1. Weathercocks and Signposts. The environmental movement at a crossroads, (World Wildlife Fund, April 2008).
2. http://www.ciwf.org.uk/news/factory_farming/lecture_calls_for_dietary_change.aspx
3. The Observer, 7th September 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/07/food.foodanddrink
4. The Guardian, 30th September 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/30/food.ethicalliving
5. The Telegraph, 15th October 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/3353377/Government-advisor-eat-less-meat-to-tackle-climate-change.html
6. George Monbiot, Heat. How to Stop the Planet Burning, (Allen Lane, London 2006).
7. Jonathan Neale, Stop Global Warming. Change the World, (Bookmarks Publications, London 2008).
8. Chris Goodall, How to Live a Low-Carbon Life. The Individual’s Guide to Stopping Climate Change, (Earthscan, London-Sterling VA 2007), pp.230-46.
9. Pat Thomas, Stuffed. Positive Action to Prevent a Global Food Crisis, (Soil Association 2010), p.143.
10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7404268.stm, 16th May 2008.
11. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/26/palm-oil-initiative-carbon-emissions
12. ‘Turn veggie to save planet, says Sir Paul’, The Independent, 29th November 2008.
13. Raj Patel, Stuffed and Starved. Markets, Power and the Hidden Battle for the World Food System, (Portobello Books, London 2007), p.1.
14. See for example A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Hungry for Change. Farmers, Food Justice and the Agrarian Question, (Fernwood Publishing, Halifax and Winnipeg 2013), p.4.
15. See for example Colin Tudge, Feeding People is Easy, (Pari, Italy 2007), p.10; and Achieving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change, Commission on Food Security and Climate Change (2011), p.3.
16. Thomas Princen, ‘Consumption and Environment: Some Conceptual Issues’, Ecological Economics 31 (1999), pp.347-63, p.348.
17. Achieving Food Security, p.4.
18. D Pimental et al., ‘Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System’, Human Ecology 36, no.4 (August 2008), pp.459-71, reviewed at www.esciencenews.com/articles/2008/07/23/why.eating.less.can.help.environment.
19. The US average food availability per head is sometimes given as 3,774kcal, for example by Gideon Eshel and Pamela Martin (‘Diet, Energy and Global Warming’, Earth Interactions 10, (March 2006), pp.1-17, p.2), to which Pimental’s figure of 3,747kcal seems remarkably similar.
20. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Hungry for Change, pp.4-26.
21. See for example Ian Roberts with Phil Edwards, The Energy Glut. Climate Change and the Politics of Fatness, (Zed Books, London and New York 2010), esp. pp.48-65.
22. C Bouchard and S N Blair, ‘Introductory comments for the consensus on physical activity and obesity’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31, 11, section 4, pp.98-501, p.499.
23. Tara Garnett, Cooking up a Storm. Food, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and our Changing Climate, (Food Climate Research Network, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, 2008), p.111.
24. Roberts with Edwards, Energy Glut, pp.136-8.
25. Akram-Lodhi, Hungry for Change, p.167.
26. Jamie O’Neill, ‘Fat Bastards’, Sacramento News Review, 28th June 2007.
27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7404268.stm, 16th May 2008.
28. http://obesitytimebomb.blogspot.co.uk/
29. Charlotte Cooper, personal interview, 10th October 2013.
30. Nicole Pontes, personal communication, 25th November 2013.
31. http://www.americasquarterly.org/tackling-brazils-obesity-problem, 27th June 2012.
32. Weighty Matters. The London Findings of the National Child Measurement Programme 2006-2008, London Health Observatory, (May 2009), p.12.
33. Foresight - Tackling Obesities: Future Choice - Project Report, Government Office for Science (2007), available at www.foresight.gov.uk, p.30.
34. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27697364/, 17th November 2008. Huntingdon was number 1 in the fat city league in 2008 and had slipped to number 3 by 2012.
35. Actually I did this twice, in June 2009 and April 2012. I did not find any meaningful change in the representation of obesity in the intervening period – the main difference was that the news pieces were more likely to be illustrated with video in 2012 than they were in 2009, but in some cases this was a montage of headless working-class fatties.
36. See Nick Davies, Flat Earth News. An Award-winning Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media, (Chatto & Windus, London 2008), pp.69-73 on what he dubbed ‘churnalism’ created in part by the demand for speed.
37. Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives. A Cross-Government Strategy for England, Cross-Government Obesity Unit, (January 2008).
38. Ibid., p.vii.
39. Ibid., p.xvi.
40. See www.dwp.gov.uk/benefit-thieves/local-authorities/
41. Foresight – Tackling Obesities, p.30.
42. Karl Marx, Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Rough Draft), (1939) trans. Martin Nicolaus, (Penguin/New Left Review, London 1973), p.285.
43. Paul Campos, The Obesity Myth. Why America’s Obsession with Weight is Hazardous to your Health, (Gotham Books, New York 2004), pp.57-68. The article discussed is Greg Critser, ‘Let them eat fat: The heavy truths about American obesity’, Harper’s, (March 2000).
44. Peter Dauvergne, The Shadows of Consumption. Consequences for the Global Environment, (MIT, Cambridge, Mass. and London 2008), p.14.
45. Mark Gold, The Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, (Compassion in World Farming Trust 2004), p.7.
46. Ibid., p.6.
47. Thomas, Stuffed, p.152
48. Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.4.
49. Campos, Obesity Myth, p.3.
50. Foresight - Tackling Obesities, p.72.
51. http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/obesity-letter-obama.pdf, 22nd June 2009.
52. Foresight, pp.17-18. For a discussion of the connection of climate change and obesity in this report, see Rachel White, ‘Undesirable Consequences? Resignifying Discursive Constructions of Fatness in the Obesity “Epidemic”’, Corinna Tomrley and Ann Kaloski-Naylor (eds.), Fat Studies in the UK, (Raw Nerve Books, York 2009), pp.69-81.
53. Food Matters. Towards a Strategy for the 21st Century, The Strategy Unit, (2008), pp.15-16.
54. Phil Edwards and Ian Roberts, ‘Transport policy is food policy’, The Lancet, vol 371, no.9639, (17th May 2008), p.1661.
