Sigh (EI Ultimo Sospiro del Moro), 241, 243
Moors who turned Christian (Tornadizos), 247
morality, Islam and, 202–3
Moriscos (Moorish converts to Christianity), 246–47, 264–68, 275sn, 276sn
Morocco, 253, 269, 272, 34, 171, 213sn, 252, 276sn
Morsi, Mohamed, 35–36, 37, 38, 41–44
mothers, 55
Mountain of Tariq or Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), 274
Mourad, Si. See Schiller, Hans, (Hassan Hans, Si Mourad)
Mozarabs (bilingual Christians), 246, 248
Mroue, Kamel, 10
Mubarak, Hosni, 21, 25, 35, 36–37, 40–41, 78, 79, 82, 86, 87, 102, 116, 124, 160
attack on, 88
Islam and, 88
letter to Bashir, 87
el-Sadat, Anwar and, 75, 86–88
third term of, 87
Mudejares (Muslims under Christian rule), 246
Muhammad (Prophet), 57, 121, 219, 220, 248
Mukhabarat, 11, 12, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57–58, 62
Muladies (Christians who turned Islamic), 247
muluk al-tawa ‘if (Party Kings), 252, 275sn
Musharraf, Pervez, 131
Muslim Brotherhood, 16, 33, 35, 77, 85
in Algeria, 173
Egypt and, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 77, 82, 97, 233
military seizure of, 41
Nasser assassination attempt by, 34
Obama on, 36
Pasha Serageddin and, 82
secularists and, 42
storming of encampments of, 43
Muslim intellectuals, 199
Muslim migrant from India (Mohajirs), 208
Muslim Youth Movement, 203–4
Muslims under Christian rule (Mudejares), 246
Al-Mussawar, 79
mythology, of Egypt, 225
Nada, 51
Naghrela, Shmuel Ben, 250–51, 275sn
Nahdlatul Ulama (renaissance of religious scholars), 202
Nahum, Haim, 271
Africa and, 193
career of, 191–92
Conrad and, 211–13
Dutch East Indies, 211–12
Imaduddin and, 199–200
imagined autobiographies, 194
India and, 193–94
Iran and, 208–11
Islam and, 194–98, 203, 205–6, 208–9
on Linus, 207
on Mohajirs, 208
political journalism of, 194
politics, 192
themes of, 192
Najaf, 3, 4, 147, 155, 159, 143
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 5, 9–10, 12, 35, 44, 72, 74, 78, 83, 87, 89, 97, 119, 181, 184, 220, 231
Heikal and, 91
legacy, 99
Mahfouz and, 223–24, 226, 228, 232
Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt on, 34
Pan-Arabism and, 85
Political Islam and, 97
National Assembly, 162
National Liberation Front, 169
nationalism (Arab), 4, 5, 16, 20, 44, 93, 94, 113
Damascus and, 48
doctrines, 6
universal truth of, 96
U.S. and, 111
nationalism (Egyptian), 81, 224, 235, 271
NATO, 27
Nazir, 59–62
Nazism, 10, 176, 177, 180, 185, 187
neo-Arabs, 248
neoconservatives, 163
Netanyahu, Benzion, 259–60, 261, 272, 274sn, 275sn, 276sn
New Frontier, 141
The New Republic (Wieseltier), 132, 236
New World, 272
Night of Destiny, 66
Night of the Long Knives, 100
nihilism, 98, 108, 109, 195, 228
The Nile in Egypt (Ludwig), 25, 46sn
9/11 (September 11th). See September 11th
North Africa, 98, 106, 185–86, 246, 248, 249, 252–54, 263–64, 265, 266, 273
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 90
Nuremberg trials, 179
October War, 72, 91, 96, 103, 229, 231
official religious institution of Shia jurists (Marjiiyya), 155
in Iran, 37–38
Libya, 26
poverty and, 107–8
prices, 103
Old City, 64
Old Kingdom, 25
Oran, 266
Ordinance on the Enclosure of the Jews and Moors at Valladolid, 258–59
Organization of African Unity, 88
The Origins of the Inquisition (Netanyahu), 259, 260
Osiris, 225–26
Othman, Amin, 8
Ottoman Empire, 15, 44, 48–49, 84, 98, 107, 110, 186, 245, 268, 270
“Our Universal Civilization,” 205–6
Pakistan, 32, 131, 194, 208, 229
Palestine, Israel and, 111–12, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 184
Pan-Arabism
politics and, 105
tradition of, 110
Party Kings (muluk al-tawa ‘if), 252
Party of (sorry leave as Allah) (Hezbollah), 23, 30, 99, 170, 272
Party of France (Hizb França), 99, 170
