Selected Bibliography

I am and ever have been, a great reader, and have read almost
everything—a library cormorant. I am deep in all out of the way
books, whether of the monkish times, or of the puritanical era.
I have read and digested most of the historical writers.

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, 1796

Please see the notes section for a complete list of all sources used and all interviews referenced. Included below are sources devoted primarily to cormorants, or that provide especially important source or background material. This bibliography represents an essential foundation for the sure-to-be-soon-blossoming field of Cormorant Studies, both for the general reader and the specialist.

The epigraph is from a letter written on November 19, 1796, and published in James Dykes Campbell, Samuel Taylor Coleridge: A Narrative of the Events of His Life (London: Macmillan and Co., 1896), 58.

NONFICTION BOOKS

Audubon, John James. Ornithological Biography, or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America. 5 vols. Philadelphia/Edinburgh: Judah Dobson / Adam and Charles Black, 1831–39.

Cowx, I. G. Interactions between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003.

Dawson, William Leon. Dawson’s Avian Kingdom. Edited by Anna Neher. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 2007.

Elphick, Chris, John B. Dunning Jr., and David Allen Sibley, eds. The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.

Gill, Frank B. Ornithology. 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2007.

Harrison, Peter. Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Revised ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.

Johnsgard, Paul A. Cormorants, Darters, and Pelicans of the World. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.

Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Jean Baptiste Emmanuel Hector. La Pêche au Cormoran. Paris: Bureaux de la Revue Britannique, 1870.

Lewis, Harrison Flint. The Natural History of the Double-Crested Cormorant. Ottawa: H. C. Miller, 1929.

Mendall, Howard L. The Home-Life and Economic Status of the Double-Crested Cormorant. Orono, ME: University of Maine, 1936.

Murphy, Robert Cushman. Bird Islands of Peru. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1925.

———. Oceanic Birds of South America. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1936.

Nelson, J. Bryan. Pelicans, Cormorants and Their Relatives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Nettleship, David N., and David C. Duffy, eds. The Double-Crested Cormorant: Biology, Conservation and Management. Special Publication 1, Colonial Waterbirds 18 (1995). [Several articles within were especially useful to this project; they are listed individually in the notes.]

Peck, George W. Melbourne, and the Chincha Islands; with Sketches of Lima and a Voyage Round the World. New York: Scribner, 1854.

Rankin, Niall. Antarctic Isle: Wild Life in South Georgia. London: Collins, 1951.

Skaggs, Jimmy M. The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1995.

Steller, Georg Wilhelm. Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741–1742. Translated and edited by O. W. Frost, translated by Margritt A. Engel. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988.

Wild, Dennis. The Double-Crested Cormorant: Symbol of Ecological Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.

Yalden, D. W., and U. Albarella. The History of British Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

FICTION AND PLAYS

Gregory, Stephen. The Cormorant. Clarkston, GA: White Wolf, 1986.

Hill, Elizabeth Starr. Bird Boy. Illustrated by Lesley Liu. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

O’Dell, Scott. Island of the Blue Dolphins. New York: Dell, 1971.

O’Flaherty, Liam. The Black Soul. London: Jonathan Cape, 1936.

Sayemon, Enami no. “Ukai.” In The Nō Plays of Japan, edited by Arthur Waley. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1921.

Vonnegut, Kurt. Galápagos. New York: Laurel, 1988.

Weinberger, Jane. Cory the Cormorant. Mount Desert, ME: Windswept, 1992.

POEMS AND SHORT STORIES

Bashō. “Ukai.” In David Landis Barnhill, Bashō’s Journey: The Literary Prose of Matsuo Bashō. Albany: SUNY Press, 2005. [See also the translation in Yamashita, 1987.]

Blight, John. “Cormorants.” In Selected Poems, 1939–1990. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1992.

Clampitt, Amy. “The Cormorant in Its Element.” In The Kingfisher. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. “The Devil’s Thoughts.” In The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited by Ernest Hartley Coleridge. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

Golte, Jürgen. Los dioses de Sipán. Lima: IEP Ediciones, 1993.

Jeffers, Robinson. “Birds and Fishes.” In The Wild God of the World: An Anthology of Robinson Jeffers, edited by Albert Gelpi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.

Lawless, Emily. “The Cormorant.” All Ireland Review 3, no. 25 (August 23, 1902): 389. [Find this also in her 1902 collection With the Wild Geese or in anthologies such as Sea Poems (London: Muller, 1944).]

