Bibliography

Manuscript Sources

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.

American Broadsides and Ephemera Collection

Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass.

“Civil War Letters of Henry Ropes”

“Reports, Letters, and Papers Appertaining to 20th Mass. Vol. Inf.,” 2 vols.

Bowdoin College Library, Special Collections & Archives, Brunswick, Maine

Oliver O. Howard Papers

Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

William Aughinbaugh Journals

George W. Barr Papers

Andrew Brockway Papers

Davis E. Castle Journals

William Dickson Papers

Joseph Hooker Papers

Robert E. Miller Papers

Hugh and George Roden Papers

George T. Stevens Papers

Edward Hitchcock Wade Papers

Dickinson College, Archives and Special Collections, Carlisle, Pa.

Jacob Frick and Eli Slifer Correspondence

Gettysburg National Military Park Library, Gettysburg, Pa.

Jacob L. Bechtel Collection

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Abraham Barker Collection, Philadelphia Free Military School

James Cornell Biddle Letters

William F. Biddle Papers

John R. Brooke Papers

Adolph F. Cavada Diary

Salmon P. Chase Papers

Richard H. Coolidge Letterbook

John Gibbon Papers

Andrew A. Humphreys Papers

George G. Meade Collection

Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.

John P. Nicholson Collection

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Civil War Sheet Music Collection

Manuscript Division

76th New York Collection

Associated Survivors of the Sixth US Army Corps Collection

John C. Babcock Papers

Joseph J. Bartlett Letter

James G. Bennett Papers

Biddle Family Papers

Burbank—Van Voorhis Family Collection

Zachariah Chandler Papers

John Covode Papers

Samuel Wylie Crawford Papers

Wilbur Fisk Papers

William B. Franklin Papers

Friedrich Otto Fritsch Papers

Harold C. George Collection

Gibson—Getty—McClure Families Papers

George A. Hanson Papers

James A. Hardie Papers

John P. Hatch Papers

Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers

Ethan A. Hitchcock Papers

Joseph Holt Papers

Henry J. Hunt Papers

Reverdy Johnson Papers

Philip Kearny Papers

Abraham Lincoln Papers

Joseph K. F. Mansfield Collection

George B. McClellan Papers

Alfred Pleasonton Collection

Orlando Poe Papers

Fitz John Porter Papers

Josiah W. Ripley Papers

Alexander Shaler Collection

Society of the Army of the Potomac Collection

Edwin V. Sumner Papers

Charles C. Suydam Papers

Benjamin F. Wade Papers

Alfred R. Waud Papers

Henry Wilson Papers

Prints and Photographs Division

Rare Book and Special Collections Division

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

Record Group 15, Records of the Veterans Administration

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Compiled Military Service Records

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Uberto A. Burnham Papers

William Dennis Letters

James S. Dougall Letter

W. A. Francis Scrapbook

William H. Gilder Letters

Charles Hamlin Letters

Calvin A. Haynes Letters

Daniel Heiner Letter

John L. Houck Papers

Archibald McDougall Papers

Spencer Murray Letter

Fitz John Porter Collection

Adrian Root General Order

Peter Henry Silvester Letters

Byron F. Strong Letters

Cyrenus G. Tyler Letter

Gouverneur K. Warren Papers

Fernando Wood Letter

Ohio History Connection, Columbus, Ohio

Correspondence to the Governor and Adjutant General, 1861–1866, Series 147

Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, Pa.

Record Group 19, Department of Military and Veterans’ Affairs

Adjutant General, Commissions File, 1861–1929

Adjutant General, General Correspondence, 1793–1934

Record Group 26, Department of State

Return Books of Soldiers’ Votes, 1861–1865, 1918

Philadelphia Civil War Library and Museum, Philadelphia, Pa.

Louis R. Fortescue Diary

Charles Herring Papers

Francis A. Walker Papers

U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa.

