Applied Dental Materials

Contents

1 Science of Dental Materials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Selection of dental materials

1.3 Evaluation of dental materials

2 Properties used to Characterise Materials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mechanical properties

2.3 Rheological properties

2.4 Thermal properties

2.6 Miscellaneous physical properties

2.7 Chemical properties

2.8 Biological properties

2.9 Suggested further reading

3 Gypsum Products for Dental Casts

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Requirements of dental cast materials

3.3 Composition

3.4 Manipulation and setting characteristics

3.5 Properties of the set material

3.6 Applications

3.7 Advantages and disadvantages

3.8 Suggested further reading

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Requirements of wax-pattern materials

4.3 Composition of waxes

4.4 Properties of dental waxes

4.5 Applications

4.6 Suggested further reading

5 Investments and Refractory Dies

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures

5.3 Available materials

5.4 Properties of investment materials

5.5 Applications

5.6 Suggested further reading

6 Metals and Alloys

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structure and properties of metals

6.3 Structure and properties of alloys

6.4 Cooling curves

6.5 Phase diagrams

6.6 Suggested further reading

7 Gold and Alloys of Noble Metals

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pure gold fillings (cohesive gold)

7.3 Traditional casting gold alloys

7.4 Hardening heat treatments (theoretical considerations)

7.5 Heat treatments (practical considerations)

7.6 Alloys with noble metal content of at least 25% but less than 75%

7.7 Soldering and brazing materials for noble metals

7.8 Noble alloys for metal-bonded ceramic restorations

7.9 Biocompatibility

7.10 Suggested further reading

8 Base Metal Casting Alloys

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Composition

8.3 Manipulation of base metal casting alloys

8.5 Comparison with casting gold alloys

8.6 Biocompatibility

8.7 Metals and alloys for implants

8.8 Suggested further reading

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Investment mould

9.3 Casting machines

9.4 Faults in castings

9.5 Suggested further reading

10 Steel and Wrought Alloys

10.1 Introduction

10.3 Stainless steel

10.4 Stainless steel denture bases

10.6 Suggested further reading

11 Ceramics and Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Composition of traditional dental porcelain

11.3 Compaction and firing

11.4 Properties of porcelain

11.5 Alumina inserts and aluminous porcelain

11.6 Sintered alumina core ceramics

11.7 Injection moulded and pressed ceramics

11.8 Cast glass and polycrystalline ceramics

11.9 CAD-CAM restorations

11.10 Porcelain veneers

11.11 Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)

11.12 Capillary technology

11.13 Bonded platinum foil

11.14 Suggested further reading

12 Synthetic Polymers

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Polymerisation

12.3 Physical changes occurring during polymerisation

12.4 Structure and properties

12.5 Methods of fabricating polymers

12.6 Suggested further reading

13 Denture Base Polymers

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Requirements of denture base polymers

13.3 Acrylic denture base materials

13.4 Modified acrylic materials

13.5 Alternative polymers

13.6 Suggested further reading

14 Denture Lining Materials

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Hard reline materials

14.3 Tissue conditioners

14.4 Temporary soft lining materials

14.5 Permanent soft lining materials

14.6 Self-administered relining materials

14.7 Suggested further reading

15 Artificial Teeth

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Requirements

15.3 Available materials

15.4 Properties

15.5 Suggested further reading

16 Impression Materials: Classification and Requirements

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Classification of impression materials

16.3 Requirements

16.4 Clinical considerations

16.5 Suggested further reading

17 Non-elastic Impression Materials

17.1 Introduction

17.2. Impression plaster

17.3 Impression compound

17.4 Impression waxes

17.5 Zinc oxide/eugenol impression pastes

18 Elastic Impression Materials: Hydrocolloids

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Reversible hydrocolloids (agar)

18.3 Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginates)

18.4 Combined reversible/irreversible techniques

18.5 Modified alginates

18.6 Suggested further reading

19 Elastic Impression Materials: Synthetic Elastomers

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Polysulphides

19.3 Silicone rubbers (condensation curing)

19.4 Silicone rubbers (addition curing)

19.5 Polyethers

19.6 Comparison of the properties of elastomers

19.7 Suggested further reading

20 Requirements of Direct Filling Materials and Historical Perspectives

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Appearance

20.3 Rheological properties and setting characteristics

20.4 Chemical properties

20.5 Thermal properties

20.6 Mechanical properties

20.8 Biological properties

20.9 Historical

21 Dental Amalgam

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Composition

21.3 Setting reactions

21.4 Properties

21.5 Clinical handling notes for dental amalgam

21.6 Manipulative variables

21.7 Suggested further reading

22 Resin-based Filling Materials

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Acrylic resins

22.3 Composite materials – introduction

22.4 Classification and composition of composites

22.5 Properties of composites

22.6 Fibre reinforcement of composite structures

22.7 Clinical handling notes for composites

22.8 Applications of composites 223; 22.9 Suggested further reading

23 Adhesive Restorative Materials: Bonding of Resin-based Materials

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Acid-etch systems for bonding to enamel

23.3 Applications of the acid-etch technique

23.4 Bonding to dentine – background

23.5 Dentine conditioning – the smear layer

23.6 Priming and bonding

23.7 Current concepts in dentine bonding – the hybrid layer

23.8 Classification of dentine bonding systems

23.9 Bonding to alloys, amalgam and ceramics

23.10 Bond strength and leakage measurements

23.11 Polymerizable luting agents

23.12 Suggested further reading

24 Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials (Polyalkenoates)

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Composition

24.3 Setting reaction

24.4 Properties

24.6 Applications and clinical handling notes

24.7 Suggested further reading

25 Resin-modified Glass Ionomers and Related Materials

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Composition and classification

25.3 Setting characteristics

25.4 Dimensional change and dimensional stability

25.5 Mechanical properties

25.6 Adhesive characteristics

25.7 Fluoride release

25.8 Clinical handling notes

25.9 Suggested further reading

26 Temporary Crown and Bridge Resins

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Requirements

26.3 Available materials

26.4 Properties

27 Requirements of Dental Cements for Lining, Base and Luting Applications

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Requirements of cavity lining materials

27.3 Requirements of luting materials

27.4 Requirements of endodontic cements

27.5 Requirements of orthodontic cements

27.6 Suggested further reading

28 Cements Based on Phosphoric Acid

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Zinc phosphate cements

28.3 Silicophosphate cements

28.4 Copper cements

28.5 Suggested further reading

29 Cements Based on Organometallic Chelate Compounds

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Zinc oxide/eugenol cements

29.3 Ortho-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) cements

29.4 Calcium hydroxide cements

29.5 Suggested further reading

30 Polycarboxylates, Glass Ionomers and Resin-modified Glass Ionomers for Luting and Lining

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Polycarboxylate cements

30.3 Glass ionomer cements

30.4 Resin-modified glass ionomers and compomers

30.5 Suggested further reading

31 Endodontic Materials

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Irrigants and lubricants

31.3 Intra-canal medicaments

31.4 Endodontic obturation materials

31.5 Historical materials

31.6 Contemporary materials

31.7 Clinical handling;

31.8 Suggested further reading