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. “The Skeleton in Armor.” In The Complete Poetical Works of Longfellow. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922.

MacDairmid, Hugh. “Shags’ Nests.” In Stony Limits and Other Poems. London: V. Gollancz, 1934.

Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Edited by Alastair Fowler. 2nd ed. London: Longman, 1998.

Minty, Judith. “Destroying the Cormorant Eggs.” In Walking with the Bear. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000.

Neruda, Pablo. “Guanay Cormorant.” In The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, edited by Ilan Stavans. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.

O’Flaherty, Liam. “The Wounded Cormorant.” In Liam O’Flaherty’s Short Stories. 2 vols. London: New English Library, 1981.

Wilbert, Johannes, ed. “The Selfish Cormorant” and “The Revenge of the Tufted Cormorants.” In Folk Literature of the Yamana Indians. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.

SCHOLARLY AND POPULAR ARTICLES, REPORTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ENTRIES OR CHAPTERS IN NONFICTION BOOKS

Adkins, Jessica Y., and Daniel D. Roby. “A Status Assessment of the Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Western North America: 1998–2009.” Final report submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, USGS–Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (March 2010), 1–69.

Ainley, David G., Daniel W. Anderson, and Paul R. Kelly. “Feeding Ecology of Marine Cormorants in Southwestern North America.” Condor 83, no. 2 (1981): 120–31.

Anderson, Cynthia D., Daniel D. Roby, and Ken Collis. “Foraging Patterns of Male and Female Double-Crested Cormorants Nesting in the Columbia River Estuary.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 82 (2004): 541–54.

Associated Press. “OSU Students to Haze Columbia River Cormorants.” Seattle Times, February 8, 2012. http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2017454602_apwahazingcormorantsistldwritethru.html.

Associated Press and Special to the Sentinel. “Untouched Cormorant Eggs Found.” Milwaukee Sentinel, June 19, 1987, pt. 2, 10.

Audubon, John James. “Mississippi River Journal.” In John James Audubon: Writings and Drawings, edited by Christoph Irmscher, 3–155. New York: Library of America, 1999.

Austin, Oliver Luther, Jr. “Phalacrocorax carbo carbo” and “Phalacrocorax auritus auritus.” In The Birds of Newfoundland Labrador, Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 7, 32–33. Cambridge, MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1932.

Bayer, Range D. “Cormorant Harassment to Protect Juvenile Salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon: Studies in Oregon Ornithology, No. 9.” Gahmken Press (2000), 1–66.

Behn, F., J. D. Goodall, A. W. Johnson, and R. A. Phillippi. “The Geographic Distribution of the Blue-Eyed Shags, Phalacrocorax albiventer and Phalacrocorax atriceps.” Auk 72 (January 1955): 6–13.

Behrens, Vivien, Felix Rauschmayer, and Heidi Wittmer. “Managing International ‘Problem’ Species: Why Pan-European Cormorant Management Is So Difficult.” Environmental Conservation 35, no. 1 (2008): 55–63.

Bernstein, Neil P., and Stephen J. Maxson. “Absence of Wing-Spreading Behavior in the Antarctic Blue-Eyed Shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps brandsfieldensis).” Auk 99, no. 3 (July 1982): 588–89.

———. “Sexually Distinct Daily Activity Patterns of Blue-Eyed Shags in Antarctica.” Condor 86 (1984): 151–56.

Berry, H. H. “The History of the Guano Platform on Bird Rock, Walvis Bay, South West Africa.” Bokmakierie 27 (1975): 60–64.

———. “Physiological and Behavioural Ecology of the Cape Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capensis.” Madoqua 9, no. 4 (1976): 5–55.

Bertrand, Sophie, Elisa Goya, and Jaime Silva. “Fishers and Seabirds Competing for the Same Fish: Foraging Strategies, Interactions and Consequences.” Abstract. IMARPE Boletin 25, nos. 1, 2 (2010): 1–5.

Bevan, R., I. Boyd, P. Butler, K. Reid, A. Woakes, and J. Croxall. “Heart Rates and Abdominal Temperatures of Free-Ranging South Georgian Shags, Phalacrocorax georgianus.” Journal of Experimental Biology 200 (1997): 661–75.

Boston Traveler. “Interesting from the Chincha Islands.” American Farmer 6, no. 4 (June 1, 1854): 85–86.