55. See for example Axel Michaelowa and Björn Dransfield, ‘Greenhouse gas benefits of fighting obesity’, Ecological Economics 66, (2008), pp.298-308; and Phil Edwards and Ian Roberts, ‘Population Adiposity and Climate Change’, International Journal of Epidemiology, (2009), pp.1-4.
56. Michaelowa and Dransfeld, ‘Greenhouse gas benefits of fighting obesity’, p.299.
57. Eshel and Martin, ‘Diet, energy and global warming’, p.3.
58. Michaelowa and Dransfeld, ‘Greenhouse gas benefits of fighting obesity’, p.300.
59. For a review of recent studies and discussion of this point, see Michael Gard and Jan Wright, The Obesity Epidemic. Science, Morality and Ideology, (Routledge, London and New York 2005), pp.114-7.
60. Roberto P Trevino et al., ‘Diabetes risk, low fitness and energy insufficiency levels among children from poor families’, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108 no.11, (November 2008), pp.1846-1853, p.1849.
61. Gard and Wright, The Obesity Epidemic, p.45.
62. M. Berners-Lee, C. Hoolohan, H. Cammack and C.N.Hewitt, ‘The relative greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices’, Energy Policy 43, (April 2012), pp.184-90, p.187.
63. Michaelowa and Dransfeld admit that their calculations of the climate effects of fat people’s diets were based on the climate effects of ‘fatty foods like meat and dairy products’, which they assumed fat people disproportionately ate. ‘Greenhouse gas benefits of fighting obesity’, p.300.
64. Edwards and Roberts, ‘Population adiposity and climate change’, p.2.
65. Ibid., p.3.
66. An unscientific but nevertheless interesting study of what different BMIs can actually look like is at http://kate harding.net/bmi-illustrated/
67. www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/6307/stepping_off_the_scale.
68. Raymond C Browning and Rodger Kram, ‘Energetic Cost and Preferred Speed of Walking in Obese vs. Normal Weight Women’, Obesity Research 13, (2005) pp.891-99.
69. Edwards and Roberts, ‘Population adiposity and climate change’, p.4.
70. Michaelowa and Dransfeld, ‘Greenhouse gas benefits of fighting obesity’, p.306.
71. Ibid.
72. Livestock’s Long Shadow, Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative (LEAD) and UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), (Rome 2006).
73. Ibid., pp.270-5
74. Ibid., p.17
75. Ibid., p.15
76. Ibid., p.283
77. Jessica Bellarby, Bente Foereid, Ashley Hastings and Pete Smith, Cool Farming: Climate Impacts of Agriculture and Mitigation Potential, (Greenpeace 2008), p.5.
78. Food Matters, p.8.
79. Garnett, Cooking up a Storm, p.3.
80. Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy. The Second Report of the Zero Carbon Britain Project, (Centre for Alternative Technology 2010), p.194.
81. Livestock’s Long Shadow, p.xxi
82. The Independent, 10th December 2006.
83. www.alternet.org, 11th August 2008.
84. Monbiot, Heat, p.146. The FAO admitted in 2010 that it had underestimated the contribution of the transport system to climate change, and that taking road building, car manufacturing and so on into account, transport’s share of global emissions was closer to 26%. http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/climate-change/15721/meat-eaters-arent-causing-climate-change-un-admits
85. Garnett, Cooking up a Storm, pp.49-52.
86. Ibid., p.25.
87. Bellarby et al., Cool Farming, pp.23-34.
88. See for example Steven Shrubman, Trade, Agriculture and Climate Change: How Agricultural Trade Policies Fuel Climate Change, (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis 2000), accessed at www.iatp.org; and Andy Jones, Eating Oil. Food Supply in a Changing Climate, (Sustain and Elm Farm Research Centre, 2001).
89. Shrubman, Trade, Agriculture and Climate Change, p.12.
90. Jones, Eating Oil, p.10.
91. Ibid., p.7.
92. Ibid, p.20.
93. Caroline Lucas, Stopping the Great Food Swap. Relocalising Europe’s Food Supply, The Greens/European Free Alliance in the European Parliament, (2001), p.vi.
94. Jones, Eating Oil, p.17.
95. Felicity Lawrence, Not on the Label. What really goes into the food on your plate, (Penguin, London 2004), p.87.
96. Jones, Eating Oil, pp.76-8.
97. Eshel and Martin, ‘Diet, Energy and Global Warming’, p.15.
98. The Independent, 10th December 2006, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/cow-emissions-more-damaging-to-planet-than-co2-from-cars-427843.html
99. The Independent, 5th February 2012, http://www.indepen dent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/meat-trade-emissions-equal-to-half-of-all-britains-cars-6423173.html. To be fair to The Independent, the headline-grabbing hook was in the abstract of the article, ‘This is equivalent to a 50% reduction in current exhaust-pipe emissions from the entire UK passenger car fleet. Hence realistic choices about diet can make substantial differences to embodied GHG emissions’, Berners-Lee et al., ‘Greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices’, abstract, p.184.
100. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/mind-your-language/2010/may/17/mind-your-language-david-marsh
101. Garnett, Cooking up a Storm, p.34.
102. Ibid., p.45.
103. Christopher L Weber and H Scott Matthews, ‘Food Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States’, Environmental Science and Technology, vol.42, no.10, (2008), pp.3508-13, p.3512.
104. Berners-Lee et al., ‘Greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices’, pp.184-90.
105. Shrubman, Trade, Agriculture and Climate Change, p.10.
106. Jones, Eating Oil, pp.76-8.
107. Ibid., pp.52-3.
108. Colin Hines, Localization. A Global Manifesto, (Earthscan, London and Sterling VA, 2000), p.141.
109. Naomi Klein, No Logo 10, http://www.naomiklein.org/articles/2009/11/revisiting-no-logo-ten-years-later, and see Chris Nineham, ‘Anti-capitalism ten years after Seattle’ for a useful commentary on the anti-capitalist movement, http://www.counterfire.org/index.php/theory/54-anti-capitalism/3550-anti-capitalism-ten-years-after-seattle.
