Stamped from the Beginning

CHAPTER 25: THE BIRTH OF A NATION

1. W. E. B. Du Bois, “‘Refinement and Love,’” The Crisis, December 1916.

2. Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns, 8–15, 36–46, 160–168, 177–179, 217–221, 237–241, 249–251, 348–350; Carter G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration (Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1918), 180.

3. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 50–55.

4. Edward Byron Reuter, The Mulatto in the United States (Boston: Gorham Press, 1918), 58.

5. Somerville, “Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body,” 256–263.

6. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; Or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918), 16, 193, 226.

7. Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2009), 356–357.

8. Lewis M. Terman, The Measure of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Standard Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), 92.

9. Gossett, Race, 374–377.

10. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Reconstruction and Africa,” The Crisis, February 1919; Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 137.

11. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 84–86.

12. Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 10, 12–17, 56–59; Claude McKay, “If We Must Die,” Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173960.

13. Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 184.

14. Davis, Women, Race & Class, 123–125; Moreno, Black Americans and Organized Labor, 107–111; Timothy Johnson, “‘Death for Negro Lynching!’: The Communist Party, USA’s Position on the African American Question,” American Communist History 7, no. 2 (2008): 243–247.

15. Earl Ofari Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds: Race and Class in Conflict, 1919–1990 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1995).

16. W. E. B. Du Bois, Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920), 39, 73.

17. Ibid., 166, 168, 185–186.

18. White, Too Heavy a Load, 125–128.

19. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 20–23.

20. Ibid., 62–67; Edmund David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 64–67.

21. Russell-Cole et al., The Color Complex, 26, 30–32; Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 178; Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 66–71.

22. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 70–76.

23. Ibid., 77–84, 118–128, 148–152.

24. I. A. Newby, Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 55; Gossett, Race, 407.

25. Robert E. Park, “The Conflict and Fusion of Cultures with Special Reference to the Negro,” Journal of Negro History 4, no. 2 (1919): 129–130; W. E. B. Du Bois, The Gift of Black Folk: The Negro in the Making of America (Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1975), iv, 287, 320, 339.

CHAPTER 26: MEDIA SUASION

1. Lewis, W. E. B. Dubois, 1919–1963, 153–159, 161–166; Alain Locke, “The New Negro,” in The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance, ed. Alain Locke (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 15.

2. Rogers, The Black Campus Movement, 19, 23, 35–47.

3. Valerie Boyd, Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 116–119; Wallace Thurman, The Blacker the Berry (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).

4. Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” The Nation, June 1926.

5. David L. Lewis, When Harlem Was in Vogue (New York: Penguin, 1997), 180–189; W. E. B. Du Bois, “On Carl Van Vechten’s Nigger Heaven”, in W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader, 516; Carl Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000), 50.

6. Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven, 89, 90.

7. John Martin, John Martin Book of the Dance (New York: Tudor, 1963), 177–189.

8. Wiggins, Glory Bound, 183–184.

9. Angela Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Vintage, 1998); Giles Oakley, The Devil’s Music: A History of the Blues (New York: Da Capo, 1976).

10. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 214–220.

11. Donald Young, “Foreword,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): vii–viii.

12. Thorsten Sellin, “The Negro Criminal: A Statistical Note,” in ibid., 52–64.

13. Walter White, “The Color Line in Europe,” in ibid., 331.

14. Moreno, Black Americans and Organized Labor, 141–143; Johnson, “‘Death for Negro Lynching,’” 247–254; Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds, 29–40.

15. Claude G. Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln (Cambridge, MA: Riverside, 1929), vi.

16. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 320–324; W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 700, 725; Roediger, Wages of Whiteness.

17. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 349–378.

18. Ibid., 284–285; Vanessa H. May, Unprotected Labor: Household Workers, Politics, and Middle-Class Reform in New York, 1870–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 123.

19. Washington, Medical Apartheid, 194–202; Degler, In Search of Human Nature, 148–151, 202; Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 72–86.

20. Earnest Albert Hooton, Up from the Ape (New York: Macmillan, 1931), 593–594.

21. Roberts, Fatal Invention, 85–87; Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 100–108.

22. Lott, The Invention of Race, 10–13; “Monster Ape Pack Thrills in New Talkie,” Chicago Tribune, April 23, 1933; Blum and Harvey, The Color of Christ, 186–188.

23. González and Torres, News for All the People, 250–254; Melissa V. Harris-Perry, Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 88.

CHAPTER 27: OLD DEAL

1. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 256–265, 299–301, 306–311.

2. Ibid., 310–311; Davis, Women, Race & Class, 69; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Marxism and the Negro Problem,” The Crisis, May 1933; Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 103.

3. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 295–297, 300–314; Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 276–277; Carter G. Woodson, The Miseducation of the Negro (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2005), 55.

4. Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 107–109, 116.

5. Jacqueline Jones, American Work: Four Centuries of Black and White Labor (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 344.

6. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 36–61.

7. Degler, In Search of Human Nature, 167.

8. W. E. B. Du Bois, “On Being Ashamed,” The Crisis, September 1933; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Pan-Africa and New Racial Philosophy,” The Crisis, November 1933; W. E. B. Du Bois, “Segregation,” The Crisis, January 1934.

9. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Free Forum,” The Crisis, February 1934.

10. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Segregation in the North,” The Crisis, April 1934; Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 330–331, 335–349.

11. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 395–396.

12. Chris Mead, Joe Louis: Black Champion in White America (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1985), 68.