Bowmaker, A. P. “Cormorant Predation on Two Central African Lakes.” Ostrich 34, no. 1 (March 1963): 2–26.

Bregenballe, Thomas, Stephano Volponi, Mennobart R. van Eerden, et al. “Status of the Breeding Population of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in the Western Palearctic in 2006.” In Proceedings 7th International Conference on Cormorants 2005, edited by M. R. van Eerden, Stef van Rihn, and V. Keller (2011), 8–20.

Brown, Paul. “Cull ‘Will Wipe Out Cormorants’: RSPB Will Go to Court against Minister’s Move to Help Anglers.” Guardian, February 17, 2004. www.guardian.co.uk.

Brown, Tommy L., and Nancy A. Connelly. “Lake Ontario Sportfishing: Trends, Analysis, and Outlook.” Human Dimensions Research Unit, Cornell University, Series No. 09–3 (June 2009), 1–21.

Burger, A. E. “Functional Anatomy of the Feeding Apparatus of Four South African Cormorants.” Zoologica Africana 13, no. 1 (1978): 81–102.

Carss, David N., ed. “Reducing the Conflict between Cormorants and Fisheries on a Pan-European Scale, Final Report: Summary.” REDCAFE. Arberdeenshire: Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 2003, 1–12.

Carss, David N., and Diet Assessment and Food Intake Working Group. “Techniques for Assessing Cormorant Diet and Food Intake: Towards a Consensus View.” Wetlands International Cormorant Research Group (2007; posted online 2001). http://web.tiscalinet.it/sv2001/WI%20-%20CRSG/diet_foodintake.htm.

Casaux, R., M. Favero, P. Silva, and A. Baroni. “Sex Differences in Diving Depths and Diet of Antarctic Shags at the South Shetland Islands.” Journal of Field Ornithology 72, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 22–29.

CBC News, Prince Edward Island. “Fishermen Want Cormorant Cull.” CBC News, January 30, 2012. www.cbc.ca.

Clayton, Lawrence. “Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru.” History Today 30 (June 1980): 19–23.

Cline, David R., and Eric Dornfeld. “The Agassiz Refuge Cormorant Colony.” Loon 40, no. 3 (September 1978): 68–72.

Cocker, Mark, and Richard Mabey. “Cormorant Family.” In Birds Britannica, 34–39. London: Chatto & Windus, 2005.

Coker, Robert E. “Habits and Economic Relations of the Guano Birds of Peru.” Proceedings of the United States National Museum 56, no. 2298 (1919): 449–511.

———. “Peru’s Wealth-Producing Birds.” National Geographic, June 1920, 537–66.

———. “Regarding the Future of the Guano Industry and the Guano-Producing Birds of Peru.” Science 28, no. 706 (July 10, 1908): 58–64.

———. “The Protection of Birds Made Profitable.” Science 82, no. 2114 (July 5, 1935): 10–12.

Cook, Timothée R., Yves Cherel, and Yann Tremblay. “Foraging Tactics of Chick- Rearing Crozet Shags: Individuals Display Repetitive Activity and Diving Patterns over Time.” Polar Biology 29, no. 7 (2006): 562–69.

Cook, Timothée R., and Guillaume LeBlanc. “Why Is Wing-Spreading Behaviour Absent in Blue-Eyed Shags?” Animal Behaviour 74 (2007): 649–52.

Cook, Timothée R., Amelie Lescroël, Yann Tremblay, and Charles-Andre Bost. “To Breathe or Not to Breathe? Optimal Breathing, Aerobic Dive Limit and Oxygen Stores in Deep-Diving Blue-Eyed Shags.” Animal Behavior 76 (2008): 565–76.

Coonrod, Larry. “Cormorant Hazing.” South Lincoln County News, May 9, 2012. www.southlincolncountynews.com.

Cooper, J. “Biology of the Bank Cormorant, Part 1: Distribution, Population Size, Movements and Conservation.” Ostrich 52 (1980): 208–15.

Courtot, Karen N., Daniel D. Roby, Jessica Y. Adkins, Donald E. Lyons, D. Tommy King, and R. Scott Larsen. “Colony Connectivity of Pacific Coast Double-Crested Cormorants Based on Post-Breeding Dispersal from the Region’s Largest Colony.” Journal of Wildlife Management 76, no. 7 (September 2012): 1462–71.

