Chapter 6: North and South
1. “Former Slave Elizabeth Keckley and the ‘Contraband’ of Washington, D.C., 1862,” History Matters, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6223/, accessed March 3, 2016, from Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868), 111–16; 139–43.
2. Ronald D. Reitveld, “The Lincoln White House Community,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, summer 1999; “Wood Engraving of Office Seekers,” White House Historical Association, https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/wood-engraving-of-office-seekers, accessed August 12, 2016.
3. Newport Mercury, August 30, 1862.
4. Mansfield French to George Whipple, August 23 and August 28, 1862, American Missionary Association Archives, nos. HL 4517 and 15901, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans.
5. ORA, 1, 14: 377–78; Stephen R. Wise and Lawrence S. Rowland with Gerhard Spieler, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 1861–1893, vol. 2 of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2015), 121–22.
6. “Executive Order, August 14, 1862,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=69820, accessed December 14, 2015.
7. “Emancipation Proclamation,” Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/150th-anniversary/emancipation-proclamation-150.html, accessed December 14, 2015.
8. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 221–26.
9. “Numerous Applications,” Daily National Republican, August 27, 1862.
10. “Letter of Robert Small,” Massachusetts Spy, September 3, 1862; “Letter of Robert Smalls,” Hartford Daily Courant, September 4, 1862; “Letter of Robert Smalls,” Salem Observer, September 6, 1862; “Letter of the Negro Robert Smalls,” The Liberator, September 12, 1862.
11. “Henry McNeal Turner,” Documenting the American South, http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/turneral/bio.html, accessed July 1, 2016; “Henry McNeal Turner,” Georgia Public Broadcasting, http://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/people/henry_mcneal_turner.html, accessed June 14, 2016.
12. “Washington Correspondence,” Christian Recorder, August 30, 1862.
13. “Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war, accessed August 18, 2016.
14. Wise and Rowland, Rebellion, Reconstruction, and Redemption, 122.
15. “Black New York and the Draft Riots,” New York Times, July 26, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/black-new-york-and-the-draft-riots/?_r=0, accessed June 10, 2016.
16. Linda Wheeler, “The New York Draft Riots of 1863,” Washington Post, April 29, 2013.;“Black New York and the Draft Riots”; “Draft Riot of 1863,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Draft-Riot-of-1863, accessed June 10, 2016.
17. “Mayor Wood’s Recommendation of the Secession of New York City,” January 6, 1861, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/mayor-woods-recommendation-of-the-secession-of-new-york-city/, accessed June 20, 2016.
18. “Freedmen of Port Royal,” Evening Post (New York, NY), September 15, 1862.
19. “A Serenade to the President; He Makes a Brief Speech,” New York Times, September 25, 1862.
20. Foner, Fiery Trial, 232.
21. “Gen. Saxton on the Proclamation,” Salem (MA) Register, October 6, 1862.
22. “African American Migration,” The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/african-american-migration/, accessed July 1, 2016.
23. Anthony Waskie, Philadelphia and the Civil War: Arsenal of the Union (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011); Richard A. Sauers, Guide to Civil War Philadelphia (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2003).
24. Russell Frank Weigley, Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 386.
25. “Important Meeting—Port Royal,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 27, 1862; “Lionizing a Negro,” Macon Telegraph, November 1, 1862.
26. Samuel Francis Du Pont, The Blockade: 1862–1863, vol. 2 of Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters, ed. John D. Hayes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969), 263.
27. “Complimentary,” The Liberator, October 24, 1862; “The Hero of the Planter,” New York Times, October 3, 1862.
28. “The Hero of the Planter.”
29. “The Running Off of the Steamer Planter from Charleston,” Charleston Mercury, September 30, 1862; “Lionizing a Negro,” Macon (GA) Telegraph, November 1, 1862.
30. “An Attempt to Capture Robert Small,” Douglass’ Monthly, November 1862.
31. “Department of the South: Important Orders Issued by Gen. Hunter,” New York Times, April 15, 1862.
32. Du Pont, Blockade, 269–70.
33. ORN, 1:13, 321–22.
34. “Interesting Letter from Miss Charlotte Forten,” The Liberator, December 19, 1862.
35. Ibid.
36. ORA, 1:14, 190. The First South Carolina Volunteers were not the first black regiment to see action. That distinction belonged to the First Kansas Volunteers. A detachment of about 225 men fought 500 Confederates at Island Mound in Bates County, Missouri, on October 28, 1862; 10 of the First Kansas Volunteers were killed and another 12 wounded. “First to Serve,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/fosc/learn/historyculture/firsttoserve.htm, accessed August 18, 2016; “First Kansas Colored Infantry,” Kansas Historical Society, https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/first-kansas-colored-infantry/12052, accessed August 18, 2016.