110. Lawrence, Not on the Label, p.xiv. She makes a point of distancing herself from these arguments, commenting that globalisation could not be resisted ‘any more than the weavers could resist the Industrial Revolution’.
111. Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St Clair, Five Days that Shook the World. Seattle and Beyond, (Verso, New York 2000), p.28.
112. Ibid., p.20.
113. Ray Kiely, The Clash of Globalisations. Neo-Liberalism, the Third Way and Anti-Globalisation, (Brill, Leiden-Boston 2005), p.222.
114. Jones, Eating Oil, p.68
115. Garnett, Cooking up a Storm, p.111.
116. Bellarby et al., Cool Farming, p.36.
117. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.64.
118. ‘McCartney urges “meat-free” days to tackle climate change’, The Independent, 15th June 2009.
119. Thomas, Stuffed, p.4.
120. Bob Holmes, ‘What’s the beef with meat?’ New Scientist, 17th July 2010, pp.28-31, p.28.
121. Berners-Lee et al., ‘Greenhouse gas impacts of realistic dietary choices’, p.189.
122. Neale, Stop Global Warming, p.16
123. Bellarby et al., Cool Farming, p.25.
124. Eshel and Martin, ‘Diet, Energy and Global Warming’, p.12.
125. Zero Carbon Britain, pp.208-10.
126. Meat Consumption. Trends and environmental implications, Food Ethics Council, Report of the Business Forum Meeting, (20th November 2007), p.2, accessed at http://www.foodethicscouncil.org/files/business-forum201107.pdf
127. Dauvergne, Shadows of Consumption, p.139.
128. Livestock’s Long Shadow, p.16.
129. Eschel and Martin, ‘Diet, Energy and Global Warming’, p.4.
130. http://www.1010uk.org/people#how_can_we, 1st September 2009.
131. Tim Jackson, Motivating Sustainable Consumption. A review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change. A report to the Sustainable Development Research Network, (Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey 2005), pp.106-9. On changing consumer behaviour, also see Inge Røpke, ‘The dynamics of willingness to consume’, Ecological Economics, 28 (1999), pp.399-420; Christer Sanne, ‘Willing consumers or locked in? Policies for a sustainable consumption’, Ecological Economics 42 (2002), pp.273-87; and Weathercocks and Signposts (2008).
132. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, pp.63-4.
133. Zero Carbon Britain, p.211.
134. See for example Kenneth F Kiple, A Moveable Feast. Ten Millennia of Food Globalization, (Cambridge UP, Cambridge 2007), pp.295-6.
135. John Beffes and Tasios Haniotis, Placing the 2006/8 Commodity Price Boom into Perspective, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5371, (July 2010), p.10.
136. Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, ‘McDonald’s in Japan: Changing Manners and Etiquette’, Golden Arches East, James L Watson (ed), (Stanford UP, Stanford 1997), pp.161-82, p.167.
137. Mille R Creighton, ‘The Depato: Merchandising the West while selling Japaneseness’, Remade in Japan. Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in a Changing Society, Joseph J Tobin (ed.), (Yale UP, New Haven & London 1992), pp.42-57, p.46.
138. See for example Reinhold Wagnleitner, Cola-Colonization and the Cold War. The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War, trans. Diana M Wolf, (U of North Carolina P 1994).
139. Thomas L Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, (HarperCollins, New York 1999), p.195. The statement is no longer true: it was contradicted shortly after publication by Nato’s bombing of Serbia, and subsequently by Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 2006 and the 2008 war between Russia and Georgia. Friedman argued in the 2000 edition of the book that the bombing of Belgrade actually proved his point, as he maintained that the Serbians’ desire to return to the global order symbolised by McDonald’s helped to bring the war to a conclusion, (New York 2000), pp.252-3.
140. Ibid (1999), p.309.
141. Eric B Ross, ‘Patterns of Diet and Forces of Production. An Economic and Ecological History of the Ascendancy of Beef in the United States Diet’, Beyond the Myths of Culture. Essays on Cultural Materialism, Eric B Ross (ed.), (Academic Press, New York 1980), pp.181-225.
142. Food Matters, p.3.
143. Ibid, p.5.
144. Ibid., p.38.
145. Ibid., p.15.
146. Ibid., p.36.
147. http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk/actonco2/home/campaigns/drive-5-miles-less-a-week.html, accessed 1st February 2010.
148. Lawrence, Not on the Label, p.78.
149. Jones, Eating Oil, pp.62-3.
150. Strategy Unit, Food Matters, p.18.
151. Ibid., p.37.
152. Zero Carbon Britain, p.219.
153. Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.10.
154. Pimental et al., ‘Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System’, p.468.
155. Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.63
156. Ibid., p.20.
157. See chapter 1, p.50.
158. www.meatlessmonday.com/about, accessed 25th June 2009.
159. www.meatlessmonday.com, accessed 25th June 2009 and 19th March 2012. The site layout had changed in the intervening period, but the focus on obesity, as opposed to just not eating meat, had stayed the same.
160. Esme Choonara and Sadie Robinson, Hunger in a World of Plenty: What’s Behind the Global Food Crisis?, (Socialist Workers Party 2008), p.1.
161. Donald Mitchell, A Note on Rising Food Prices, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4682, (July 2008), p.2.
162. Tim Jones, The Great Hunger Lottery. How banking speculation causes food crises, (World Development Movement, July 2010), p.5.
163. The FAO estimated 923 million people in total were malnourished in 2007, including the 75 million increase in that year. See The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008. High food prices and food security – threats and opportunities, (FAO 2008), p.2.
164. For a partial list of food price protests, with links to fuller reports, see Loren Peabody, ‘Rising Food Prices, Rising Rood Protests’, www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2086, 11th April 2008.
165. ‘Cry out in anger at Egypt’s show trials’, Socialist Worker, 12th July 2008.