Crawford, R. J. M., A. C. Cockcroft, B. M. Dyer, and L. Upfold. “Divergent Trends in Bank Cormorants Phalacrocorax neglectus Breeding in South Africa’s Western Cape Consistent with a Distributional Shift of Rock Lobsters Jasus lalandii.” African Journal of Marine Science 31 (2008): 161–66.

Crawford, R. J. M., and J. Cooper. “Bank Cormorant Phalacrocorax neglectus.” In Roberts’ Birds of Southern Africa. 7th ed. Edited by P. A. R. Hockey, W. R. J. Dean, and P. G. Ryan, 577–78. Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, 2005.

Crawford, R. J. M., S. Davis, R. Harding, L. Jackson, T. Leshoro, M. Meyer, R. Randall, et al. “Initial Impact of the Treasure Oil Spill on Seabirds off Western South Africa.” South African Journal of Marine Science 22 (2000): 157–76.

Cushman, Gregory T. “‘The Most Valuable Birds in the Word’: International Conservation Science and the Revival of Peru’s Guano Industry, 1909–1965.” Environmental History 10, no. 3 (July 2005): 477–509.

Davis, Malcolm, and Herbert Friedmann. “The Courtship of the Flightless Cormorant.” Scientific Monthly 42, no. 6 (June 1936): 560–63.

Decker, Daniel J., and Ken G. Purdy. “Toward a Concept of Wildlife Acceptance Capacity in Wildlife Management.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 16, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 53–57.

De Ornellas, Kevin. “‘Fowle Fowles?’ The Sacred Pelican and the Profane Cormorant in Early Modern Culture.” In A Cultural History of Animals. Vol. 3, In the Renaissance, edited by Bruce Boehrer, 27–50. New York: Berg, 2007.

Dorr, Brian S., Loren W. Burger, Scott C. Barras, and Kristina C. Godwin. “Double-Crested Cormorant Distribution on Catfish Aquaculture in the Yazoo River Basin of Mississippi.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 36, no. 1 (2012): 70–77.

Dorr, Brian S., Loren W. Burger, Scott C. Barras, and Kristina C. Godwin. “Economic Impact of Double-Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, Depredation on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Aquaculture in Mississippi, USA.” Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 43, no. 4 (2012): 502–13.

Doucette, Jennifer L., Björn Wissel, and Christopher M. Somers. “Cormorant-Fisheries Conflicts: Stable Isotopes Reveal a Consistent Niche for Avian Piscivores in Diverse Food Webs.” Ecological Applications 21, no. 8 (2011): 2987–3001.

Duffy, David Cameron, and W. Roy Siegfried. “Historical Variations in Food Consumption by Breeding Seabirds of the Humboldt and Benguela Upwelling Regions.” In Seabirds: Feeding Ecology and Role in Marine Ecosystems, edited by J. P. Croxall, 327–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Duffy, David C. “The Guano Islands of Peru: The Once and Future Management of a Renewable Resource.” Birdlife Conservation Series 1 (1994): 68–76.

Dunn, Erica H. “Intake of Nestling Double-Crested Cormorants.” Auk 92, no. 3 (July 1975): 553–65.

Egremont, Pamela, and Miriam Rothschild. “The Calculating Cormorants.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 12 (September 1979): 181–86.

Estevez, Jordi, Ernesto Piana, Adrian Schiavini, and Nuria Juan-Muns. “Archaeological Analysis of Shell Middens in the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego Island.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11 (2001): 24–33.

“Flightless Birds in Cargo for Zoo.” New York Times, May 17, 1923, 14.

Fowler, W. M. W. “The Preparation and Cooking of a Cormorant...” In Countryman’s Cooking. Ludlow, UK: Excellent Press, 2006, 30–31.

Glahn, James F., and D. Tommy King. “Bird Depredation.” In Biology and Culture of Channel Catfish, edited by C. S. Tucker and J. A. Hargreaves, 503–29. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V., 2004.

Glahn, J. F., D. S. Reinhold, and C. A. Sloan. “Recent Population Trends of Double-Crested Cormorants Wintering in the Delta Region of Mississippi: Responses to Roost Dispersal and Removal under a Recent Depredation Order.” Waterbirds 23, no. 1 (2000): 38–44.

Green, Rhys E., Will J. Peach, and Norman Ratcliffe. “RSPB Comments on CSL’s Revised Cormorant Cull Analysis.” Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, March 31, 2005, 1–6.

