Epilogue

0.     Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 483–84.

0.     “Freedman’s Cheapstore,” Christian Recorder, March 2, 1867.

0.     Dr. Lawrence Rowland interviews; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 485; N. Louise Bailey, Mary L. Morgan, and Carolyn R. Taylor, Biographical Dictionary of the South Carolina Senate, 1776–1985 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1986), 1483.

0.     Dr. Helen Boulware Moore interviews.

0.     “Personal,” People’s Advocate (Washington, D.C.), August 4, 1883; “Marriage of Gen. Robert Smalls,” New York Times, April 9, 1890; “Smalls,” News and Courier, Charleston, SC, November 7, 1895.

0.     Okon Edet Uya, From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 161.

0.     Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 489.

0.     “Southern Items,” Christian Recorder, February 16, 1867.

0.     “Worthy of Attention,” Christian Recorder, March 9, 1867; “Southern Items”; Edward A. Miller, Jr., Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 44.

0.   Robert Smalls to Governor Daniel Chamberlain, August 24, 1876, papers of Governor Daniel Chamberlain, S518024, box 14, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.

0.   Miller, Gullah Statesman, 45.

0.   Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 484.

0.   In 1870 Sen. Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Rep. Joseph Rainey of South Carolina became the first African Americans to serve in Congress. “Black Americans in Congress,” History, Art and Archives: House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/, accessed February 10, 2015.

0.   Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 484.

0.   “How Hard Prejudice Dies,” Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, PA), June 1, 1882; “Drawing the Color Line,” The Boston Globe, May 12, 1882; “Ordered Him Out of His Hotel,” The Herald and News (Newberry, SC), January 28, 1904.

0.   “Robert Smalls,” Augusta Chronicle (GA), October 23, 1877 (originally published in the New York Sun).

0.   Miller, Gullah Statesman, 114–33; Bailey, Morgan, and Taylor, Biographical Dictionary of the South Carolina Senate, 1484; Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, Dictionary of American Negro Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983); “No New Trials for Smalls and Cardoza,” New York Times, December 4, 1878; “The Persecution of Mr. Smalls, 1878,” New York Times, December 6, 1878.

0.   House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887.

0.   Ibid.

0.   Resolution introduced by George White, May 19, 1900, House of Representatives, 56th Cong., 1st sess., 33 Cong. Rec. 5715 (1900).

0.   Miller, Gullah Statesman, 27.

0.   “Speech of Hon. Robert Smalls,” Friday, July 30, 1886, House of Representatives, 17 Cong. Rec. 319 (1886); Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 261.

0.   DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878); Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 267.

0.   History, Art and Archives: House of Representatives, http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/, accessed February 10, 2015.

0.   Miller, Gullah Statesman, 182–87; Uya, From Slavery to Public Service, 155.

0.   “Gen’l Robert Smalls of Steamer Planter Fame Passes Away,” Savannah Tribune, February 27, 1915; “South Carolina, Death Records, 1821–1961,” Ancestry.com.

0.   Moore interviews.

0.   “Bampfield Rites Held in Beaufort Cemetery,” Beaufort Gazette, March 26, 1959; Moore interviews.

0.   Moore interviews; “Robert Smalls,” Christian Recorder, June 12, 1884.

0.   “W. Robert Smalls,” Toledo Blade, July 31, 1970.

0.   “Last Tribute of Respect Paid General Smalls,” Savannah Tribune, March 6, 1915.

0.   “Latest Army Vessel Honors Black American Hero,” The United States Army, https://www.army.mil/article/4877/latest-army-vessel-honors-black-american-hero, accessed December 1, 2016.

0.   “Museum of African American History Reveals History and Vision,” Rollcall.com, http://www.rollcall.com/news/hoh/museum-african-american-history-reveals-history-vision, accessed December 1, 2016; “Charleston Begins to Address Black History with Robert Smalls Memorial, Charleston City Paper, May 9, 2012, http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/charleston-begins-to-address-black-history-with-robert-smalls-memorial/Content?oid=4070879, accessed December 1, 2016.

0.   “Remaking a State,” New York Times, December 10, 1895.