Bibliography

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Fred Alexander Papers. Special Collections. J. Murray Atkins Library. University of North Carolina, Charlotte.

Kelly Alexander Papers. Special Collections. J. Murray Atkins Library. University of North Carolina, Charlotte.

Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise. In possession of the author.

Daisy Bates Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Black History File. Heritage Room. Union County Courthouse. Monroe, N.C.

Boyte Family Papers. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C..

Carl and Anne Braden Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Governor J. Melville Broughton Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Ralph Johnson Bunche Oral History Collection. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University, Washington, D.C.

Cherokee County. South Carolina Criminal Court Records. No. 18737, State of South Carolina v. James R. McCullough and James E. Painter, Jr., December 6, 1957. Gaffney, S.C.

Governor R. Gregg Cherry Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

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James William Cole Papers. East Carolina Manuscript Collection. J. Y. Joyner Library. East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.

Committee to Combat Racial Injustice Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Jonathan Daniels Papers. Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

W. E. B. Du Bois Papers, microfilm. Amistad Research Center. Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Governor O. Max Gardner Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Harry Golden Papers. Special Collections. J. Murray Atkins Library. University of North Carolina, Charlotte.

Reginald Hawkins Papers. Special Collections. J. Murray Atkins Library. University of North Carolina, Charlotte.

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Governor Luther H. Hodges Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Johns Committee Papers. Florida State Archives. Tallahassee.

John F. Kennedy Papers. John F.Kennedy Library. Boston, Mass.

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Isaac S. London Collection. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Burke Marshall Papers. John F. Kennedy Library. Boston, Mass.

Julian Mayfield Papers. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library. New York.

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Laura Mola Papers. Madison, Wise. In possession of the author.

Reverend John B. Morris Papers. South Carolinia Library. University of South Carolina, Columbia.

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North Carolina Collection. Durham County Public Library. Durham, N.C.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt Papers. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library. Hyde Park, N.Y.

Governor Terry Sanford Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Governor Kerr Scott Papers. North Carolina Division of Archives and History. Raleigh.

Socialist Workers Party Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers. Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Atlanta, Ga.

Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

John Herman Williams Collection. Detroit, Mich.

Robert and Mabel Williams Family Collection. Baldwin, Mich.

Robert Franklin Williams Papers. Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

INTERVIEW SOURCES

Interviews are by the author and privately held unless otherwise noted.

Baraka, Amiri. Madison, Wise., April 9, 1998. Notes and audiotape.

Bazemore, P. E. Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Belton, Edward. Interview with Marcellus Chandler Barksdale. April 30, 1977. Box 9, Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Black, Robert. Interview with Lane Windham. Greensboro, N.C., [1993]. Privately held.

Blount, J. D. Monroe, N.C. October 22, 1996.

Byrd, Walter. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. Monroe, N.C., [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Cavers, Reverend Walter. Charlotte, N.C., [1994].

Cherry, Annie Bell. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. Monroe, N.C., [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Gray, Elgie. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. New Orleans, La., [1994].

Hawkins, Reginald. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. Charlotte, N.C., [1996]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Hill, Herbert. September 18, 1995.

Hinkel, James, Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1996]. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Hodges, Governor Luther H. Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Kendrick, Virginia. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. Monroe, N.C., [1996]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Lynn, Conrad. Interview with Malaika Lumumba. May 11, 1970. Transcript. Ralph Johnson Bunche Oral History Collection. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University, Washington, D.C.

McCoy, James Edward. Oxford, N.C., June 11, 1991.

McDonald, Julias Crowder. Monroe, N.C.

McDow, J. W. Monroe, N.C., September 17, 1993.

Mallory, Mae. [1970]. Transcript. Ralph Johnson Bunche Oral History Collection. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University, Washington, D.C.

May, W. R Monroe, N.C., May 26, 1994.

Mayfield, Julian. Transcript. Ralph Johnson Bunche Oral History Collection. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University, Washington, D.C.

Rorie, Magdalene Gillespie. Interview with Marcellus Chandler Barksdale. May 1, 1977. Box 9, Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Ross, Dean. Gaffney, S.C., [1993].

Rushing, J. W. Interview with Andrew Myers. Notes. [1993]. In possession of Andrew Myers, Columbia, S.C.