Grémillet, David. “‘Wing-Drying’ in Cormorants.” Journal of Avian Biology 26, no. 2 (1995): 176.

Griffiths, C. L., L. van Sittert, P. B. Best, A. C. Brown, B. M. Clark, P. A. Cook, R. J. M. Crawford, et al. “Impacts of Human Activities on Marine Animal Life in the Benguela: A Historical Overview.” Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Revue 42 (2004): 303–92.

Gudger, E. W. “Fishing with the Cormorant in Japan.” Scientific Monthly 29, no. 1 (July 1929): 5–38.

Guillaumet, Alban, Brian Dorr, Guiming Wang, Jimmy D. Taylor 2nd, Richard B. Chipman, Heidi Scherr, Jeff Bowman, Kenneth F. Abraham, Terry J. Doyle, and Elizabeth Cranker. “Determinants of Local and Migratory Movements of Great Lakes Double-Crested Cormorants.” Behavioral Ecology 22 (2011): 1096–1103.

Hanisch, Shauna L., and Paul R. Schmidt. “Resolving Double-Crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Conflicts in the United States: Past, Present, and Future.” In Waterbirds around the World, eds. G. C. Boere, C. A. Galbraith, and D. A. Stroud (Edinburgh: Stationery Office, 2006): 826–28.

Hanson, Terrill R. “Catfish Farming in Mississippi.” Mississippi History Now, Mississippi Historical Society (April 2006). mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/217/catfish farming-in-mississippi.

Harris, M. P. “Population Dynamics of the Flightless Cormorant Nannopterum harrisi.” Ibis 121, no. 2 (1979): 135–46.

Harrop, Trevor (contact). “Press Release: Cormorant Campaign Goes to Parliament.” Angling Trust, February 22, 2012. www.anglingtrust.net.

Harting, James Edmund. “Fishing with Cormorants.” In Essays on Sport and Natural History, 423–40. London: Horace Cox, 1883.

Hatch, Jeremy J., and D. V. Weseloh. “Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus).” In The Birds of North America, edited by A. Poole and F. Gill, no. 441, 1–35. Philadelphia: Birds of North America, 1999.

Heydon, Matthew. “Licensing the Shooting of Cormorants to Prevent Serious Damage to Fisheries and Inland Waters.” Natural England–Wildlife Management and Licensing (January 14, 2008), 1–5.

Ho, Erling. “Flying Fishes of Wucheng.” Natural History 107, no. 8 (October 1988): 66–71.

Hobson, Keith A., Richard W. Knapton, and Walter Lysack. “Population, Diet and Reproductive Success of Double-Crested Cormorants Breeding on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, in 1987.” Colonial Waterbirds 12, no. 2 (1989): 191–97.

Hull, Robin. “Shag” and “Cormorant.” Scottish Birds: Culture and Tradition, 96–98. Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 2001.

Jackson, Christine E. “Fishing with Cormorants.” Archives of Natural History 24, no. 2 (1997): 189–211.

Jobaneck, George A., and David B. Marshall. “John K. Townsend’s 1836 Report of the Birds of the Lower Columbia River Region, Oregon and Washington.” Northwestern Naturalist 73, no. 1 (Spring 1992): 1–14.

Joseph, Lawrence E. “Man and Cormorant.” Audubon 88 (May 1986): 38–41.

Kasuya, Shiro, Soichi Murase, and Yuichi Miyano. “Destructive Effects of the Estuary Dam on the Nagara River’s Environment, and the Program for Its Regeneration.” Bulletin of the Faculty of Regional Studies, Gifu University 20 (2007): 1–22.

Kato, A., J. P. Croxall, Y. Watanuki, and Y. Naito. “Diving Patterns and Performance in Male and Female Blue-Eyed Cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps at South Georgia.” Marine Ornithology 19 (1992): 117–29.

Kennedy, Martyn, Carlos A. Valle, and Hamish G. Spencer. “The Phylogenetic Position of the Galápagos Cormorant.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (2009): 94–98.

King, D. Tommy, Bradley F. Blackwell, Brian S. Dorr, and jerrold L. Belant. “Effects of Aquaculture on Migration and Movement Patterns of Double-Crested Cormorants.” Human-Wildlife Conflicts 4, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 77–86.

Kirk-Smith, Anna. “Easel Words: ‘The Unfortunate Repercussions of Discovery and Survival.’” Jackdaw 101 (January/February 2012): 21.

Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen, and Anthony G. Futcher. “Longevity Records of North American Birds, Supplement 1.” Journal of Field Ornithology 60, no. 4 (Autumn 1989): 469–94.

Kline, John (office of). “John Kline to Testify on His Bill to Allow States to Manage Menacing Cormorant Overpopulation” (March 28, 2012). http://kline.house.gov.

Knauer, Elfriede R. “Fishing with Cormorants: A Note on Vittore Carpaccio’s Hunting on the Lagoon.” Apollo 158, no. 499 (September 2003): 32–39.

Johnson, Cuthbert W. “On Guano.” Farmer’s Magazine 7, no. 3 (March 1843): 170–74.

Johnson, James H., Russell D. McCullough, and James Farquhar. “Double-Crested Cormorant Studies at Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario in 2010: Diet Composition, Fish Consumption and the Efficacy of Management Activities in Reducing Fish Predation.” NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report (2010): section 14, 1–12.

Lambert, Robert A. “Seabird Control and Fishery Protection in Cornwall, 1900–1950.” British Birds 96, no. 1 (January 2003): 30–34.

Laufer, Berthold. “The Domestication of the Cormorant in China and Japan.” Field Museum of Natural History No. 300: Anthropological Series 18, no. 3 (1931): 201–62.

Lee, Richard. “These Birds Must Be Killed.” Angling Times, no. 2266, December 4, 1996, 1, 8–9.

Léger, Claire, and Raymond McNeil. “Nest Attendance and Care of Young in Double-Crested Cormorants.” Colonial Waterbirds 8, no. 2 (1985): 96–103.

Line, Les. “A Conflict of Cormorants.” Wildlife Conservation, February 2002, 44–51.

Lyons, Donald. “Bioenergetics-Based Predator-Prey Relationships between Piscivorous Birds and Juvenile Salmonids in the Columbia River Estuary.” PhD diss., Oregon State University, 2010.

Lyons, Donald, Daniel Roby, and Ken Collis. “Foraging Patterns of Caspian Terns and Double-Crested Cormorants in the Columbia River Estuary.” Northwest Science 81, no. 2 (2007): 91–103.

MacKay, Barry Kent, and Liz White. “A Critical Analysis of Point Pelee National Park’s Rationale for Killing the Middle Island Cormorants.” Cormorant Defenders International (February 2008), 1–93.

Manzi, Maya, and Oliver T. Coomes. “Cormorant Fishing in Southwestern China: A Traditional Fishery under Siege.” American Geographical Society 92, no. 4 (October 2002): 597–603.

Mathew, W. M. “A Primitive Export Sector: Guano Production in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Peru.” Journal of Latin American Studies 9, no. 1 (May 1977): 35–57.

Matthews, L. H. “The Birds of South Georgia.” In The Discovery Reports, vol. 1, 561–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929.

McCullough, Russell D., James F. Farquhar, and Irene M. Mazzocchi. “Cormorant Management Activities in Lake Ontario’s Eastern Basin.” NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report (2010): section 13, 1–8.

McGrath, Susan. “Shoot-out at Little Galloo.” Smithsonian, February 2003, 72–78.

McIlwraith, Thomas. “Family Phalacrocoracidæ: Cormorants.” In The Birds of Ontario, 46–47. Hamilton, ON: A. Lawson, 1886.

McNab, Brian K. “Energy Conservation and the Evolution of Flightlessness in Birds.” American Naturalist 144, no. 4 (October 1994): 628–42.

Mercer, Dacey. “Phylogeography and Population Genetic Structure of Double-Crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus).” PhD diss., Oregon State University, 2008.

Moodie, Jim. “Cormorant Nests Dwindle on Huron Due to Natural Ebb and Vigilante Culls: MNR Survey Shows Nine Colonies ‘Shot Up’ on Georgian Bay, N. Channel.” Manitoulin Expositor, March 19, 2008. www.manitoulin.ca.

Murphy, Robert Cushman. “Notes on American Subantarctic Cormorants.” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35 (1916): 31–48.

Nemtzov, S. C. “Relocation of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus Using Scare Tactics to Reduce Conflict with Fish Farmers in the Bet She’an Valley, Israel.” Conservation Evidence 2 (2005): 3–5.

