Chapter 3: In the Service of the Confederacy
1. “United States Presidential Election of 1860,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1860, accessed December 5, 2016; Dr. Stephen Wise interviews.
2. “Fort Sumter,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/fort-sumter.html?tab=facts, accessed December 10, 2015.
3. Citadel Alumni Association History Committee, “Brief History of The Citadel,” The Citadel, http://www.citadel.edu/root/brief-history, accessed October 10, 2016.
4. E. Milbury Burton, The Siege of Charleston, 1861–1865 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1970), 1–60.
5. Harper’s Weekly, May 4, 1861.
6. “Bombardment of Fort Sumter!” Charleston Mercury, April 13, 1861.
7. “Died,” Pacific Appeal, August 1, 1863; “Claims of Samuel Kingman for Hannah, Clara, Elizabeth, and Beauregard Smalls, the wife and children of Robert Smalls,” November 1862 and April 1862, Claims of Property Loss Due to the Enemy, 1862–64, S 126189, State Auditor, Office of the Comptroller General, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
8. Ernest B. Furgurson, “The Battle of Bull Run: The End of Illusions,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 2011; “Bull Run,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bullrun.html?tab=facts, accessed March 4, 2016.
9. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 175; Matthew Pinsker, “Congressional Confiscation Acts,” Emancipation Digital Classroom, July 14, 2012, http://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/emancipation/2012/07/14/congressional-confiscation-acts/, accessed February 2, 2016.
10. Adam Goodheart, “How Slavery Really Ended in America,” The New York Times Magazine, April 1, 2011.
11. “First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln,” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln1.asp, accessed July 30, 2016.
12. Montgomery Advertiser, November 6, 1861; Douglass’ Monthly, July 1861.
13. Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During the Period of the Civil War (Norwood, MA: Plimpton Press, 1917), 1:119.
14. Wise interviews; Dr. Bernard Powers, e-mail to author, September 20, 2016.
15. Lawrence Rowland, Alexander Moore, and George C. Rodgers, Jr., The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 1: 1514–1861 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 447.
16. Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 18.
17. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1: 447.
18. “Capt. DuPont’s Official Reports,” New York Times, November 14, 1861.
19. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:448, 450.
20. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 15.
21. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:451–54.
22. Ibid., 1:455.
23. “Capt. DuPont’s Official Reports.”
24. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:456.
25. “Our Port Royal Correspondence,” New York Times, December 20, 1861.
26. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 28.
27. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:456.
28. ORA, 1, 6: 29.
29. Alexia Jones Helsley, Beaufort, South Carolina: A History (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2005), 100; Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:456.
30. “Our Port Royal Correspondence.”
31. Richard Dwight Porcher and Sarah Fick, The Story of Sea Island Cotton (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 2010), 322–23.
32. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 106–108; Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:456–57.
33. Rowland, Moore, and Rodgers, History of Beaufort County, 1:457.
34. Samuel Francis Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, vol. 1 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 248; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 24.
35. “The War for the Union,” New York Tribune, November 20, 1861; “From Port Royal,” World, (New York, NY), November 20, 1861; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 22–23.
36. “The War for the Union”; “From Port Royal”; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 22–23.
37. Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, 254.
38. “The Burning of Charleston,” Harper’s Weekly, December 28, 1861; Philip Bowman, “Charleston at War: Charleston Beaten Down by Great Fire,” Post and Courier (Charleston, SC), January 29, 2012.
39. “Home Made Soap and Starch,” Charleston Mercury, May 6, 1862; “Cologne,” Charleston Mercury, May 10, 1862.
40. ORA, 1, 5: 39.
41. “Battle of New Orleans,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-New-Orleans-American-Civil-War-1862, accessed February 18, 2016; “Martial Law in South Carolina,” New York Times, May 21, 1862; “Martial Law,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 13, 1862; “By the President of the Confederate States of America,” Richmond Dispatch, February 28, 1862; “Richmond Under Martial Law,” New York Times, March 8, 1862.
42. Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, 54.
43. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 50–54; “General David Hunter,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/fopu/learn/historyculture/david-hunter.htm, accessed August 13, 2016; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 103.
44. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General, 92–101; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 103.
45. “Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war, accessed August 18, 2016.
46. Edward A. Miller, Lincoln’s Abolitionist General (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 92–101; Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 143–50; Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 104–17.