166. Ian Black, ‘Struggling country where bread means life’, The Guardian, 12th April 2008.
167. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business/market_data/com modities/158426/twelve_month.stm.
168. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/aug/13/food-prices-past-crises
169. Alex Preston, ‘Lessons from the wheat crisis’, New Statesman, 13th August 2010.
170. Peabody, ‘Rising Food Prices’, www.foodfirst.org/en/node/2086.
171. Food Matters, p.27.
172. http://www.euractiv.com/en/cap/energy-prices-speculation-blame-recent-food-price-hike-says-world-bank-news-497158.
173. Mitchell, Note on Rising Food Prices, pp.16-17. See also Brian Tokar, ‘Biofuels and the Global Food Crisis’, Fred Magdoff and Brian Tokar (eds.), Agriculture and Food in Crisis. Conflict, Resistance and Renewal, (Monthly Review Press, New York 2010), pp.121-38, p.121.
174. Baffes and Haniotis, 2006-2008 Commodity Price Boom.
175. Jones, The Great Hunger Lottery, pp.8-9.
176. Choonara and Robinson, Hunger in a World of Plenty, p.14.
177. Jones, The Great Hunger Lottery, p.21.
178. Ibid., p.9.
179. Food Matters, p.27.
180. Jones, The Great Hunger Lottery, p.10.
181. Joachim von Braun, The World Food Situation. New Driving Forces and Required Actions, (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, December 2007), p.5.
182. Andrew Boswell, ‘2008: The year to stop agrofuels’, http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/greenworld08.php.
183. Dr Rachel Smolker, Brian Tokar, Anne Petermann and Eva Hernandez, The Real Cost of Agrofuels: Food, Forest and the Climate, (Global Forest Coalition and Global Justice Ecology Project, 2007), p.4.
184. See for example Agrofuels: Towards a Reality Check in Nine Key Areas, (Biofuelwatch et al., June 2007), pp.13-16.
185. Ben Block, ‘UK Biofuels sources are largely unknown’, WorldWatch Institute, 15th August 2008, http://www.world-watch.org/node/5861.
186. Agrofuels: Reality Check, pp.21-3.
187. Zero Carbon Britain, p.193.
188. Ibid., p.220.
189. Livestock’s Long Shadow, p.283
190. Garnett, Cooking up a Storm, p.148.
191. Thinking about the Future of Food. The Chatham House Food Supply Scenarios, (Chatham House Food Supply Project, May 2008), quotation at p.4.
192. Blake Alcott, ‘The Sufficiency Strategy: Would Rich World Frugality Lower Environmental Impact?’, Ecological Economics 64 (2008), pp.770-86, p.782.
193. Tim Jackson, Prosperity without Growth? The Transition to a (Sustainable Development Sustainable Economy, Commission 2009), p.5.
194. Livestock’s Long Shadow, p.283.
195. Dauvergne, Shadows of Consumption, p.4. For further discussion of population, see chapter 4.
196. New York Times, 7th April 2008.
197. The Guardian, 30th May 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/30/food.china1
198. Jonathan A Foley et al., ‘Solutions for a Cultivated Planet’, Nature 478, 20 October 2011, pp.337-42, p.337.
199. Livestock’s Long Shadow, pp.125-76.
200. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, Jonathan Porritt, Forward, p.5.
201. Livestock’s Long Shadow, p.133-35. The calculation of the water used to produce beef is therefore essentially the total rainfall on the soil on which the animal feed was grown, so exaggerating the water required for beef rather than plant food, Simon Fairlie, Meat. A Benign Extravagance, (Permanent Publications, Vermont 2010), pp.63-68.
202. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, Jonathan Porritt, Forward, p.5.
203. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.30.
204. Fairlie, Meat, particularly pp.157-87.
205. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.30. See for example Herman E Daly, Beyond Growth. The Economics of Sustainable Development, (Beacon Press, Boston 1996), p.5 for an early use of the concept: ‘Add to that [the effects of 1.2 billion Chinese attaining Western standards of living] the ecological consequences from agriculture when the Chinese begin to eat higher on the food chain’.
206. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jan/27/usnews.frontpagenews
207. See for example Brett Clark and Richard York, ‘Rifts and Shifts. Getting to the Root of Environmental Crises’, Monthly Review 60, no.6, (2008), pp.13-24; Victor Wallis, ‘Capitalist and Socialist Responses to the Ecological Crisis’, ibid., pp.25-40; and Jackson, Prosperity without Growth?, pp.48-57.
208. Zero Carbon Britain, p.219.
209. Gold, Global Benefits of Eating Less Meat, p.34.
210. Princen, ‘Consumption and Environment’, p.348.
211. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society, (1958), 3rd ed., (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1976).
212. Ibid., p.xxiii. These areas of Appalachia were the focus of Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty in 1964, and it was suggested that poverty here was seen by the government as more serious than elsewhere in the US not because this was the poorest area, but because it was largely white. Whether or not this also underlay Galbraith’s concern is difficult to say. See Bill Bryson, The Lost Continent. Travels in Small Town America, (Abacus, London 1990), pp.102-3.
213. Galbraith, Affluent Society, p.224.
214. For a discussion of J S Mill’s theory and its use in modern steady state thinking, see the Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy, www.steadystate.org, accessed 11th May 2009.
215. For a relatively concise explanation of the theory, see Brian Czech and Herman E Daly, ‘In My Opinion: The Steady State Economy – What It Is, What It Entails and Connotes’, Wildlife Society Bulletin 32 (2) (2004), pp.598-605.
216. Herman E Daly, ‘From Empty World Economics to Full World Economics: Recognising a Historical Turning Point in Economic Development’, Population, Technology and Lifestyle (1992), pp.23-37, p.25.
217. Andrew Simms, Ecological Debt. The Health of the Planet and the Wealth of Nations, (Pluto Press, London and Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2005).
218. Czech and Daly, ‘In My Opinion’, p.602. Czech also states elsewhere that the proposition of development without growth is not socialist. Brian Czech, ‘The Foundation of a New Conservation Movement. Professional Society Positions on Economic Growth, Bioscience 57 (1) (2007), p.6, accessed at www.biosciencemag.org.