Rushing, James. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. Monroe, N.C., [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Sanders, Dr. James H., Jr. Brevard, N.C., [1993].

Sanford, Senator Terry. Durham, N.C., July 22, 1993. Audiotape.

Secrest, Andrew McDowd. Chapel Hill, N.C., [1993].

Shute, J. Raymond. Interview with J. Ammons. “Monroe Symposium,” #4007, B-54–2, Southern Oral History Collection.

———. Interview with Wayne Durrill. June 25, 1982. Transcript. Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Stegall, Mrs. C. Bruce. Interview with Algernon Watt. London Daily Telegram [1962]. Audiotape in possession of the author.

Thompson, Evelyn. Interview with Oprah Winfrey. “The Oprah Winfrey Show,” April 2, 1993. Transcript.

Thompson, James Hanover Grissom. Durham, N.C., May 13, 1993.

Wallace, Max. Gaffney, N.C., [1993].

Williams, Edward. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise.

Williams, John Herman. Detroit, Mich., October 20, 1996; March 21, October 15, 1997; June 7, 25, 1998.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. 1994; [February 1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers, Madison, Wise.

Williams, John Chalmers. Detroit, Mich., November 15, 1996.

Williams, Mabel Robinson. Baldwin, Mich., March 10, 1993; July 24, 1997; January 23, March 20, 27, June 6, 1998.

———. Interview with Anne Braden. [1959]. Notes in box 56, Carl and Anne Braden Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

———. Interview with Kalamu ya Salaam. New Orleans, La., March 23, 1997. Audiotape and transcript in possession of the author.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1994]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers, Madison, Wise.

Williams, Robert Franklin. Baldwin, Mich., March 10, 23, May 13, 1993; September 2, 1996.

———. Interview with Robert Carl Cohen. 1968. Transcript. Box 1, Robert Carl Cohen Papers. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers, Madison, Wise.

———. Interview with Thomas Mosby. [1970]. Transcript. Ralph Bunche Oral History Collection. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Howard University, Washington, D.C.

Wilson, Mary C. Monroe, N.C., September 17, 1991.

Wilson, Woodrow. Interview with Marcellus Chandler Barksdale. [1976]. Box 9, tape 21, Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Winfield, B. J. Interview with Marcellus Chandler Barksdale. [1976]. Box 9, Duke University Oral History Collection. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

———. Interview with Stephanie Banchero. [1995]. Transcript. Stephanie Banchero Papers, Madison, Wise.

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Clark, Walter, ed. State Records of North Carolina. Vol. 11. Goldsboro, N.C., 1907.

Code of the City of Monroe, 1958. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Criminal Record #75CR9796. March 11, 1960. Union County Courthouse. Monroe, N.C.

Laws of the State of North Carolina. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Marshall, Thurgood. Federal Bureau of Investigation Subject File, no. 100–111437.

Population and Economy of Monroe, North Carolina. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947.

Union County, North Carolina. Record of Military Discharges. Union County Public Library.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of the United States, 1920: Farm Tenancy in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1924.

———. Eighth Census of the United States, Population Schedules, North Carolina. Volume 4, Slave Schedules, Union County. Union County Public Library. Monroe, N.C.

———. U.S. Census of 1930. Vol. 3.

———. U.S. Census of Housing, 1960.

———. U.S. Census of the Population, 1960.

U.S. Senate. Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Latus of the Committee on the Judiciary, Testimony of Robert F. Williams. 91st Cong., 2d sess., pt. 1., February 16, 1970; pt. 2, March 24, 1970; pt. 3, March 25, 1970.

Williams, Robert Franklin. Federal Bureau of Investigation Subject File. Obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, Baldwin, Mich.

PAMPHLETS

Braden, Anne. House Un-American Activities Committee: Bulwark of Segregation. Los Angeles: National Committee to Abolish the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1963. In possession of the author.

Conference on Race Relations. North Carolina College for Negroes, July 10, 11, 12, 1944, Durham, N.C. North Carolina Collection at the Durham County Public Library.