Pasha, Ismail, 84
Pasha, Joseph Aslan de Cattaoui, 271
Pasha Serageddin, Fouad, 80–82
Passover, 247
Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist’s View of the Jews (Nettler), 184, 189
Pax Americana, 21, 97, 105, 110, 115–16, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 151, 157, 161
Pax Britannica, 84
Pax Herbraica, 112
peace, 16, 23, 32, 43, 52, 64, 65, 73, 77, 89, 90, 105, 108, 111, 112, 124, 128, 129, 130, 193, 203, 212, 229–31, 233, 243, 264, 269
Pentagon, 131
Persian Gulf, 89, 91, 106, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131
Persian Gulf, U.S. and, 106, 122, 125, 127
pesantren (religious boarding schools), 202
Petrovich, Nikolai, 100
Pharaon, Henri, 9
Philip, III, 266
Philippines, 199
Picasso, Pablo, 66
place of religious observance (Husseiniyya), 3
Political Islam, 45, 72, 75, 78, 92, 98, 102, 117, 194
Nasser, Gamal Abdel and, 97
threat of, 130
political-cultural renaissance, 44
politico-religious movements, 15–16
politics
Arab, 15, 24, 34, 95, 96, 103, 106–8, 111, 126
Damascus, 48–49
Egypt and Arab, 90–91
Egyptian, 33, 34, 42, 73, 76, 77, 80, 84, 86–89, 97, 109
exile, 5
Jews of Spain, 249, 250, 251, 261
modernity and, 109–10
Naipaul and, 192, 194, 198, 202, 203, 205
Pan-Arabism and, 105
religion and, 33, 44, 104, 202, 254
Saudi Arabia, 120
polytheism, 197
Poste Restante: Alger (Sansal), 185
post-Islam, 109
prisons, 19–20, 24, 26, 34, 43, 45, 52, 59–60, 62–63, 72, 117, 153, 163, 170, 174, 221, 222
Prophet Muhammad, 57, 121, 219, 220, 248
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 185
purity of blood (Limpieza de sangre), 246, 247
Pyle, Alden, 141
Pyrenees, 246
Qabbani, Nizar, 99, 104, 114, 241
Qaddafi, Muammar, 4, 21, 26–27, 31, 40
Al-Qaeda, 273
Qassem, 219–20
Quartier Latin, 12
The Quiet American (Greene), 141
Quran, 8, 54, 56, 63, 66, 121, 201
rabble or the riff raff (harafish), 217
radicalism, 73, 124, 156, 173, 204, 205, 279
reconquista, 197, 244, 245, 256, 257, 273
religion, 15–16, 44, 196, 198, 272
in Algeria, 52, 186–87, 182, 188
Chinese, 207
conversion, 195–97, 200, 201, 244–47, 253, 257, 258, 259–70, 272
in Egypt, 33
in Indonesia, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203
interfaith utopia, 268–69
in Iran, 196
in Iraq, 147
literalists in, 100–102
Mahfouz and, 218, 219, 220, 230, 233, 234
martyrs, 52, 62, 130, 154, 162, 169, 227, 232
Nasser and, 220
Pakistan, 208
politics and, 33, 44, 52, 104, 202, 254, 272
Saudi Arabia, in, 119
unwanted, 246
religious boarding schools (pasentren), 202
renaissance of religious scholars (Nahdlatul Ulama), 202
Reuters, 64–65
Ricks, Thomas, 142
Rif Halab, 64
riots, in Algeria, 168–69
rituals, 58, 60, 137, 196, 206
Russian Thinkers (Berlin), 114sn
Ruz al-Yusuf, 8
Saad, Faiza, 7–8
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir, 154, 162
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq, 154
al-Sadr, Imam Musa, 3–4
al-Sadr, Muqtada, 143, 154, 155, 159
el-Sadat, Anwar, 8–9, 11, 25, 71, 72, 73, 86, 105, 112, 116, 130
arrests ordered by, 72
death of, 71, 72, 74–75, 116, 131, 217, 231–32, 236
Istanbuli, Khalid, 71–73
legacy of, 92
Mahfouz and, 92sn, 217, 225, 230, 231–32
Serageddin, Fouad Pasha, and, 80, 81
war and, 105
widow of, 232
wife of, 75
el-Sadat, Jihan (wife/widow of Anwar el-Sadat), 9, 75, 232
Sadr City, 155
“Safar al-Hawali: Saudi Islamist or Saudi Nationalist?,” 133sn
Saladin, 253
Salafi Party, 33
La Sale Guerre (The Dirty War) (Souaïdia), 170, 189
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 26
Salem, Ali, 38–40
Samara, Rania, 50
Samir, 56
Sansal, Boualem, 19, 167, 175–89
Santa Fe, Jeronimo de, 261
Santa Maria, Don Pablo de, 260
The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 101, 219