219. Jackson, Prosperity without Growth?, p.46.
220. See for example Dauvergne, Shadows of Consumption, (2008) or Jackson, Prosperity without Growth?, (2009).
221. See for example Marx, Grundrisse, pp.89-96.
222. Galbraith, Affluent Society, p.62.
223. Ibid., p.127.
224. Ibid., pp.122-4.
225. Interview in The Catholic Herald, 22nd December 1978, accessed at http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103793 and quoted in Owen Jones, Chavs. The Demonization of the Working Class, (Verso, London 2011), p.64.
226. Galbraith, Affluent Society, p.2.
227. Karl Marx, Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, (1893), 3 vols., (Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1957), vol.2, p.410.
228. Rosa Luxemburg, Einfuhrung in die Nationalokononien, (Berlin 1925), p.275, cited in Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism, trans. Joris De Bres, (Verso, London and New York 1978), p.150.
229. Marx, Grundrisse. pp.419-20.
230. Marx, Capital, vol.2, p.403.
231. Ibid.
232. See chapter 1, pp.26.
233. Marx, Grundrisse, p.285.
234. Ibid., p.286.
235. Ibid., p.287.
236. Ibid., pp.122-7.
237. Weathercocks and Signposts, pp.14-23.
238. Paul Stern, ‘Toward a working definition of consumption for environmental research and policy’, Paul C Stern et al. (eds.), Environmentally Significant Consumption: Research Directions, (National Academy Press, Washington DC 1997), pp.12-25, p.16.
239. Ibid., p.20.
240. Ibid., p.22.
241. Princen, ‘Consumption and environment’, p.350.
242. Ibid., p.357.
243. Ibid., p.358.
244. Ibid., p.359.
245. Ibid.
246. Alcott, ‘The sufficiency strategy’, p.771.
247. Ibid., p.780.
248. Røpke, ‘The dynamics of willingness to consume’, pp.403-5.
249. Dauvergne, Shadows of Consumption, p.14.
250. Simms, Ecological Debt, p.157.
251. See for example Selina Todd, The People. The Rise and Fall of the Working Class 1910-2010, (John Murray, London 2014), pp.131-132, who points out that rationing meant that many working-class families could afford to consume more meat and dairy products in 1943 than they had in the 1930s.
252. Jackson, Prosperity without Growth?, p.7.
253. Clive Hamilton, Growth Fetish, (Pluto, London 2004), pp.92-5.
254. Garnett, Cooking Up a Storm, pp.111-112.
255. Ibid., p.54.
256. See for example H L Bedes, ‘The Historical Context of the Essay on Population’, Introduction to Malthus, D V Glass (ed.), (Frank Cass, London 1953), pp.3-24, p.22.
257. There were seven editions of the Principle of Population in total, six during Malthus’ lifetime and a seventh shortly after his death. The revisions in the 3rd – 7th editions largely amend the presentation rather than the content of the argument, although the 3rd edition also removed some controversial passages from the earlier editions (see below).
258. T R Malthus, On the Principle of Population, 7th ed., (1834), (Everyman), 2 vols., vol.1, pp.5-11.
259. Andrew R B Ferguson, ‘Malthus over a 270 Year Perspective’, Optimum Population Trust, vol.8, no.1, (2008), pp.20-23, p.20.
260. Bedes, ‘Historical Context of the Essay on Population’, p.22.
261. Yves Charbit, Economic, Social and Demographic Thought in the XIXth Century: The Population Debate from Malthus to Marx, (Springer, New York 2009), p.5. On the neo-Malthusians, see in particular Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus. The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism, (U of Illinois P, Chicago 1975) and Fred Pearce, Peoplequake. Mass Migration, Ageing Nations and the Coming Population Crash, (Eden Project, London 2010), pp.45-106.
262. John F Rohe, A Bicentennial Malthusian Essay. Conservation, Population and the Indifference to Limits, (Rhodes & Easton, Michigan 1997), p.9.
263. See chapter 2, pp.65.
264. David Pimental, ‘Ecological Systems, Natural Resources and Food Supplies’, Food, Energy and Society, David and Marcia Pimental (eds.), 2nd ed., (University of Colorado 1996), pp.23-40, p.40.
265. Robert Goodland, ‘The Case that the World has Reached its Limits’, Population, Technology and Lifestyle. The Transition to Sustainability, eds. Robert Goodland, Herman E Daly and Salah El Serafy, (Island Press, Washington DC and Coveto, California, 1992), pp.3-22, p.7, following the original calculations by PM Vitousek, Paul Ehrlich, AN Ehrlich and PA Mason, Bioscience 36, 368, (1986).
266. www.npg.org/pospapers/nogrowth.html
267. www.steadystate.org/CASSEPositiononEG.html
268. http://steadystate.org/discover/organizations-that-support-steady-state-principles
269. Charbit, Population Debate, pp.39-41. What Malthus was imagining was the hardest-working workers clawing their way up the ladder, not an increase in wages for all; he thought that would be counterproductive, as money in workers’ pockets would act as a disincentive to hard work.
270. Pimental, ‘Ecological Systems’, p.40.
271. See chapter 2, p.65.
272. Malthus, Principle of Population, p.6.
273. Ibid., p.10.
274. Ibid., p.11.
275. Daly, Beyond Growth, p.14.
276. Malthus, Principle of Population, p.3.
277. Ibid.
278. William Cobbett, Rural Rides, (1830), ed. George Woodcock, (Penguin, London 1967), p.317.
279. As made for example by Arthur Jensen, ‘How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?’ Harvard Educational Review 33, (1969), pp.1-33 and Richard J Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: The reshaping of American life by difference in intelligence, (Simon & Schuster, New York 1994). For an effective history and an elegant refutation of this racist rubbish, see Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 2nd ed, (W. W. Norton, London and New York 1996).