Cousins, Ralph E., Larry A. Jackson, and John B. Morris, eds. South Carolinians Speak: A Moderate Approach to Race Relations. Dillon, S.C., 1957. In possession of the author.

Laney, T. B. Biographies. Monroe, N.C., 1925. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Nelson, Truman. People with Strength in Monroe, North Carolina. New York: Committee to Aid the Monroe Defendants, 1963.

The Peachoid. Board of Public Works, Gaffney, S.C., ca. 1982.

“Visit Monroe-Union County.” Monroe-Union County Chamber of Commerce, 1961. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

PERIODICALS

Afro-American (Baltimore, Md.)

Amsterdam News (New York, N.Y.)

Arkansas State Press

Atlanta Constitution

Atlantic Monthly

Bee (Danville, Va.)

Business Week

Carolina Israelite (Charlotte, N.C.)

Carolina Times (Durham, N.C.)

Carolinian (Raleigh, N.C.)

Caswell Messenger

Chapel Hill Weekly

Charlotte Messenger

Charlotte News

Charlotte Observer

Chicago Defender

Chronicle (Cheraw, S.C.)

Commentary

Common Ground

Crisis (New York, N.Y.)

Crusader (Monroe, N.C.; Havana and Peking)

Daily Worker (New York, N.Y.)

Dallas Morning News

Detroit Free Press

Durham Morning Herald

Fair Play

Fayetteville Observer

Freedom (New York, N.Y.)

Freedomways

Gaffney Ledger

Greensboro Daily News

Independent (Anderson, S.C.)

Jet

Journal and Sentinel (Winston-Salem, N.C.)

Liberation

London News-Chronicle

Michigan Chronicle (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)

Michigan Daily (Detroit)

Militant

Monroe Enquirer

Monroe Journal

Nation

News and Courier (Charleston, S.C.)

News and Observer (Raleigh, N.C.)

New South

Newsweek

New York Age

New York Post

New York Times

Norfolk Journal and Guide

Oxford Public Ledger

People's Paper (Charlotte, N.C.)

Philadelphia Tribune

Pittsburgh Courier

Political Affairs

Quill (Charleston, W.Va.)

Reader's Digest

Realist

Robesonian (Pembroke, N.C.)

Saturday Evening Post

Southern Patriot

Spectator (London)

State (Columbia, S.C.)

State-Times (Jackson, Miss.)

Student Council

Time

Union Daily Times

U.S. News and World Report

Warren Record (Warrenton, N.C.)

Washington Post

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———. Rebellion or Revolution. New York: William Morrow, 1968.

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———. Standing at the Crossroads: Southern Life in the Twentieth Century. New York: Hill and Wang, 1986.

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———. Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.

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———. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.

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———. The Color Line: Legacy for the Twenty-first Century. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993.

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Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, and Christopher B. Daly. Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

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———. The Grimké Sisters. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

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———. The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 2d rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966.

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ARTICLES

Barksdale, Marcellus Chandler. “Robert F. Williams and the Indigenous Civil Rights Movement in Monroe, North Carolina, 1961.” Journal of Negro History 69, no. 2 (Spring 1984): 73–89.

Burns, Augustus M., III. “Graduate Education for Blacks in North Carolina, 1930–1951.” Journal of Southern History 46, no. 2 (May 1980): 195–218.

Carter, Dan T. “From the Old South to the New: Another Look at the Theme of Change and Continuity.” In From the Old South to the New: Essays in the Traditional South, edited by Walter B. Fraser and Winfred B. Moore Jr., 25–43. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.

Clarke, John Hendrik. “Journey to the Sierra Maestra.” Freedomways 1, no. 1 (Spring 1961): 32–35.

Craven, Bruce. “The Truth about Jackson's Birthplace.” North Carolina Booklet 9, no. 4 (April 1910): 233.

Crow, Jeffrey J. “Cracking the Solid South: Populism and the Fusionist Interlude.” In The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretive and Documentary History, edited by Lindley S. Butler and Alan D. Watson, 333–54. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.

Dalfiume, Richard M. “The ‘Forgotten Years’ of the Negro Revolution.” Journal of American History 55, no. 1 (June 1968): 90–106.