David Bell Birney Papers

William T. H. Brooks Papers

Civil War Document Collection

Joseph D. Baker Papers

Samuel Beddall Diary

Charles Chapin Diary

Oscar Cram Papers

James W. Davis

James E. Decker Papers

Andrew H. Embler Papers

Benjamin F. Fisher Papers

William H. French Letter

Abel Godard Papers

Charles Goodwin Papers

Joseph S. Graham Diary

Jay Luvaas Collection

Robert Taggart Diary

William M. Martindell Papers

Ralph G. Newman Collection

Joseph N. Pierson Papers

John M. Steffan Papers

Peter Triem Diary

William H. Walling Papers

Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wis.

“Quiner Scrapbooks: Correspondence of the Wisconsin Volunteers, 1861–1865,” 10 vols.

Newspapers

Albany Atlas & Argus

Albany Journal

Altoona Tribune (Altoona, Pa.)

Alexandria Gazette (Alexandria, Va.)

Alleghenian (Ebensburg, Pa.)

Ann Arbor Journal (Ann Arbor, Mich.)

Atlantic Register and Cape May County Register (Absecon, N.J.)

Barnstable Patriot (Barnstable, Mass.)

Bedford Gazette (Bedford, Pa.)

Belmont Chronicle (St. Clairsville, Ohio)

Berkshire County Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.)

Boston Evening Transcript

Boston Herald

Boston Post

Boston Traveler

Burlington Free Press (Burlington, Vt.)

Cecil Whig (Elkton, Md.)

Centinel of Freedom (Newark, N.J.)

Centre Reporter (Centre Hall, Pa.)

Chicago Times (Chicago, Ill.)

Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Ill.)

Chilton Times (Chilton, Wis.)

Cincinnati Commercial Tribune

Cincinnati Daily Enquirer

Cincinnati Daily Gazette

Civilian & Telegraph (Cumberland, Md.)

Clearfield Republican (Clearfield, Pa.)

Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio)

Cleveland Plain Dealer

Columbian Register (New Haven, Conn.)

Commonwealth (Frankfort, Ky.)

Connecticut Courant (Hartford, Conn.)

Constitution (Middletown, Conn.)

Corning Journal (Corning, N.Y.)

Courier Freeman (Potsdam, N.Y.)

Daily Age (Philadelphia, Pa.)

Daily Albany Argus

Daily Constitutional Union (Washington, D.C.)

Daily Eastern Argus (Portland, Maine)

Daily Evansville Journal (Evansville, Ind.)

Daily Evening Bulletin (Philadelphia, Pa.)

Daily Evening Traveller (Boston, Mass.)

Daily Gazette (Janesville, Wis.)

Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, W.Va.)

Daily Journal (Ogdensburgh, N.Y.)

Daily Mariettian (Marietta, Pa.)

Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.)

Daily News and Reformer (Watertown, N.Y.)

Daily Ohio Statesman (Columbus, Ohio)

Daily Patriot and Union (Harrisburg, Pa.)

Daily Sentinel (Indianapolis, Ind.)

Daily State Gazette and Republican (Trenton, N.J.)

Delaware Gazette (Delaware, Ohio)

Delaware State Journal and Statesman (Wilmington, Del.)

Democrat and Sentinel (Ebensburg, Pa.)

Democratic Banner (Clearfield, Pa.)

Democratic Watchman (Bellefonte, Pa.)

Door County Advocate (Sturgeon Bay, Wis.)

Erie Observer (Erie, Pa.)

Evening Post (New York, N.Y.)

Evening Star (Washington, D.C.)

Evening Telegraph (Harrisburg, Pa.)

Flag of Our Union (Boston, Mass.)

Free Press (Burlington, Vt.)

Freeman’s Journal (Cooperstown, N.Y.)

Grand Haven News (Grand Haven, Mich.)

Green Mt. Freeman (Montpelier, Vt.)

Hancock Jeffersonian (Findlay, Ohio)

Hartford Daily Courant (Hartford, Conn.)

Hillsdale Standard (Hillsdale, Mich.)