280. As advanced for example by Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, (Oxford UP, Oxford 1976) and many subsequent works. Fruitful sources of counter-arguments include Steven Rose, Leon J Kamin and R C Lewontin, Not In Our Genes. Biology, Ideology and Human Nature, (Pantheon, London and New York 1984); Richard Lewontin, It Ain’t Necessarily So. The Dream of the Human Genome and Other Illusions, (Granta, London 2000); and Steven Rose, The 21st Century Brain. Explaining, Mending and Manipulating the Mind, 2nd ed., (Vintage, London 2006).
281. For recent discussions of arguments for the innateness of gender differences, see Deborah Cameron, The Myth of Mars and Venus: Do men and women really speak different languages?, (Oxford UP, Oxford 2007) and Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender. The Real Science Behind Sex Differences, (Icon Books, London 2010).
282. E O Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, (Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass. 1975), p.575.
283. Malthus, Principle of Population, p.6.
284. Malthus, Principle of Population, 2nd ed., (1803), p.531.
285. Frederick Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (1892), (Penguin, London 1969), p.308.
286. Gould, Mismeasure of Man, p.29.
287. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492- present, 3rd ed., (Routledge, London 2003), pp.377-87.
288. Gould, Mismeasure of Man, pp.31-2. It’s important not to get carried away with identifying every work of right-wing determinism with periods of reaction, but it is worth noting that the publication of E O Wilson’s landmark Sociobiology in 1975 coincided with what Zinn identifies as a systematic reaction against the protest movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s. See Zinn, People’s History of the United States, pp.539-62.
289. Chase, Legacy of Malthus, p.72.
290. E.J. Hobsbawm and George Rudé, Captain Swing, (Lawrence & Wishart, London 1969), p.6.
291. Ibid.
292. Flora Thompson, Lark Rise to Candleford, (1945), (Penguin, London 2008), pp.79-80.
293. E.P.Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, (Gollancz, New York 1963), p.221.
294. G.D.H.Cole and Raymond Postgate, The Common People 1746-1946, (Methuen, London 1961), p.276.
295. Ronald L Meek (ed.), Marx and Engels on Malthus. Selections from the writings of Marx and Engels dealing with the theories of Thomas Robert Malthus, (People’s Pub. House, London 1953), introduction, p.17.
296. T R Malthus, Principles of Political Economy considered with a view to their practical application, 2nd edition with considerable editions from the author’s own manuscript and an original memoir, (Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1951), pp.xv-xvi.
297. Marx, Capital, vol.1, pp.628-40; Frederick Engels, ‘The Myth of Overpopulation’, Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy (1844), reprinted in Meek, Marx and Engels on Malthus, pp.57-60; Engels, Condition of the Working Class, pp.112-13.
298. Cobbett, Rural Rides, p.317.
299. Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb, (Sierra Club, New York 1969), p.1. For a useful discussion of Ehrlich and his ilk, see Pearce, Peoplequake, pp.66-8.
300. Lindsey Grant, Juggernaut. Growth on a Finite Planet, (Seven Locks Press, Santa Ana, California 1996), p.2.
301. See for example Rohe, Bicentennial Malthusian Essay, p.49; Ronald D Lee, ‘The Second Tragedy of the Commons’, Kingsley Davis and Mikhail S Bernstein (eds.), Resources, Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Growth, Population and Development Review vol.16, (New York and Oxford 1991), pp.315-22, p.317.
302. Virginia Abernethy, ‘Introduction’, in Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, (1965), 2nd ed., (Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick and London 2006), pp.vii-xiii, p.ix.
303. http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/16/rhetoric-reality-immigration?INTCMP=SRCH&guni=Article:in%20body%20link
304. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jul/25/greens-worried-high-immigration
305. Sandy Irvine, interview, 29th May 2014.
306. He was not alone in this; the photograph has been called ‘the most influential environmental photograph ever taken’, see http://www.abc.net.au/science/moon/earthrise.htm
307. Susan George, How the Other Half Dies. The Real Reasons for World Hunger, 2nd ed., (Penguin, London 1986), p.67.
308. Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England, p.309.
309. Engels, ‘Myth of Overpopulation’, p.58.
310. Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, (1965).
311. Nathan Key Fitz, ‘Toward a Theory of Population-Development Interaction’, Davis and Bernstein (eds.), Resources, Environment and Population, pp.295-314, p.299.
312. Boserup, Conditions of Agricultural Growth, pp.119-21.
313. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Peasants of Languedoc, (1966), trans. John Day, (U of Illinois P, Chicago/London 1974), p.311.
314. V.I.Lenin, ‘The Working Class and Neo Malthusianism’, Pravda 137, 16th June 1913, in Lenin Collected Works, (Progress Publishers, Moscow 1977), vol.19, pp.235-7, available from www.marxists.org.
315. Martin Empson, Marxism and Ecology. Capitalism, Socialism and Future of the Planet, (Socialist Worker 2009), p.19.
316. Goodland, ‘The Case that the World has Reached its Limits’, p.7.
317. Thinking About the Future of Food, Chatham House, p.5.
318. Pearce, Peoplequake, pp.84-90.
319. Eric B Ross, The Malthus Factor. Population, Poverty and Politics in Capitalist Development, (Zed Books, London 1998), p.199.
320. Pearce, Peoplequake, p.90.
321. Helena Norberg-Hodge, Todd Mannfield and Steven Gorelick, Bringing the Food Economy Home. Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness, (Zed Books, London 2002), p.53.
322. Jason W Moore, ‘Ecological Crises and the Agrarian Question in the World-Historical Perspective’, Monthly Review 60, no.6, (November 2008), pp.54-63.
323. Engels, letter to Lange, 29th March 1865, Meek, Marx and Engels on Malthus, p.82.
324. Fairlie, Meat. A Benign Extravagance, pp.109-113.
325. Cited in David Arnold, Famine. Social Crisis and Historical Change, (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 1988), p.25. This view of the Black Death as a crisis caused by overpopulation has not gone away, as it is repeated in recent writing such as Jason W Moore, ‘The Crisis of Feudalism, An Environmental History’, Organization and Environment 15, 3(2002), pp.301-22, p.306.