Davis, Angela. “Racism and Contemporary Literature on Rape.” Freedomways 16, no. 1 (1976): 32.

Davis, Chester. “Communist Front Shouts ‘Kissing Case’ to World.” Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel, February 8, 1959, 1.

———. “Press in North Gives Distorted Versions” Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel, February 8, 1959, 1.

Dudziak, Mary. “Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative.” Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61–120.

Durrill, Wayne. “Producing Poverty: Local Government and Economic Development in a New South County, 1874–1884.” Journal of American History 71, no. 4 (March 1985): 764–81.

Dykeman, Wilma, and James Stokely. “Inquiry into the Southern Tensions.” New York Times Magazine, October 13, 1957, V-20.

Escott, Paul. “White Republicanism and Ku Klux Klan Terror: The North Carolina Piedmont during Reconstruction.” In Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, edited by Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Charles L. Flynn Jr., 3–34. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

Gavins, Raymond. “The Meaning of Freedom: Black North Carolina in the Nadir, 1880–1900.” In Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, edited by Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Charles L. Flynn Jr., 175–215. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

———. “The NAACP in North Carolina during the Age of Segregation.” In New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, edited by Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan, 105–25. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991.

Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. “The Mind That Burns in Each Body.” Southern Exposure, November/December 1984, 64–69.

Helms, Jesse, Jr. “Viewpoint: An Editorial Expression of the Voice of Free Enterprise in Raleigh-Durham.” No. 2173, September 16, 1969, WRAL-TV, Raleigh, N.C. North Carolina Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Higginbotham, A. Leon. “An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague.” In Raceing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, edited by Toni Morrison, 3–37. New York: Pantheon, 1992.

Jackson, James E. “Democratic Uprising of the Negro People.” Political Affairs 42, no. 11 (October 1963): 17–21.

Jones, LeRoi. “Cuba Libre.” In Home: Social Essays by LeRoi Jones, 11–62. New York: William Morrow, 1966).

Kelley, Robin D. G. “‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South.” Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (June 1993): 75–112.

Klarman, Michael. “How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis.” Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 81–118.

Korstad, Robert, and Nelson Lichtenstein. “Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals, and the Early Civil Rights Movement.” Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (December 1988): 787–811.

Lever, Constance. “Monroe Doctrine.” Spectator, September 15, 1961, 346.

Lowery, John. “Should Violence Be Met with Violence?” Realist, no. 32 (March 1962): 7–9.

Mayfield, Julian. “Author Says Cuba Has Solution to Race Problem.” Fair Play 5, no. 1 (October 25, 1960): 1.

———. “Challenge to Negro Leadership: The Case of Robert Williams.” Commentary 31 (April 1961): 297–305.

Maynor, Joe. “His Name Was Papa and to Jesse Helms He Was Always Right.” Conservative Digest, May 1981, 6.

Merrell, James. “The Racial Education of the Catawba Indians.” Journal of Southern History 50, no. 3 (August 1984): 363–84.

Poe, Clarence. “Indians, Slaves, and Tories: Our Eighteenth Century Legislation Regarding Them.” North Carolina Booklet 9, no. 1 (July 1909): 6.

Sackett, Russell. “Plotting a War on Whitey.” Life, June 10, 1966, 100.

Sitkoff, Harvard. “African American Militancy in the World War II South: Another Perspective.” in Neil McMillen, ed., Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South, edited by Neil McMillen, 70–92. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1997).

———. “Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War.” Journal of American History 58, no. 3 (1971): 663–83.

Smith, Albert C. “‘Southern Violence’ Reconsidered: Arson as Protest in Black-Belt Georgia, 1880–1910.” Journal of Southern History 51, no. 4 (November 1985): 527–64.

Trillin, Calvin. “Monroe, North Carolina, October 1969: Historical Note.” In U.S. Journal. New York: Dutton, 1971. Reprint of article in the New Yorker, May 17, 1969, 89–96.

Weissman, George. “The Kissing Case.” Nation, January 17, 1959, 46–49.

Worthy, William. “The FBI in Cold War and Peace.” Realist, no. 31 (February 1962): 1.

———. “A Visit from the FBI.” Realist, no. 32 (March 1962): 10.