Newson, Stuart E., Graham R. Ekins, John H. Marchant, Mark M. Rehfisch, and Robin M. Sellers. “The Status of Inland and Coastal Breeding Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in England,” BTO Research Report, no. 433 (April 2006), 1–36.

Newson, Stuart E., Baz Hughes, Ian C. Russell, Graham R. Ekins, and Robin M. Sellers. “Sub-specific Differentiation and Distribution of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe.” Ardea 92, no. 1 (2004): 3–10.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Bureau of Fisheries and USGS, Biological Resources Division. “Final Report: To Assess the Impact of Double-Crested Cormorant Predation on the Smallmouth Bass and Other Fishes of the Eastern Basin of Lake Ontario” (February 1, 1999). 12 sections.

O’Connor, Helene. “Liam O’Flaherty: Literary Ecologist.” Éire-Ireland 7, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 47–54.

Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. “Phalacrocoracidæ.” In Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum, vol. 26, 330–410. London: Order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1898.

Olinger, John Peter. “The Guano Age in Peru.” History Today 30 (June 1980): 13–18.

Ontario Parks. “Annual Report on the Management of Double-Crested Cormorants at Presqu’ile Provincial Park,” 1–42. Queens Printer for Ontario (2006).

———. “Resource Management Implementation Plan High Bluff and Gull Islands,” 1–65. Queen’s Printer for Ontario (2011).

Palacios, Eduardo, and Eric Mellink. “Nesting Waterbirds on Islas San Martín and Todos Santos.” Western Birds 31 (2000): 184–89.

Palmer, Henry Spencer. “Cormorant Fishing in Japan.” In Letters from the Land of the Rising Sun, 167–75. Yokohama: Japan Mail, 1894.

Parsons, N. J., and L. G. Underhill. “Oiled and Injured African Penguins Spheniscus demersus and Other Seabirds Admitted for Rehabilitation in the Western Cape, South Africa, 2001 and 2002.” African Journal of Marine Science 27, no. 1 (2005): 289–96.

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UNPUBLISHED JOURNALS

Crowell, Nelson. Journal, May 8, 1852, through July 18, 1853. Log 850. Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT.

———. Journal, March 16, 1855, through November 20, 1856. Log 893. Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT.

Fish, Simeon G. Journal, June 4, 1856, through October 30, 1857. Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT.

WEBSITES

“Bank Cormorant, Phalacrocorax neglectus.” Michelle Du Toit, Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town. March 30, 2004. http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/species/bankcormorant.htm.

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“Spectacled Cormorant Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811.” 2005. National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden. http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=61.

“Ukai: Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River.” 2012. Gifu Convention and Visitors Bureau, Gifu, Japan. www.gifucvb.or.jp/en/01_sightseeing/01_01.html.

FILMS AND VIDEOS

“Birds of Dumpling Island.” Aqua Kids. Posted online November 14, 2011. www.youtube.com.

Collyns, Dan (reporter). “How a Peruvian Island Is Making Money from Bird Poo.” BBC News, September 2, 2010. www.bbcco.uk/news/business-11156842.

Conil, Chris. “Christian Funnell: Cormorant.” August 16, 2012. www.youtube.com.

“Cormorant Watch.” 2011. Angling Trust. www.cormorantwatch.org/video.html.

Dawkins, Richard. “Vestigial Organs: Wings of the Flightless Cormorant.” Richard Dawkins Foundation. May 5, 2010. www.youtube.com.

“Deep Dive.” Wildlife Conservation Society. July 31, 2012. www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/cormorant-deep-sea-dive.aspx.

Fougea, Frédéric (director/cowriter) and Zhu Xiao Ling (cowriter). He Dances for His Cormorants. Boréales Production, 1993.

“Lockheed Martin MPUAV Cormorant.” Lockheed Martin Corp., 2008. www.youtube.com.

Markham, Peter (director), and Peter Ransley (screenplay). The Cormorant. BBC television, 1993. www.youtube.com.

Postgate, Oliver, Peter Firmin, and Smallfilms. Noggin and the Ice Dragon. BBC television, c. 1982. www.youtube.com.

Sarigianopoulus, Rena (reporter). “Calls for Cormorant Control on Lake Waconia.” KARE 11 (NBC), October 19, 2011. www.kare11.com.

Satchell, Graham (reporter). “Thousands Sign Petition Calling for Cormorant Cull.” BBC News, February 22, 2012. www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17123858.

Weir, Peter (director and screenwriter). Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. Twentieth Century Fox, 2003.