326. Cormac Ó Gráda, Famine. A Short History, (Princeton UP, Princeton and Oxford 2009), p.37.
327. Arnold, Famine, pp.54-5.
328. Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines. An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, (Oxford UP, Oxford 1981), p.43. The Dutch famine of 1944 is another example of a famine which did affect most people, rather than just the poorest, although this of course cannot be regarded as a famine caused by Malthusian overpopulation. Even Malthus would have found it difficult to argue that the Second World War was an expression of Nature’s need to reduce the population.
329. Ibid., pp.52-85
330. Ibid., p.166.
331. Ó Gráda, Famine, pp.160-90
332. John Newsinger, The Blood Never Dried. A People’s History of the British Empire, (Bookmarks 2006), pp.34-8.
333. Brian Fagan, The Little Ice Age. How Climate Made History 1300-1850, (Basic Books, New York 2000), pp.181-94.
334. Newsinger, The Blood Never Dried, p.38.
335. Carlo Morelli, ‘Behind the World Food Crisis’, International Socialism 119 (2008), pp.37-49.
336. See for example Marge Piercy, Body of Glass, (Penguin, London-New York 1991), in which a lawless slum called The Glop covers most of the US from coast to coast.
337. J. Rockström et al., ‘Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity’, Ecology and Society 14 (2), (2009): p.32.
338. Gerald H Haug et al., ‘Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization’, Science 299, (14 March 2003), pp.1731-5, p.1733. See also Jared Diamond, Collapse, How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive, (Penguin, London 2005), pp.157-77; and R B Gill, The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life and Death, (U of New Mexico P, Albuquerque 2000).
339. Charles C Mann, 1491. New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus, (Vintage, New York 2006), pp.308-12.
340. Foley et al., ‘Solutions for a Cultivated Planet’, p.337.
341. See for example Livestock’s Long Shadow.
342. David Collett, ‘Pastoralists and Wildlife: Image and Reality in Kenya Maasailand’, David Anderson and Richard Grover (eds.), Conservation in Africa. Peoples, Policies and Practice, (Cambridge UP, Cambridge 1987), pp.129-48, p.138.
343. Katherine Harrowood and W A Rodgers, ‘Pastoralism, Conservation and the Overgrazing Controversy’, Conservation in Africa, pp.111-28, p.115.
344. Tristram Stuart, Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal, (Penguin, London 2009), p.xvi.
345. Tom Quested and Hannah Johnson, Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK, (WRAP 2009), pp.25-7; Ashok Chapagain and Keith James, The water and carbon footprint of household food and drink waste in the UK, (WRAP and WWF, March 2011), p.4.
346. Achieving Food Security, Commission on Food Security and Climate Change, p.3.
347. Quested and Johnson, Household Food and Drink, p.6.
348. Stuart, Waste, p.xix.
349. Andrew Simms and Caroline Lucas MP, The New Home Front. Showing Leadership: How we can learn from Britain’s war time past in an age of dangerous climate change and energy insecurity, (Green Party, 2011).
350. Lawrence, Not on the Label, p.78.
351. Stuart, Waste, pp.48-9.
352. Private Eye, ‘Ad Nauseam’, 24th January–6th February 2014, p.13.
353. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1357741/in-court-charged-theft-finding-woman-took-food-tesco-bin.html
354. Jeff Shantz, One Person’s Garbage…Another Person’s Treasure: Dumpster Driving, Freeganism and Anarchy, http://verb.lib.lehigh.edu/index.php/verb/article/viewFile/19/19. For more resources on freeganism, see http://freegan.info.
355. Personal interview, 21st October 2013.
356. See http://www.prsc.org.uk/
357. For details of the campaign, see http://notesco.wordpress.com/
358. http://www.thewi.org.uk/standard.aspx?id=10926
359. Stuart, Waste, p.10.
360. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/07/food.waste1; and http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/2259954/Gordon-Brown-Stop-wasting-food.html
361. http://www.sustainweb.org/news.php?id=221; and http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2264012/Food-waste-Consumers-tell-Gordon-Brown-to-bogof-if-he-wants-to-ban-buy-one-get-one-free.html
362. Stuart, Waste, p.78.
363. http://notbuyinganything.blogspot.com/2011/03/reducing-food-waste.html.
364. As for example in the UK government’s 2007 Waste Strategy for England, http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp?Action=Book&ProductId=9780215543233
365. http://www.eatwashington.com/article/chew_on_this_us_food_waste_boosting_global_warming.
366. Roberts and Edwards, Energy Glut, p.136.
367. Stuart, Waste, p.70.
368. Roberts and Edwards, Energy Glut, pp.134-5.
369. Julie Hill, The Secret Life of Stuff. A Manual for a New Material World, (Vintage, London 2011), p.213.
370. Professor Tim Lang, quoted in Stuart, Waste, p.70.
371. Ibid., p.121.
372. Hill, Secret Life of Stuff, pp.276-84.
373. John Bellamy Foster, Brett Clark and Richard York, The Ecological Rift. Capitalism’s War on the Earth, (Monthly Review Press, New York 2010), p.132.
374. D J Peterson, Troubled Lands. The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction, (Westview Press, Boulder 1993), p.10.
375. Bellamy Foster et al., Ecological Rift, pp.133-5.
376. See Tony Cliff, State Capitalism in Russia, (Pluto, London 1988) for discussion of the proper identification of the Soviet system.
377. John Bellamy Foster et al., Ecological Rift, p.204.
378. As suggested in the context of reducing climate change from industry by the authors of The Hartwell Paper. A new direction for climate policy after the crash of 2009, (Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford and London School of Economics 2010).
379. John Bellamy Foster et al., Ecological Rift, p.37.
380. Carolyn Wyman, Better Than Homemade. Amazing foods that changed the way we eat, (Quirk Books, Philadelphia 2004), p.9.
381. Laura Shapiro, Something from the Oven. Reinventing dinner in 1950s America, (Penguin, New York 2004), pp.43-51.
382. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, (1963), (Penguin, London 1982), pp.182-8.
