Chapter 4: Union Hero
1. ORN, 1, 12: 822; James M. Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American (Philadelphia: Afro-American, 1899), 313.
2. Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American, 313.
3. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
4. “Report to Accompany S.1313,” April 18, 1898, in “Committee on Claims Report,” NARA, Microfiche Publication M1469, Navy Survivors’ Pension Files (Approved), 1861–1910, Abram H. Allstone.
5. “The Signal Corps,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/signal.htm, accessed September 5, 2016.
6. Most Confederate works in Charleston Harbor eventually would be connected by telegram wires. Dr. Stephen Wise interviews.
7. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862.
8. Marty Davis, e-mail to author, September 16, 2016.
9. ORA, 1, 14: 14–15.
10. Percy Nagel to his mother, May 14, 1862, Percy Nagel Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
11. Samuel Francis Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 23.
12. Stephen Wise, Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 12–13.
13. ORA, 1, 14: 13, 506.
14. “Special Order No. 354,” Charleston Mercury, May 15, 1862; “Special Order No. 354,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 15, 1862.
15. ORN, 1, 12: 822.
16. Du Pont, This Mission: 1861–1862, vol. 1 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, 294.
17. ORN, 1, 12: 821–22.
18. Du Pont, Blockade, 49.
19. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
20. Michael J. Bennett, Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 64–65.
21. ORN, 1, 12: 821.
22. “Interesting Narrative by a Late Resident of Charleston,” San Francisco Bulletin, August 22, 1862.
23. ORA, 1, 14: 14.
24. “The Escape of the Steamer Planter to the Enemy’s Fleet,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862.
25. “By Telegraph,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 16, 1862.
26. “Charleston’s Historic, Religious, and Community Buildings: Old Jail,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/old.htm, accessed February 24, 2016; Dr. Nic Butler, e-mail to author, February 14, 2016; Michael Trouche, e-mail to author, October 12, 2016; Robert Stockton, e-mail to author, October 13, 2016.
27. “Charleston’s … Old Jail.”
28. “A Card,” Charleston Mercury, May 15, 1862.
29. Wise interviews.
30. “General Orders, Head-quarters, Department So. Ca. and Georgia,” NARA, RG 109, Entry 3, Chapter 2, Volume 43, 16–17.
31. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, July 31, 1862.
32. “Charleston,” Charleston Daily Courier, August 1, 1862.
33. “The Steamer Planter,” New York Times, August 15, 1862.
34. Stephen Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 277; Robert Gissell, e-mail to author, October 21, 2015.
35. “The Steamer Planter,” Charleston Daily Courier, May 20, 1862.
36. “Claims of Samuel Kingman for Hannah, Clara, Elizabeth, and Beauregard Smalls, the wife and children of Robert Smalls,” November 1862 and April 1862, Claims of Property Loss Due to the Enemy, 1862–1864, S 126189, State Auditor, Office of the Comptroller General, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia.
37. Frances Wallace Taylor, Catherine Taylor Matthews, and J. Tracy Power, eds., The Leverett Letters: Correspondence of a South Carolina Family, 1851–1868 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 143. McKee had at least ten children, six girls and four boys. One of the children who died of scarlet fever was his seven-year-old daughter, Harriet. Wallace Taylor, Matthews, and Power, Leverett Letters, 125.
38. “Scarlet Fever,” Mayo Clinic, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scarlet-fever/basics/definition/con-20030976, accessed October 10, 2016.
39. Wise interviews.
40. Taylor, Matthews, and Power, Leverett Letters, 129.
41. “Heroism of Nine Colored Men,” New York Herald, May 18, 1862.
42. “Robert Small,” New York Tribune, May 20, 1862; “Robert Smalls, the Negro Pilot,” New York Tribune, September 10, 1862.
43. “How to End the War,” Douglass’ Monthly, May 1861.
44. “Department of the South,” New York Times, May 19, 1862; “A Rebel Steamer Run Away With,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 19, 1862.
45. “The Captors of the Rebel Steamer Planter,” New York Herald, May 20, 1862.
46. “The Prize Planter,” New York Tribune, May 27, 1862.
47. ORN, 1, 12: 824.
48. “Thirty-seventh Congress,” World (New York, NY), June 3, 1862; “XXXVIITH Congress—First Session,” Pittsburgh Gazette, June 3, 1862; “Owen Lovejoy,” PBS.org, http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/owen-lovejoy/, accessed May 4, 2016.
49. ORN, 1, 12: 823, 824.
50. “Report to Accompany S.1313.”
51. ORN, 1, 12: 824–25; “A Rebel Steamer Run Away With.”
52. House Committee on Naval Affairs, Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired List of the Navy, 47th Cong., 2nd sess., 1883, H. Rep. 1887.
53. Marty Davis, e-mail to author, September 14, 2016.
54. ORN, 1, 12: 823–25.