13. “Adolf Hitler, Jesse Owens, and the Olympics Myth of 1936,” History News Network, July 8, 2002, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/571; M. Dyreson, “American Ideas About Race and Olympic Races in the Era of Jesse Owens: Shattering Myths of Reinforcing Scientific Racism?,” International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 2 (2008): 251–253.

14. Dean Cromwell and Al Wesson, Championship Techniques in Track and Field (New York: Whittlesey House, 1941), 6; W. Montague Cobb, “Race and Runners,” Journal of Health and Physical Education 7 (1936): 3–7, 52–56; Patrick B. Miller, “The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement,” Journal of Sport History 25, no. 1 (1998): 126–135.

15. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 422–423; Robert L. Fleeger, “Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism, 1938–1947,” Journal of Mississippi History 68, no. 1 (2006): 8–11; Degler, In Search of Human Nature, 203–204.

16. Ruth Benedict, Race: Science and Politics (New York: Viking, 1940), v–vi.

17. W. E. B. Du Bois, ed., The Negro American Family (Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1908), 41; E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), xix.

18. Frazier, Negro Family, 41, 331, 355, 487–488.

19. Russell-Cole et al., The Color Complex, 51–54, 66; Byrd and Tharps, Hair Story, 44–47; Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Book, 1999), 55–57.

20. Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 17–31.

21. Harris-Perry, Sister Citizen, 76–77; Patricia Morton, Disfigured Images: The Historical Assault on Afro-American Women (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991), 6–7.

22. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 471–472; Richard Wright, Black Boy (New York: HarperPerennial, 1998), 37.

23. Richard H. King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals: 1940–1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 139; Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (Boston: Beacon Press, 1990), 1, 298.

24. Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (New York: HarperPerennial, 2008).

25. Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Novel (New York: Perennial Library, 1990), 14, 98–99, 144–145.

26. Mary Helen Washington, “Foreword,” in ibid., ix–xvii; Ralph Thompson, “Books of the Times,” New York Times, October 6, 1937; Sheila Hibben, “Book Review,” New York Herald Tribune, September 26, 1937.

27. Zora Neale Hurston, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” World Tomorrow, May 1928.

28. Washington, “Foreword,” ix–xvii.

29. King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 138–144.

30. Boyd, Wrapped in Rainbows, 345; James Baldwin, “Everybody’s Protest Novel,” Partisan Review 16 (1949): 578–585.

CHAPTER 28: FREEDOM BRAND

1. Jerry Gershenhorn, Melville J. Herskovits and the Racial Politics of Knowledge (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 142–152; Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 435–436.

2. Ibid., 448–449.

3. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, vol. 1 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), 48.

4. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 451–452; King, Race, Culture, and the Intellectuals, 132–133.

5. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, vol. 2 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), 751–752, 928–929.

6. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 510–515.

7. Fleeger, “Theodore G. Bilbo and the Decline of Public Racism,” 2–3.

8. Ibid., 1–4, 8, 13–27; Theodore G. Bilbo, Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization (Poplarville, MS: Dream House, 1947), 7–8.

9. Morton, Disfigured Images, 90–91.

10. M. F. Ashley Montagu, Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), 150–151; Degler, In Search of Human Nature, 80, 216–218; Zoë Burkholder, Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900–1954 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 4–11, 39–95; Yudell, Race Unmasked, 132–137.

11. Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ashley Montagu, “Natural Selection and the Mental Capacities of Mankind,” Science 105, no. 2736 (1947): 587–590; Hamilton Cravens, “What’s New in Science and Race Since the 1930s? Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism,” The Historian 72, no. 2 (2010): 315–318; Yudell, Race Unmasked, 111–132, 201–202.

12. UNESCO, Four Statements on the Race Question, UNESCO and Its Programme (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 30–43; Yudell, Race Unmasked, 148–167; Roberts, Fatal Invention, 43–45.

13. Harry S. Truman, “Address Before a Joint Session of Congress,” March 12, 1947, The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp; Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 26–46.

14. President’s Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights, 1947, 139, 147, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, www.trumanlibrary.org/civilrights/srights1.htm#contents; Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 529.

15. Harry S. Truman, “Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights,” February 2, 1948, at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13006; Robert A. Caro, Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. 2 (New York: Vintage, 1990), 125; Francis Njubi Nesbitt, Race for Sanctions: African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946–1994 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 9–10.

16. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 522–524, 528–534; Hutchinson, Betrayed, 62–70; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 43–46, 79–86.

17. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 91–102.

18. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit, Princeton Studies in American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 181–258; Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 49–51.

19. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 44–49; Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 113–141.

20. Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998), 35–36; Burkholder, Color in the Classroom, 137–170; Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 366–372.

21. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 545–554; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 6, 11–15, 28–29, 88–90.

22. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 63–66.

23. Ibid., 47–77.

24. Ibid., 77–78.

25. Ibid., 79, 90–91; Hutchinson, Betrayed, 75–76.

26. Abrahm Kardiner and Lionel Ovesey, The Mark of Oppression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1951).

27. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/case.html#T10.

28. Zora Neale Hurston, “Court Order Can’t Make Races Mix,” Orlando Sentinel, August 11, 1955; Boyd, Wrapped in Rainbows, 423–425.

29. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 102–114; Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 557; Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 261.

CHAPTER 29: MASSIVE RESISTANCE

1. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 557; Lewis V. Baldwin, There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1991), 45.

2. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie (New York: Free Press, 1962), 4, 221; E. Franklin Frazier, “The Failure of the Negro Intellectual,” in On Race Relations: Selected Writings of E. Franklin Frazier, ed. G. Franklin Edwards (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 270, 277; Stanley M. Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).

3. Malcolm X. “The Root of Civilization,” Audio Clip, http://shemsubireda.tumblr.com/post/55982230511/africa-is-a-jungleaint-that-what-they-say.

4. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie, 25.

5. Hutchinson, Betrayed, 84–87, 93; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 115–151; Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 277–278.

6. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 558–566.

7. Ibid., 557–558; Blum and Harvey, The Color of Christ, 205–213.

8. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 566.

9. Isaac Saney, “The Case Against To Kill a Mockingbird,” Race & Class 45, no. 1 (2003): 99–110.

10. Michaal Harrington, The Other America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 72, 76.

11. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 565–570.

12. Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 281–283; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 155–166.

13. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 96.

14. “The Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace,” January 14, 1963, http://media.al.com/spotnews/other/George%20Wallace%201963%20Inauguration%20Speech.pdf.

15. Oscar Handlin, “All Colors, All Creeds, All Nationalities, All New Yorkers,” New York Times, September 22, 1963.

16. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1963), 11, 35, 50–53, 84–85.

17. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.

18. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 169–187.

19. Ibid., 187–200, 216–219; Du Bois, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919, 2.

CHAPTER 30: THE ACT OF CIVIL RIGHTS

1. Angela Y. Davis, Angela Davis: An Autobiography (New York: International Publishers, 1988), 128–131.

2. Ibid., 77–99.

3. Ibid., 101–112.

4. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time (New York: Vintage, 1963).

5. Davis, Autobiography, 117–127.

6. Ibid., 128–131.

7. John F. Kennedy, “Statement by the President on the Sunday Bombing in Birmingham,” September 16, 1963, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9410.

8. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress,” November 27, 1963, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–64, vol. 1, entry 11 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965), 8–10.

9. Ossie Davis, “Eulogy for Malcolm X,” in Say It Loud: Great Speeches on Civil Rights and African American Identity, ed. Catherine Ellis and Stephen Smith (New York: New Press, 2010).

10. Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine, 1999), 369.

11. Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 290.

12. Moreno, Black Americans and Organized Labor, 252–258.

13. Michael K. Brown et al, Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 168–174.

14. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 208–214, 219–231; Malcolm X, “Appeal to African Heads of State,” in Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. George Breitman (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 76.

15. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 344.

16. Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 287–291; Barry M. Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1994), 67.

17. Chana Kai Lee, For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, Women in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 89, 99; Cleveland Sellers and Robert L. Terrell, The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990), 111.

18. “Baldwin Blames White Supremacy,” New York Post, February 22, 1965; Telegram from Martin Luther King Jr. to Betty al-Shabazz, February 26, 1965, The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/telegram_from_martin_luther_king_jr_to_betty_al_shabazz/.

19. Ossie Davis, “Eulogy for Malcolm X,” 29.

20. Eliot Fremont-Smith, “An Eloquent Testament,” New York Times, November 5, 1965; Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography.

21. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Commencement Address at Howard University: ‘To Fulfill These Rights,’” in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965, vol. 2, entry 301 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1966), 635–640.

22. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, DC: Office of Policy Planning and Research, US Department of Labor, 1965), 29–30, http://web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Moynihan’s%20The%20Negro%20Family.pdf.

23. US House of Representatives, “Voting Rights Act of 1965,” House Report 439, 89th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965), 3.

CHAPTER 31: BLACK POWER

1. “New Crisis: The Negro Family,” Newsweek, August 9, 1965; James T. Patterson, Freedom Is Not Enough: The Moynihan Report and America’s Struggle over Black Family Life—from LBJ to Obama (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 65–70.

2. Davis, Autobiography, 133–139; Russell-Cole et al. The Color Complex, 59–61.

3. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 3, 18–19, 167; Kenneth Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1965).

4. “Success Story, Japanese-American Style,” New York Times Magazine, January 9, 1966; “Success Story of One Minority Group in the U.S.,” US News and World Report, December 26, 1966; Daryl J. Maeda, Chains of Babylon: The Rise of Asian America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).

5. Byrd and Tharps, Hair Story.

6. Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 141–142.

7. “Dr. King Is Felled by Rock: 30 Injured as He Leads Protesters: Many Arrested in Race Clash,” Chicago Tribune, August 6, 1966.

8. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 146.

9. Roy Wilkins, “Whither ‘Black Power’?” The Crisis, August–September 1966, 354; “Humphrey Backs N.A.A.C.P. in Fight on Black Racism,” New York Times, July 7, 1966.

10. Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin, Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 70–73.

11. Malcolm McLaughlin, The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 6–9, 12; Jonathan M. Metzl, The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010); Marvin E. Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti, The Subculture of Violence: Toward an Integrated Theory in Criminology (London: Tavistock, 1967).

12. Premilla Nadasen, Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States (New York: Routledge, 2005), 135–138.

13. Davis, Autobiography, 149–151.

14. “New Black Consciousness Takes Over College Campus,” Chicago Defender, December 4, 1967.

15. Davis, Autobiography, 156–161.

16. Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” in Say It Loud, 41.

17. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 197–201.

18. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 17, 1968,” in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1968–1969 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1970), 30.

19. Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (New York: Dell, 1968), 101–111, 134, 159–163, 181, 187–188, 205–206.