383. Quoted in Shapiro, Something from the Oven, p.64.
384. See chapter 1, pp.XX.
385. John Bellamy Foster et al., Ecological Rift, pp.209-10.
386. Richard Lewontin and Richard Lewins, Biology under the Influence, (Monthly Review Press, New York 2007), pp.321-8.
387. Peter Rosset, ‘Fixing our Global Food System: Food Sovereignty and Redistributive Land Reform’, Magdoff and Tokar (eds.), Agriculture and Food in Crisis (Monthly Review Press, New York 2010), pp.189-205, p.200.
388. Ibid., p.201.
389. http://stevesurbangarden.blogspot.co.uk/, accessed 12th May 2014.
390. http://windsorcsa.blogspot.co.uk/, accessed 12th May 2014.
391. http://windsorcsa.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/new-article-on-ourwindsorca.html, accessed 12th May 2014.
392. See Lewontin and Lewins, Biology under the Influence, pp.343-64.
393. Miguel A. Altieri et al., ‘The greening of the “barrios”: Urban agriculture for food security in Cuba’, Agriculture and Human Values, 16 (1999), pp.131-2.
394. Miguel A. Altieri and Fernando R. Funes-Monzote, ‘The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture’, Monthly Review (January 2012), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/01/01/the-paradox-of-cuban-agriculture
395. Dennis T Avery, ‘Cubans starve on a diet of lies’, 2nd April 2009, http://www.cgfi.org/2009/04/cubans-starve-on-diet-of-lies-by-dennis-t-avery/
396. Fernando Funes, Miguel Altieri and Peter Rosset, ‘The Avery Diet: The Hudson Institute’s misinformation campaign against Cuban agriculture’, May 2009, http://globalalternatives.org/files/AveryCubaDiet.pdf.
397. See for example http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia; and BBC ‘Venezuela Out of Stock’, Crossing Continents, 5th September 2013.
398. Lee Brown, personal communication, 5th October 2013.
399. www.facebook.com/seanhawkey65/media_set?set=a.10153314691855118.1073741828.639095117&type=1, accessed 15th May 2014.
400. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/01/venezuela-food-shortage-id-cards
401. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia
402. Jules Pretty, ‘Can Ecological Agriculture Feed Nine Billion People?’, Magdoff and Tokar (eds.), Agriculture and Food in Crisis, pp.283-98, p.296.
403. For an excellent discussion of the proletarianisation of the farmer, see Lewontin and Lewins, Biology under the Influence, pp.329-41.
404. On the importance of totality, see Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness. Studies in Marxist Dialectics, (1922), trans. Rodney Livingstone, (The Merlin Press, London 1974), pp.1-26.
405. http://seedstock.com/2013/03/07/oregon-urban-farm-collective-brings-neighbors-together-transforexchanges-food-for-hours-inspire-other-urban-communities/, accessed 12th May 2014.
406. A version of part of this section appears as Elaine Graham-Leigh, ‘The green movement in Britain’, Matthias Dietz and Heiko Garrelts, Routledge Handbook of the Climate Change Movement, (Routledge, London and New York 2014), pp.107-16.
407. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/feb/28/public-concern-environment?CMP=twt_gu
408. This tendency is not restricted to the UK: the snowstorm which hit the eastern US in October 2011 was similarly treated by climate change sceptics as evidence that global warming theories were flawed. http://www.bishophill.net/blog/2011/10/31/snow-in-new-england.html. For research on the connection between particular weather events and concern about climate change, see Simon D Donner and Jeremy McDaniels, ‘The influence of natural temperature fluctuations on opinions about climate change in the US since 1990’, Climatic Change, 5th February 2013, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-012-0690-3
409. Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, ‘The Death of Environmentalism. Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World’, (2004), www.breakthrough.org; and Break Through. Why We Can’t Leave Saving The Planet To Environmentalists, (2007), 2nd ed., (Mariner Books, New York 2009).
410. Mark Lynas, The God Species. How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans, (Fourth Estate, London 2011), p.10.
411. See the range of articles on nuclear power reposted on www.monbiot.com.
412. George Monbiot and Chris Goodall, ‘The moral case for nuclear power’, http://www.monbiot.com/2011/08/08/the-moral-case-for-nuclear-power/.
413. Ibid.
414. Lynas, The God Species, p.12.
415. Nordhaus and Shellenberger, Break Through, p.271.
416. Ibid., p.viii.
417. Lynas, The God Species, p.66.
418. Anthony Giddens, The Politics of Climate Change, (Polity Press, Cambridge 2009).
419. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27939/
420. George Monbiot, ‘Nuked by friend and foe’, http://www.monbiot.com/2009/02/20/nuked-by-friend-and-foe
421. See for example George Monbiot, ‘’The lost world’, http://www.monbiot.com/2011/05/02/the-lost-world
422. From a list of 271 local wind farm campaigns on http://www.countryguardian.net/Campaign%20Windfarm%20Action%20Groups.htm, accessed 14th November 2011.
423. My thoughts on the wind-up of Climate Camp owe much to Sophie Lewis’ excellent The rise and fall (and rise) of the Camp for Climate Action UK: notes on interventions in challenging carbon democracy, unpublished ms, (Oxford UP, Oxford, 2011). However, my conclusions and any misapprehensions are my own. Also interesting on this point are comments made by some of the interviewees in the 2011 film Just Do It on their thoughts on the climate change movement post Copenhagen: http://justdoitfilm.com/.
424. William Morris, News from Nowhere, or An Epoch of Rest, being some chapters from a utopian romance, (1890), ed. David Leopold, (Oxford UP, Oxford 2003), p.13.
425. Ibid., p.87.
426. Ibid.
427. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards from 2000 to 1887, (1888), (Project Gutenberg 2008), chapter 13, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/624/624-h/624-h.htm#chap13
428. Ibid., chapter 14.
429. Ursula Le Guin, The Dispossessed, (1974), (Gollancz, London 1999), p.207.
430. Ibid., p.260.
431. Ursula K Le Guin, Always Coming Home, (1985), (Gollancz, London 1988), p.438.
432. Ibid., p.443.