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Anderson, Carol Elaine. “Eyes Off the Prize: African-Americans, the United Nations, and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1952.” Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1995.

Banchero, Stephanie. “Native Son Wants to Come Home.” February 22, 1995. Draft article. Charlotte Observer files. Stephanie Banchero Papers. Madison, Wise. In possession of the author.

Barksdale, Marcellus Chandler. “The Indigenous Civil Rights Movement and Cultural Change in North Carolina, 1946–1965: Weldon, Chapel Hill, and Monroe.” Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1977.

Bostick, Tanisha R. “The Results of One Act of Defiance: Booker T. Spicely's Story.” Paper, Duke University, 1994. In possession of the author.

Boyte, Janet. “White Rebel of SCLC.” Ca. 1963. Draft manuscript. Box 26, Boyte Family Papers. Special Collections. Perkins Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

Burran, James Albert. “Racial Violence in the South during World War II.” Ph.D. diss., University of Tennessee, 1977.

Carter, David, “New Inheritance: A History of the Williamston Freedom Movement.” M.A. thesis, Duke University, 1995.

Clark, Wayne Addison. “Analysis of the Relationship between Anti-Communism and Segregationist Thought in the Deep South, 1948–1964.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1976.

Gerth, Shawn. “Dr. Albert E. Perry and the Civil Rights Movement in Monroe, North Carolina.” Paper, Duke University, 1994. In possession of the author.

Ginger, Daniel. “‘In Enemy Territory’: A Story of Racial Integration in the Cold War South.” Senior thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1996. In possession of the author.

Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. “A Tribute to Robert F. Williams: A Towering Figure in the Civil Rights Movement.” October 27, 1996. Typescript in possession of author.

Hill, Lance E. “The Deacons for Defense and Justice: Armed Self-Defense and the Civil Rights Movement.” Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1997.

Hunt, Jo. “Beans and Potatoes: Booker T. Spicely and the Bus Driver's Daughter.” Paper, Duke University, 1994. In possession of the author.

Jones, Patrick. “‘Communist Front Shouts “Kissing Case” to World’: The Committee to Combat Racial Injustice and the Politics of Race and Gender during the Cold War.” M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1996.

Jones, William Jefferson. “Identity, Militancy, and Organization: Robert F. Williams and the NAACP in North Carolina, 1949–1959.” Seminar paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1995. In possession of the author.

Leach, D'Etta. “The Meaning of the Meeting: The Southern Win-the-War Rally.” Seminar paper, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1991. In possession of the author.

McGuire, Danielle. “Race, Rape, and Resistance: The Tallahassee Story.” M.A. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1999.

Master, Kathleen J. “The Leering Case.” Paper, Duke University, 1994. In possession of the author.

Mayfield, Julian. “Tales from the Lido.” [1975?]. Autobiography. Julian Mayfield Papers. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library, New York.

Myers, Andrew. “When Violence Met Violence: Facts and Images of Robert F. Williams and the Black Freedom Struggle in Monroe, North Carolina.” M.A. thesis, University of Virginia, 1993.

Rittenberg, Sidney. “Recollections of Robert F. Williams.” May 4, 1997. Typescript in possession of the author.

Secrest, Andrew M. “In Black and White: Press Opinion and Race Relations in South Carolina, 1954–1964.” Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1971.

Tyson, Timothy B. “Burning for Freedom: White Terror and Black Power in Oxford, North Carolina.” M.A. thesis, Duke University, 1990.

Walden, H. Nelson. “A History of Monroe and Union County, North Carolina.” M.A. thesis, Appalachian State University, 1963. North Carolina Collection. Louis Round Wilson Library. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Walker, Eugene P. “A History of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955–1965: The Evolution of a Southern Strategy for Social Change.” Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1978.

Williams, Robert F. “While God Lay Sleeping: The Autobiography of Robert F. Williams.” 1996. Typescript in possession of the author.

Windham, Lane. “Green Hands: A History of Local Ten of the Food, Tobacco, and Agricultural Allied Workers of America in Greenville, North Carolina, 1946.” Honors thesis, Duke University, 1994.

Woodard, Kimberly R. “The Summer of African-American Discontent.” Paper, Duke University, 1994. In possession of the author.