20. Franz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 2008), 45; William H. Grier and Price M. Cobbs, Black Rage (New York: BasicBooks, 1968).

21. Andrew Billingsley, Black Families in White America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968), 33, 37.

22. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: New York Times Publications, 1968), 1–2, 389.

23. Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the US House of Representatives, Findings in the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 277, National Archives, www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-2-king-findings.html; Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 299–300; Hutchinson, Betrayed, 136–137, 144–145; González and Torres, News for All the People, 303–304.

24. Martin Luther King Jr., “Mountaintop Speech,” April 3, 1968, video, https://vimeo.com/3816635.

25. Davis, Autobiography, 160–178; Spiro T. Agnew, Opening Statement of Conference with Civil Rights and Community Leaders,” April 11, 1968, http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000012/000041/pdf/speech.pdf.

26. Rogers, The Black Campus Movement, 114; Hillel Black, The American Schoolbook (New York: Morrow, 1967), 106; Moreau, Schoolbook Nation.

27. Pablo Guzman, “Before People Called Me a Spic, They Called Me a Nigger,” in The Afro-Latin@ Reader: History and Culture in the United States, ed. Miriam Jimenez Roman and Juan Flores (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), 235–243; Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds, 257–258.

28. Frances Beale, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” in The Black Woman: An Anthology, ed. Toni Cade Bambara (New York: Washington Square Press, 2005), 109–122.

29. Davis, Autobiography, 180–191.

CHAPTER 32: LAW AND ORDER

1. Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 27; John Ehrlichman, Witness to Power: The Nixon Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 223.

2. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich, 27; Ehrlichman, Witness to Power, 223.

3. Davis, Autobiography, 216–223; Hutchinson, Betrayed, 145–149.

4. Davis, Autobiography, 250–255, 263–266.

5. “Academic Freedom and Tenure: The University of California at Los Angeles,” AAUP Bulletin 57, no. 3 (1971): 413–414; Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement,” Harvard Educational Review 39, no. 1 (1969): 82.

6. Davis, Autobiography, 270–273.

7. Ibid., 3–12, 277–279.

8. Byrd and Tharps, Hair Story, 60–63.

9. Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 69–111.

10. Cheryll Y. Greene and Marie D. Brown, “Women Talk,” Essence, May 1990; “President Nixon Said It Was ‘Necessary’ to Abort Mixed-Race Babies, Tapes Reveal,” Daily Telegraph, June 24, 2009.

11. Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 304–311; Toni Morrison, “What the Black Woman Thinks of Women’s Lib,” New York Times Magazine, August 1971; Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye (New York: Penguin, 1970); Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Random House, 1969).

12. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 273–275.

13. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 164–192.

14. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 60–62.

15. Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour, 283–293.

16. Davis, Autobiography, 359.

17. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010), 8; National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Task Force Report on Corrections (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 358.

18. “15000 at NY Angela Davis Rally,” The Militant, July 14, 1972.

19. Charles Herbert Stember, Sexual Racism: The Emotional Barrier to an Integrated Society (New York: Elsevier, 1976).

20. Audre Lorde, “Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” in Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, ed. Audre Lorde (Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press, 2007), 115.

21. Salamishah Tillet, “Black Feminism, Tyler Perry Style,” The Root, November 11, 2010, www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2010/11/a_feminist_analysis_of_tyler_perrys_for_colored_girls.html.

22. Alice Walker, The Color Purple: A Novel (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982).

23. Robert Staples, “The Myth of Black Macho: A Response to Angry Black Feminists,” The Black Scholar 10, no. 6/7 (March/April 1979): 24–33; Michele Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman (New York: Verso, 1990), 23, 107.

24. June Jordan, “To Be Black and Female,” New York Times, March 18, 1979; Angela Y. Davis, “Black Writers’ Views of America,” Fredomways 19, no. 3 (1979): 158–160; Wallace, Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman, xxi, 75.

25. Byrd and Tharps, Hair Story, 100–107.

26. Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 113–138.

27. Alex Haley, Roots: The Saga of an American Family (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976).

CHAPTER 33: REAGAN’S DRUGS

1. “‘Welfare Queen’ Becomes Issue in Reagan Campaign,” New York Times, February 15, 1976; “The Welfare Queen,” Slate, December 19, 2013, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/12/linda_taylor_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_notorious_american_villain.html.

2. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 61, 83–114; Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945–2006 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), 151–154.

3. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 164–192.

4. Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

5. Phyllis Ann Wallace, Linda Datcher-Loury, and Julianne Malveaux, Black Women in the Labor Force (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980), 67; William J. Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 2–3; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 76.

6. John Langston Gwaltney, Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black America (New York: Random House, 1980), xix; Mel Watkins, “Books of the Times: Blacks Less ‘Hateful’ Enlightened Interviews,” New York Times, September 2, 1980.

7. William Julius Wilson, “The Declining Significance of Race: Revisited & Revised,” Daedalus 140, no. 2 (2011): 67.

8. Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke; Robert Bork, “The Unpersuasive Bakke Decision,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 1978; Sean F. Reardon, Rachel Baker, and Daniel Klasik, Race, Income, and Enrollment Patterns in Highly Selective Colleges, 1982–2004 (Stanford, CA: Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2012), https://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/race%20income%20%26%20selective%20college%20enrollment%20august%203%202012.pdf.

9. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 165–171.

10. “Gus Hall and Angela Davis Lead Communist Party’s Ticket for ’80,” New York Times, November 20, 1979; Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds, 297–298.

11. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 171–175; “Angela Davis Says Get Tough with E. Bay Nazis,” Sun Reporter, September 20, 1979.

12. “Angela Davis Brings Vice Preisdential Campaign to UCLA—Where It All Began,” Los Angeles Times, August 7, 1980; Poster, “People Before Profits: A Campaign Rally Featuring Angela Davis,” 1980, Oakland Museum of California Collection, http://collections.museumca.org/?q=collection-item/201054471.

13. “Transcript of Ronald Reagan’s 1980 Neshoba County Fair Speech,” Neshoba Democrat, November 15, 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20110714165011/http://neshobademocrat.com/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=297&ArticleID=15599&TM=60417.67.

14. Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 113–138.

15. Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 311–312; Moreno, Black Americans and Organized Labor, 276–279; Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 179–181.

16. Edward O. Wilson, “What Is Sociobiology?,” Society, September/October 1978, 10; Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975).

17. Yudell, Race Unmasked, 179–200.

18. Davis, Women, Race & Class, 14, 18–19, 23, 31, 178–182; bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2014), 99.

19. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 136–137; Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 5–7, 49; Julian Roberts, “Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice,” in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 16, ed. Michael Tonry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Signing Executive Order 12368, Concerning Federal Drug Abuse Policy Functions,” June 24, 1982, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=42671.

20. “Davis Addresses Women’s Confab,” Washington Informer, August 22, 1984.

21. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 5–7, 51–53, 86–87, 206.

22. “Reagan Signs Anti-Drug Measure; Hopes for ‘Drug-Free Generation,’” New York Times, October 28, 1968, www.nytimes.com/1986/10/28/us/reagan-signs-anti-drug-measure-hopes-for-drug-free-generation.html.

23. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: New Press, 2006), 30–36; Human Rights Watch, Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, vol. 12, HRW Reports (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000); Christopher Ingraham, “White People Are More Likely to Deal Drugs, But Black People Are More Likely to Get Arrested for It,” Washington Post, September 30, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2014/09/30/white-people-are-more-likely-to-deal-drugs-but-black-people-are-more-likely-to-get-arrested-for-it/.

24. The Sentencing Project, “Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable,” April 1997.

25. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 22.

26. Gail Russell Chaddock, “U.S. Notches World’s Highest Incarceration Rate,” Christian Science Monitor, August 18, 2003; Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza, “Democratic Contradiction? Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States,” American Sociological Review 67 (2002): 777.

27. Craig Reinarman, “The Crack Attack: America’s Latest Drug Scare, 1986–1992,” in Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995), 162; Marc Maeur, Race to Incarcerate, 150–151; National Institute on Drug Use, Data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: Annual Data 1985, Statistical Series I, #5 (Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986); US Census Bureau, “Table 308: Homicide Trends,” https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/11s0308.xls; “Deaths from Drunken Driving Increase,” New York Times, October 29, 1987, www.nytimes.com/1987/10/29/us/deaths-from-drunken-driving-increase.html; Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 200–201.

28. CBS News, “The Vanishing Family: Crisis in Black America,” first aired in January 1986, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VHMHmhUdHs; Angela Y. Davis, Women, Culture & Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 75–85.

29. Gary Bauer, The Family: Preserving America’s Future (Washington, DC: US Department of Education, 1986), 35.

30. Eleanor Holmes Norton, “Restoring the Traditional Black Family,” New York Times, June 2, 1985.

CHAPTER 34: NEW DEMOCRATS

1. Henry Louis Gates Jr., “TV’s Black World Turns—but Stays Unreal,” New York Times, November 12, 1989.

2. Charles Krauthammer, “Children of Cocaine,” Washington Post, July 30, 1989.

3. Washington, Medical Apartheid, 212–215; “‘Crack Baby’ Study Ends with Unexpected but Clear Result,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 22, 2013, http://articles.philly.com/2013-07-22/news/40709969_1_hallam-hurt-so-called-crack-babies-funded-study.

4. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 212–213; Hutchinson, Betrayed, 189–190.

5. McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 1981; “New Look at Death Sentences and Race,” New York Times, April 29, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/us/29bar.html.

6. Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar, Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap, CultureAmerica (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 105–109, 146–155.

7. Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity, new rev. ed. (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1988), 1, 104–105.

8. Russell-Cole et al., The Color Complex, 37–39, 51–54, 90–101, 107–109, 166; Byrd and Tharps, Hair Story, 112; J. Randy Taraborrelli, Michael Jackson: The Magic, the Madness, the Whole Story, 1958–2009 (New York: Grand Central, 2009), 351.

9. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”; Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1242; Mari J. Matsuda, Where Is Your Body? And Other Essays on Race, Gender, and the Law (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 47; Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 7–10.

10. Dalton Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 25; Robert S. Ellyn, “Angela Davis’ Views,” Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1990; Sunday Times, December 6, 1992.

11. “Poverty and Norplant: Can Contraception Reduce the Underclass?” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 12, 1990; Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 17–18, 106–110, 116, 122, 244–245; Washington, Medical Apartheid, 206–212; Angela Davis, “Black Women and the Academy,” Callaloo 17, no. 2 (1994): 425–426.

12. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); Michele Wallace, “When Black Feminism Faces the Music, and the Music Is Rap,” New York Times, July 29, 1990.

13. Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 157–167.