Hornellsville Tribune (Hornellsville, N.Y.)

Huntingdon Globe (Huntingdon, Pa.)

Illinois Staats-Zeitung

Independent Democrat (Concord, N.H.)

Indiana State Sentinel (Indianapolis, Ind.)

Irish American (New York, N.Y.)

Jackson Standard (Jackson Court House, Ohio)

Jeffersonian (Stroudsburg, Pa.)

Juneau County Argus (New Lisbon, Wis.)

Juniata Sentinel (Juniata, Pa.)

Lake Village Times (Laconia, N.H.)

Lancaster Gazette (Lancaster, Ohio)

Lancaster Inquirer (Lancaster, Pa.)

Lancaster Intelligencer (Lancaster, Pa.)

Lansing State Republican (Lansing, Mich.)

Lebanon Advertiser (Lebanon, Pa.)

Lehigh Register (Lehigh, Pa.)

Lowville Republican (Lowville, N.Y.)

Loyal Sunrise (Presque Isle, Maine)

Maine Farmer (Augusta, Maine)

Manchester Daily Mirror (Manchester, N.H.)

Marshall Statesman (Marshall, Mich.)

Mexico Independent (Mexico, N.Y.)

Milwaukee Daily Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wis.)

Miner’s Journal (Pottsville, Pa.)

Mount Vernon Republican (Mount Vernon, Ohio)

Mount Vernon Democratic Banner (Mount Vernon, Ohio)

National Aegis (Worcester, Mass.)

National Republican (Washington, D.C.)

Newark Daily Advertiser (Newark, N.J.)

New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, N.H.)

New Haven Daily Palladium (New Haven. Conn.)

New London Daily Chronicle (New London, Conn.)

New York Herald

New-York Reformer (Watertown, N.Y.)

New York Semi-Weekly Express

New York Sunday Mercury

New York Times

New York Tribune

New York World

North Branch Democrat (Tunkhannock, Pa.)

Ogdensburgh Journal (Ogdensburgh, N.Y.)

Oswego Daily Palladium (Oswego, N.Y.)

Ottawa Free Trader (Ottawa, Ill.)

Palladium (Malone, N.Y.)

Patriot (Harrisburg, Pa.)

Peninsula Courier (Ann Arbor, Mich.)

Pennsylvania Daily Telegraph (Harrisburg, Pa.)

Philadelphia Inquirer

Philadelphia Press

Pittsburgh Daily Gazette & Advertiser

Portage County Democrat (Ravenna, Ohio)

Portland Daily Press (Portland, Maine)

Potter Journal (Coudersport, Pa.)

Presbyterian Banner (Pittsburgh, Pa.)

Providence Evening Press

Public Ledger (Philadelphia, Pa.)

Racine Weekly Advocate (Racine, Wis.)

Raftsman’s Journal (Clearfield, Pa.)

Reading Gazette and Democrat (Reading, Pa.)

Reporter and Tribune (Washington, Pa.)

Republican (Ogdensburgh, N.Y.)

Republican Compiler (Gettysburg, Pa.)

Republican Journal (Belfast, Maine)

Rockland County Journal (Nyack, N.Y.)

Rutland Weekly Herald (Rutland, Vt.)

Sandusky Register (Sandusky, Ohio)

Spirit of Democracy (Woodsfield, Ohio)

Sunbury American (Sunbury, Pa.)

Tioga County Agitator (Wellsboro, Pa.)

Toledo Daily Commercial (Toledo, Ohio)

Trenton State Gazette (Trenton, N.J.)

Union and Advertiser (Rochester, N.Y.)

Union and Journal (Biddeford, Maine)

Union County Star and Lewisburg Chronicle (Lewisburg, Pa.)

Union Democrat (Manchester, N.H.)

Urbana Union (Urbana, Ohio)

Utica Morning Herald (Utica, N.Y.)

Vermont Watchman and State Journal (Montpelier, Vt.)