Saudi Arabia, 32, 57, 117–18, 120, 126, 133sn, 157, 227
Desert Storm and, 120
Saudi Shia, 119
Schiller, Hans, (Hassan Hans, Si Mourad), 176, 177, 178, 179–80
Schiller, Malek Ulrich (Malrich), 176, 182–83, 185
Schiller, Rachid Helmut, (Rachel), 176–182
The Scourge of the Hebrews (Hebraeomastix) (Halorqi), 261
secret police, of Algeria, 172
sectarianism, 14–15, 21, 29, 22, 28, 159
secular ideas, 16, 77, 94, 109, 111, 198, 204, 220
secularists, 33, 41, 42, 43, 75, 76, 77, 93, 96, 97, 99, 104, 112, 123, 171
Muslim Brotherhood and, 42
politics, 12, 31, 33, 76, 78, 82, 116, 136, 184, 199, 250
Seko, Mobutu Sese, 193
self-immolation, 19
September 11th (9/11), 115, 117, 124, 129, 131–32, 134–35, 149.
See also Jarrah, Ziad
Le Serment des Barbares (Sansal), 175
Shaalan, Hazem, 159
Shaath, Nabil, 128
Shafiq, Ahmed, 35
Shamir, Yitzhak, 242
Sheehan, Neil, 141
Shia, 3–4, 10, 22, 26, 32, 96, 149, 156, 227
consciousness of, 153
al-Huda, Bint, 154
identity, 146–47
Iraq, 3, 22, 29, 97, 143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164
marshes, of the, 154–55
new Islamism, 154
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir, 154, 162
al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq, 154
al-Sadr, Musa, 3–4
Saudi, 119
secularists, 161
underclass, 161–62
Shia study group (hawza), 143
shuhada (martyrs), 169
el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 41
al-Sistani, Ayatollah Ali, 143, 155, 159
Six Day War, 4, 10, 72, 90, 95–96, 105, 224, 228
society
education and, 101
Solomon, Erika, 65
Somekh, Sasson, 235
son of the land (ibn balad), 105, 189
Souad, Hajja, 55
Souaïdia, Habib, 170–71, 174, 189sn
Spain
Christianity in, 254, 259, 260, 263
Christian Spain, 255, 257, 258
Inquisition, 244, 248, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264
Islam in, 100, 242–44, 246, 247–48, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 263, 265, 273
Jews of, 242–43, 245–49, 250–51, 253, 257–59, 260, 261, 262, 263, 272
Stillman, Norman, 250, 274sn, 276sn
strangers (ghareebs), 211
The Structure of Spanish History (Castro), 246
students (talabeh), 3
Sufi, 222–23
al-Sufur wa al-Hijab (Unveiling of the Veil) (al-Din), 95, 113sn
Suheir, 62
Sunni Arabs, 28–30
Hussein, Saddam and, 156
Iraq and, 29, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156–57, 158, 159, 160
rebellion and, 156
Syria in, 28
Syria, 4, 5, 11–12, 13, 14, 23, 28, 47, 50, 78, 120, 129, 181
population, 29
prisons of, 62
rebellion, 28, 29, 30, 31, 47, 49, 64, 65, 66, 67
regime, 7, 11–13, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 66, 96, 97, 98, 100, 104, 130
Syria: An Historical Appreciation (Fedden), 49, 67sn
The Syrian Rebellion (Ajami), 1
Tadros, Samuel, 33
Tahrir Square, 25, 33, 35, 40, 42, 45
Talaat Harb Square, 39
Talabani, Jalal, 160
talabeh (students), 3
Talavera, Hernando de, 263
taqiyya (dissimulation), 154
Tehran regime, 23
Telemsan, 266
terrorism, 115, 118–19, 129–30, 171–74, 273
theocratic politics, 73, 93, 96, 99, 103, 105
The Thief and the Dogs (Mahfouz), 221–22, 223
those between two religions (Enaciados), 247
those who burn their documents (harragga), 273
Torah, 250
Tornadizos (Moors who turned Christian), 247
totalitarianism, 150, 183, 185
tribalism, 20, 122, 149, 161, 206, 248
“The Trilogy of the Children of the Stones,” 99, 114sn, 130
Tripoli, Libya, 245
Tripoli, Lebanon, 8, 9, 11, 12
Tuhama, 63
Tunisia, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25–28, 31, 44, 45, 117
turath (heritage), 104
Turkey, 31, 38, 111, 180, 181, 263, 269
ulama (clerics), 119, 154, 202, 250
El Ultimo Sospiro del Moro (The Moor’s Last Sigh), 241
Umayyad Mosque, 53
UNESCO, 65
United Airlines Flight 93, 139
United Iraqi Alliance, 160, 161
United States (U.S.)