14. Hutchinson, Betrayed, 192–198.

15. Jeffrey Toobin, “The Burden of Clarence Thomas,” New Yorker, September 27, 1993; Nancy Langston, “Clarence Thomas: A Method in His Message?” Holy Cross Journal of Law and Public Policy 1 (1996): 10–11; Clarence Thomas, My Grandfather’s Son: A Memoir (New York: Harper, 2007).

16. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 216–217; Earl Ofari Hutchinson, The Assassination of the Black Male Image (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 63–70; Duchess Harris, Black Feminist Politics from Kennedy to Clinton, Contemporary Black History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 90–98; White, Too Heavy a Load, 15–16.

17. Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 314; Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 184–185; Lawrence M. Mead, The New Politics of Poverty: The Nonworking Poor in America (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 142.

18. Washington, Medical Apartheid, 330–332, 337–346.

19. Joy James, “Introduction,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998), 9–10.

20. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 55; Adams and Sanders, Alienable Rights, 316–317.

21. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 223; “‘Cosby’ Finale: Not All Drama Was in the Streets,” Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-02/entertainment/ca-1105_1_cosby-show.

22. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Scribner’s, 1992); Hutchinson, Assassination, 55–60; Guerrero, Framing Blackness, 197–208; Derrick Bell, Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism (New York: Basic Books, 1992); Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993).

23. “Was It a ‘Riot,’ a ‘Disturbance,’ or a ‘Rebellion’?,” Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2007; Aldore Collier, “Maxine Waters: Telling It Like It Is in LA,” Ebony, October 1992; “Excerpts from Bush’s Speech on the Los Angeles Riots: ‘Need to Restore Order,’” New York Times, May 2, 1992; David M. Newman and Elizabeth Grauerholz, Sociology of Families, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2002), 18; “Clinton: Parties Fail to Attack Race Divisions,” Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1992; Washington, Medical Apartheid, 271–277.

24. “Sister Souljah’s Call to Arms,” Washington Post, May 13, 1992.

25. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 217.

26. Ibid., 226–227; Charles Murray, “The Coming White Underclass,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 1993.

27. Tupac Shakur, “Keep Ya Head Up,” 1994, www.songlyrics.com/tupac/keep-ya-head-up-lyrics/.

28. Angela Y. Davis, “Black Women and the Academy,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998), 222–231.

29. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 55–59; Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 218–219; Bill Clinton, “1994 State of the Union Address,” January 25, 1994, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou94.htm; Ben Schreckinger and Annie Karni, “Hillary’s Criminal Justice Plan: Reverse Bill’s Policies,” Politico, April 30, 2014, www.politico.com/story/2015/04/hillary-clintons-criminal-justice-plan-reverse-bills-policies-117488.html.

30. Hutchinson, Assassination; The Notorious B.I.G., “Juicy,” 1994, www.songlyrics.com/the-notorious-b-i-g/juicy-clean-lyrics/.

CHAPTER 35: NEW REPUBLICANS

1. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles A. Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994), xxv, 1–24, 311–312, 551; Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 270.

2. “Republican Contract with America,” 1994, see http://web.archive.org/web/19990427174200/ http://www.house.gov/house/Contract/CONTRACT.html.

3. Richard Lynn, “Is Man Breeding Himself Back to the Age of the Apes?,” in The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions, ed. Russell Jacoby and Naomi Glauberman (New York: Times Books, 1995), 356; Ulrich Neisser, Gwyneth Boodoo, Thomas J. Bouchard Jr., A. Wade Boykin, Nathan Brody, Stephen J. Ceci, Diane F. Halpern, John C. Loehlin, Robert Perloff, Robert J. Sternberg, and Susana Urbina, “Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns,” American Psychologist 51 (1996): 77–101.

4. Marina Budhos, “Angela Davis Appointed to Major Chair,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 7 (1995): 44–45; Manning Marable, “Along the Color Line: In Defense of Angela Davis,” Michigan Citizen, April 22, 1995.

5. Dinesh D’Souza, The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society (New York: Free Press, 1995), vii–viii, 22–24, 441.

6. Hutchinson, Assassination, 152–161.

7. “Professors of Hate: Academia’s Dirty Secret,” Rolling Stone, October 20, 1994; Jessie Daniels, Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights, Perspectives on a Multiracial America (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 41–53, 61–63, 96, 159–167, 174–182.

8. B. W. Burston, D. Jones, and P. Roberson-Saunders, “Drug Use and African Americans: Myth Versus Reality,” Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 40 (1995), 19–39; Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 122–125; John J. Dilulio Jr., “The Coming of the Super Predators,” Weekly Standard, November 27, 1995.

9. Allen Hughes and Albert Hughes, Menace II Society, May 26, 1993.

10. “Black Women Are Split over All-Male March on Washington,” New York Times, October 14, 1995.

11. Mumia Abu-Jamal, Live from Death Row (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 4–5.

12. “August 12 ‘Day of Protest’ Continues Despite Mumia’s Stay of Execution,” Sun Reporter, August 10, 1995; Kathleen Cleaver, “Mobilizing for Mumia Abu-Jamal in Paris,” in Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy, ed. Kathleen Cleaver and George N. Katsiaficas (New York: Routledge, 2001), 51–68.

13. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 228–231.

14. Michael O. Emerson and Christian Smith, Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 63–133; Bill Clinton, “Remarks at the University of Texas at Austin, October 16, 1995,” in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1995, bk. 2 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1996), 1600–1604.

