Chapter 11: Retaliation and Reward
1. Robert Smalls, pilot, USS Planter, Navy survivor certificate no. 18992, Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans, 1861–1910, pub. No. M1469, Record Group 15, NARA.
2. Aaron Astor, “When Andrew Johnson Freed His Slaves,” New York Times, August 9, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/when-andrew-johnson-freed-his-slaves/?_r=0, accessed May 21, 2016; “Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections,” Miller Center, http://millercenter.org/president/biography/johnson-campaigns-and-elections, accessed May 21, 2016.
3. “Andrew Johnson,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/moses-speech.htm, accessed May 21, 2016.
4. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper Perennials, 2014), 183–84.
5. Ibid., 183–91.
6. “Reorganizing a Constitutional Government in South Carolina,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=71991, accessed May 21, 2016.
7. Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 25.
8. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 347; Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 429.
9. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 347
10. Ibid.
11. Laura M. Towne, The Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne: Written from the Sea Islands of South Carolina (1862–1884), ed. Rupert Sargent (Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1912), 167.
12. W. B. McKee to Wade Hampton, n.d., Records of Governor Wade Hampton III, Letters Received and Sent, 1876–1878, S 519009, box 14, folder 14, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
13. Towne, Letters and Diary of Laura M. Towne, 240.
14. Repository (Canton, OH), March 11, 1879.
15. DeTreville v. Smalls, 98 U.S. 517 (1878).
16. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 429; “Freedmen’s Bureau,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau, accessed June 6, 2016.
17. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 429.
18. “Circular No. 15,” Entry 24, No. 139, Asst. Adjutant General Circulars, 1865–69, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 14–15, Record Group 105, NARA.
19. Ibid., 17–18; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 428–46; Foner, Reconstruction, 159.
20. “Death of Admiral Du Pont,” Boston Recorder, June 30, 1865, (originally published in the New York Tribune).
21. “John Ferguson,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865–67, M1003, Record Group 94, NARA.
22. “Henry McKee,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865–67, M1003, 656621, Record Group 94, NARA.
23. “Unionism in South Carolina,” New York Times, September 30, 1865.
24. “The Southern Conventions,” New York Times, September 30, 1865.
25. “Black Codes in South Carolina,” Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/after_slavery_educator/unit_three_documents/document_eight, accessed March 10, 2016.
26. “Ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment,” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/african-americans-and-emancipation/resources/ratifying-thirteenth-amendment-1866, accessed March 10, 2016.
27. Philip S. Foner, ed., Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1999). 578.
28. “15th Amendment to the Constitution,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/15thamendment.html, accessed March 10, 2016.
29. Letter from Quartermaster General’s Office in Washington to Col. C. W. Thomas, Chief Quartermaster, Charleston, December 9, 1865, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
30. “An Impudent Request,” Evening Post (New York, NY), January 19, 1866.
31. “Among Other Modest Requests,” Stamford (CT) Advocate, January 19, 1866.
32. “The ‘Planter’—An Impudent Demand,” New York Tribune, January 4, 1866.
33. Edward McPherson, ed. A Handbook of Politics for 1868 (Washington, D.C.: Philp and Solomons, 1868), 36–38.
34. Andrew Johnson, The Papers of Andrew Johnson: February–July 1866, ed. Paul H. Bergeron (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 120.
35. “14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/14thamendment.html, accessed June 10, 2016.
36. “Affairs in the South,” New York Times, April 2, 1866; Edward A. Miller, Jr., Gullah Statesman: Robert Smalls from Slavery to Congress, 1839–1915 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 42.
37. “Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen’s Bureau in the southern states.” June 1, 1866, North Carolina Collection Vault, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Wise interviews.
38. “Sale of the Steamer Fannie,” New York Herald, July 13, 1865.
39. “Steadman [sic] and Fullerton Tour,” New York Tribune, June 7, 1866; “The Bureau,” New York Herald, June 2, 1866.
40. Ibid.
41. Clipping attached to letter to Maj. Gen. Meigs, July 31, 1866, Planter File, Entry 1403, Record Group 92, NARA.
42. House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887; “The Famous Steamer Planter,” San Francisco (CA) Bulletin, September 24, 1866.
43. “Capt. Robert Small, of the United States Transport Planter,” Christian Recorder, September 29, 1866.
44. “Auction Sales,” Daily National Republican, September 25, 1866; “Miscellaneous,” World (New York, NY), October 2, 1866; “The Planter,” Charleston Daily News, February 18, 1867; “Moses Cohen Mordecai,” Findagrave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=118287514, accessed October 12, 2016; Thomas J. Tobias, The Hebrew Benevolent Society of Charleston, S.C. (Charleston, SC: Hebrew Benevolent Society, 1965.), 7; Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn, eds., Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 29.