anti-Americanism, 24, 115–16, 122–23, 130–32, 158
Arabic nationalism and, 111
cultural pollution from, 120
democracy and, 111
Desert Storm and, 91, 97, 105, 106, 119, 120, 122, 125, 127, 153, 154, 155,
Egypt and, 21, 36, 37, 43, 82, 86, 89, 90, 91, 116, 117, 118, 123, 124, 143
embassies, 118
governance in Iraq, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158–59, 160, 161
hegemony, 132
Hussein, Saddam and, 105, 106, 122, 125, 126–27, 130, 145, 146, 148, 153, 155, 162, 163
Iraqi war, 4, 21–22, 132, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163
Israel and, 89, 111, 116, 123–24, 127, 128, 129, 132
Jarrah journey to, 137–38
Jordan and, 90, 112, 124–25, 143
Muslim communities in, 117
primacy of, 110
el-Sadat, Anwar and, 73
Saudi Arabia and, 119, 122, 118, 120, 121
terrorism and, 116, 118–19, 122, 123, 129–30, 131, 132
Unveiling of the Veil (al-Sufur wa al-Hijab) (al-Din), 95, 113sn
U.S. See United States
USS Cole, 122, 123, 133sn, 118
Vann, John Paul, 141
Vietnam War, 141–42, 143, 144, 164sn
in Beirut, 98
in Jenin, 156
Ramadan and, 174
Wadi Abu Jamil, 272
war booty (ghanima), 39, 169, 187, 219
War in the Land of Egypt (al-Qa’id), 83sn, 92sn
wars
Afghan, 117, 23, 32, 117, 131, 170
Algerian civil, 104, 157, 167, 168–73, 174, 175, 177
Algerian war of liberation, 168, 185, 187–88, 175, 186 “Arab Cold War”, 9, 105
Arab-Israeli war, 271–72
economic impact of, 107–08
Gulf War, 91, 97, 105, 106, 119, 122, 154, 155
inter-Arab, 11
in Iraq, U.S., 4, 21–22, 132, 142, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163,
modernity and, 104
October War, 72, 91, 96, 103, 229, 231
el-Sadat, Anwar and, 105
Six Day War, 4, 10, 72, 90, 95–96, 105, 224, 228
Vietnam War, 141–42, 143, 144, 164sn,
Waterbury, John, 1
A Way in the World (Naipaul), 194
West Bank, 82, 90, 98, 112, 157
“When a Sage Dies, All Are His Kin,” 236–37sn
Wieseltier, Leon, 132, 134sn, 146, 236, 237sn
Women, 44, 93, 97, 101, 104, 112, 132, 138, 142, 204, 211, 213
of Iraq, 142–43, 148, 162, 163
of Mahfouz, Naguib, 232, 233, 234, 235
in Spain, 265
in Syria, 51, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 64
in Yemen, 32
World Heritage site, Aleppo as, 65
World Trade Center, 115–16, 131
Worth, Robert F., 49–50
Yemen, 20, 24, 26, 32, 52–53, 118, 122–23, 227
Yew, Lee Kuan, 85
Zaghloul, Saad Pasha, 224–26
Zainab, 227
Zainab (Haykal), 226
zawaj al motaa (marriages of convenience), 172
Zionism, 112–13, 184, 271, 272
Ziyad, Lina, 163