15. John Mica and Barbara Cubin, “Alligators and Wolves,” in Welfare: A Documentary History of U.S. Policy and Politics, ed. Gwendolyn Mink and Rickie Solinger (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 622.

16. Randall Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Pantheon, 2002), 41–43.

17. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 220–221; “Prop. 209 Backer Defends Use of King in Ad,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1996.

18. Roger Ebert, “Set It Off,” November 8, 1996, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/set-it-off-1996.

19. William J. Clinton, “Commencement Address at the University of California San Diego in La Jolla, California,” June 14, 1997, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=54268.

20. “At Million Woman March, Focus Is on Family,” New York Times, October 26, 1997.

21. Jim Sleeper, Liberal Racism (New York: Viking, 1997); Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 5–17, 21, 153–160; Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Race Card: White Guilt, Black Resentment, and the Assault on Truth and Justice (Rocklin, CA: Prima, 1997); Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail M. Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 494, 500, 539.

CHAPTER 36: 99.9 PERCENT THE SAME

1. Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).

2. Angela Y. Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998); David Nicholson, “Feminism and the Blues,” Washington Post, February 12, 1998; Francis Davis, “Ladies Sing the Blues,” New York Times, March 8, 1998.

3. “Angela Davis, Still Carrying the Torch in 2000,” Lesbian News, April 2000; Angela Y. Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003), 7–8, 15–16.

4. John H. McWhorter, Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America (New York: Free Press, 2000), 13; “Original Oakland Resolution on Ebonics,” December 18, 1996, http://linguistlist.org/topics/ebonics/ebonics-res1.html.

5. Robert Williams, “Ebonics as a Bridge to Standard English,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 28, 1997.

6. “Black English Is Not a Second Language, Jackson Says,” New York Times, December 23, 1996, www.nytimes.com/1996/12/23/us/black-english-is-not-a-second-language-jackson-says.html; “LSA Resolution on the Oakland ‘Ebonics’ Issue,” 1997, Linguistic Society of America, www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/lsa-resolution-oakland-ebonics-issue.

7. Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002).

8. McWhorter, Losing the Race, x, 124–125, 195.

9. John H. McWhorter, Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority (New York: Gotham Books, 2003), xii–xiii, 33–35, 262–264.

10. “Remarks Made by the President, Prime Minister Tony Blair of England (via satellite), Dr. Francis Collins, Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, and Dr. Craig Venter, President and Chief Scientific Officer, Celera Genomics Corporation, on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project,” June 26, 2000, https://www.genome.gov/10001356.

11. Nicholas Wade, “For Genome Mappers, the Tricky Terrain of Race Requires Some Careful Navigating,” New York Times, July 20, 2001.

12. Reanne Frank, “Forbidden or Forsaken? The (Mis)Use of a Forbidden Knowledge Argument in Research on Race, DNA, and Disease,” in Genetics and the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History, ed. Alondra Nelson, Keith Wailoo, and Catherine Lee (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012), 315–316; Roberts, Fatal Invention, 4, 50–54; Nicholas Wade, A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race, and Human History (New York: Penguin, 2014); Yudell, Race Unmasked, ix–xi.

13. United States, Initial Report to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, September 2000, www1.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/cerdinitial.html; Bob Herbert, “In America; Keep Them Out!” New York Times, December 7, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/12/07/opinion/in-america-keep-them-out.html; Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 236–237.

14. Ibid., 249–250; Randall Robinson, The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks (New York: Dutton, 2000).

15. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 240–243.

16. Dave Chappelle, “Black White Supremacist,” Comedy Central, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQtysS7fB4k.

17. Roediger, How Race Survived U.S. History, 215; Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 243–246.

18. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 247.

19. Donna Lieberman, “School to Courthouse,” New York Times, December 8, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/opinion/sunday/take-police-officers-off-the-school-discipline-beat.html?_r=0; P. L. Thomas, Ignoring Poverty in the U.S.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Education (Charlotte, NC: Information Age Pub, 2012), 186–187.

20. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 247–248; Michael Eric Dyson, Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? (New York: BasicCivitas, 2005); Micheal E. Dyson, “The Injustice Bill Cosby Won’t See,” Washington Post, July 21, 2006.

21. “Transcript: Illinois Senate Candidate Barack Obama,” Washington Post, July 27, 2004.

CHAPTER 37: THE EXTRAORDINARY NEGRO

1. Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), 98–100.

2. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Worst Movie of the Decade,” The Atlantic, December 30, 2009, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2009/12/worst-movie-of-the-decade/32759/; John McWhorter, “Racism in America Is Over,” Forbes, December 30, 2008, www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html.

3. “Washing Away,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, June 23–27, 2002; Daniels, Cyber Racism, 117–155; Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt, 2007).

4. “‘Racist’ Police Blocked Bridge and Forced Evacuees Back at Gunpoint,” Independent (London), September 11, 2005.

5. George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown, 2010), 325–326; Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 251–256.

6. Larry Elder, “Katrina, The Race Card, and the Welfare State,” WND, September 8, 2005, www.wnd.com/2005/09/32236/.

7. Harris-Perry, Sister Citizen, 157–179.

8. Angela Locke, “Angela Davis: Not Just a Fair-Weather Activist,” Off Our Backs 37, no. 1 (2007): 66–68.

9. “Imus Isn’t the Real Bad Guy,” Kansas City Star, April 11, 2007.

10. “NAACP Symbolically Buries N-Word,” Washington Post, July 9, 2007.

11. “Biden’s Description of Obama Draws Scrutiny,” CNN, February 9, 2007, www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/31/biden.obama/; Roediger, How Race Survived U.S. History, 216; H. Samy Alim and Geneva Smitherman, Articulate While Black: Barack Obama, Language, and Race in the U.S. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 31–44.

12. Harris-Perry, Sister Citizen, 273–277; The New Yorker, July 21, 2008.

13. “Obama’s Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11,” ABC News, March 13, 2008, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/DemocraticDebate/story?id=4443788.

14. Robert M. Entman and Andrew Rojecki, The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 33–60.

15. Joy DeGruy, Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing (Portland: Joy DeGruy, 2005); Jay S. Kaufman and Susan A. Hall, “The Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis: Dissemination and Appeal of a Modern Race Theory,” Epidemiology 14, no. 1 (2003): 111–118; “Doctors Claim ‘Hood Disease’ Afflicts Inner-City Youth,” NewsOne, May 17, 2014, http://newsone.com/3010041/doctors-claim-hood-disease-afflicts-inner-city-youth/.

16. Barack Obama, “Transcript: Barack Obama’s Speech on Race,” NPR, March 18, 2008, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88478467.

17. “What Should Obama Do About Rev. Jeremiah Wright?” Salon, April 29, 2008, www.salon.com/2008/04/29/obama_wright/; “Huckabee Defends Obama . . . and the Rev. Wright,” ABC News, March 20, 2008, http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/03/huckabee-defend.html; Michelle Bernard, “Hardball with Chris Mathews,” MSNBC, March 21, 2008; John McCain, “Hardball College Tour at Villanova University,” MSNBC, April 15, 2008; Charles Murray, “Have I Missed the Competition?” National Review Online, March 18, 2008; Newt Gingrich, “The Obama Challenge: What Is the Right Change to Help All Americans Pursue Happiness and Create Prosperity,” speech at the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, March 27, 2008, transcript, https://web.archive.org/web/20080404112807/http://newt.org/tabid/102/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/3284/Default.aspx.

18. “Text of Obama’s Fatherhood Speech,” Politico, June 15, 2008, www.politico.com/story/2008/06/text-of-obamas-fatherhood-speech-011094; Michael Eric Dyson, “Obama’s Rebuke of Absentee Black Fathers,” Time, June 19, 2008.

19. “Life Expectancy Gap Narrows Between Blacks, Whites,” Los Angeles Times, June 5, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/05/science/la-sci-life-expectancy-gap-20120606; “Michelle Alexander: More Black Men Are in Prison Today Than Were Enslaved in 1850,” Huffington Post, October 12, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/12/michelle-alexander-more-black-men-in-prison-slaves-1850_n_1007368.html; Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 174–176.

20. “On Revolution: A Conversation Between Grace Lee Boggs and Angela Davis,” March 2, 2012, University of California, Berkeley, video and transcript, www.radioproject.org/2012/02/grace-lee-boggs-berkeley/.

21. John McWhorter, “Racism in America Is Over,” Forbes, December 30, 2008, www.forbes.com/2008/12/30/end-of-racism-oped-cx_jm_1230mcwhorter.html.

EPILOGUE

1. “Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History,” Pew Research Center, April 30, 2009, www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/30/dissecting-the-2008-electorate-most-diverse-in-us-history/; “Youth Vote May Have Been Key in Obama’s Win,” NBC News, November 5, 2008, www.nbcnews.com/id/27525497/ns/politics-decision_08/t/youth-vote-may-have-been-key-obamas-win/#.VgyfvstVhBc.

2. “Obama Hatred at McCain-Palin Rallies: ‘Terrorist!’ ‘Kill Him!’” Huffington Post, November 6, 2008, www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/06/mccain-does-nothing-as-cr_n_132366.html.

3. Michael C. Dawson, Not in Our Lifetimes: The Future of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 91; Jones, Dreadful Deceit, 290–292; Jill Lepore, The Whites of Their Eyes: The Tea Party’s Revolution and the Battle over American History, Public Square Book Series (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 3–4; Daniels, Cyber Racism, 3–5; “White Supremacists More Dangerous to America Than Foreign Terrorists,” Huffington Post, June 24, 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/24/domestic-terrorism-charleston_n_7654720.html.

4. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President to the NAACP Centennial Convention,” July 16, 2009, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-naacp-centennial-convention-07162009; “Obama: Police Who Arrested Professor ‘Acted Stupidly,” CNN, July 23, 2009, www.cnn.com/2009/US/07/22/harvard.gates.interview/; Glenn Beck, “Fox Host Glenn Beck: Obama Is a ‘Racist,’” July 28, 2009, www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/07/28/fox-host-glenn-beck-obama_n_246310.html.

5. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” The Atlantic, June 2014; Janet Mock, Redefining Realness: My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love & So Much More (New York: Atria Books, 2014), 258.

6. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 6–7, 138, 214–222.

7. “Richard Sherman: Thug Is Now ‘The Accepted Way of Calling Somebody the N-Word,’” Huffington Post, January 22, 2014, www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/22/richard-sherman-thug-n-word-press-conference_n_4646871.html.

8. “Meet the Woman Who Coined #BlackLivesMatter,” USA Today, March 4, 2015, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/.

9. Garrison, An Address, Delivered Before the Free People of Color, 5–6.

10. Du Bois, “My Evolving Program for Negro Freedom,” 70; Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 1:48.

11. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Negro Nation Within the Nation,” Current History 42 (1935): 265–270.