Village Record (Waynesboro, Pa.)

Washington Chronicle (Washington, D.C.)

Washington Reporter (Washington, Pa.)

Waynesburg Republican (Waynesburg, Pa.)

Weekly Mariettian (Marietta, Pa.)

Weekly Patriot and Union (Harrisburg, Pa.)

Weekly Times (Troy, N.Y.)

Weekly Wabash Express (Terra Haute, Ind.)

Weekly Wisconsin Patriot (Madison, Wis.)

Wellsboro Agitator (Wellsboro, Pa.)

Western Reserve Chronicle (Warren, Ohio)

West Jersey Press (Camden, N.J.)

Wisconsin Daily Patriot (Madison, Wis.)

Wood County Reporter (Grand Rapids, Wis.)

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———. Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies, and Treason Trials in the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984.

———. The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.

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———. Old Waddy’s Coming!: The Military Career of Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth. Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002.

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———. This Regiment of Heroes: A Compilation of Primary Materials Pertaining to the 124th New York State Volunteers in the American Civil War. Montgomery, N.Y.: C. J. LaRocca, 1991.

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———. Lincoln’s Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

———. Lincoln’s Mercenaries: Economic Motivation among Union Soldiers during the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018.

———. The Great Task Remaining: The Third Year of Lincoln’s War. Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.

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———. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

———. Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief. New York: Penguin Books, 2009.

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———. Patriotism Limited 1862–1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1967.

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———. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties. Oxford: New York University Press, 1991.

———. Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

———. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.

———. The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.

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———. Before Antietam: The Battle for South Mountain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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———. God’s Almost Chosen People: A Religious History of the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

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———. George Gordon Meade and the War in the East. Abilene: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003.

———. McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.

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———. Baring the Iron Hand: Discipline in the Union Army. DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.

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———. The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May 7–12, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.

———. Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 25–June 3, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002.

———. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000.

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———. Controversies and Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.

———. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

———. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1983.

———. Lincoln’s Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac. Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.

———. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992.

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———. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.

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Smith, Adam I. P. No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

———. The Stormy Present: Conservatism and the Problem of Slavery in Northern Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.

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———. The Ordeal of Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

———. The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849–1861. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

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———. The Last Citadel: Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.

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———. Peacekeepers and Conquerors: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1821–1846. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013.

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———. Lincoln and His Generals. New York: Random House, 1952.

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———. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

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———. While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.

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Dissertations and Theses

Brodrecht, Grant R. “‘Our Country’: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction.” PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2008.

Horner, Jennifer Ruth. “Blood and Ballots: Military Voting and Political Communication in the Union Army during the United States Civil War, 1861–1865.” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2006.

Romaneski, Jonathan M. “Importing Napoleon: Engineering the American Military Nation, 1814–1821.” PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2017.

Stowe, Christopher S. “A Philadelphia Gentleman: The Cultural, Institutional, and Political Socialization of George Gordon Meade.” PhD diss., University of Toledo, 2005.

Articles and Chapters

Altavilla, Keith. “Shoot Every D___d Copperhead: Union Soldiers and Antiwar Dissent in the Ohio Valley.” Ohio Valley History 12, no. 4 (Winter 2012): 19–39.

Andreasan, Bryon C. “Civil War Church Trials: Repressing Dissent on the Northern Home Front.” In An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front, edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, 214–42. New York: Fordham University Press, 2002.

Appleby, Joyce. “Republicanism and Ideology.” American Quarterly 37, no. 4 (Autumn 1985): 461–73.

Binder, Frederick M. “Philadelphia’s Free Military School.” Pennsylvania History 17, no. 4 (October 1950): 281–91.

Blair, William A. “The Seven Days and the Radical Persuasion: Convincing Moderates in the North of the Need for a Hard War.” In The Richmond Campaign of 1862: The Peninsula and the Seven Days, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 153–80. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

Boritt, Gabor S. “Unfinished Work: Lincoln, Meade, and Gettysburg.” In Lincoln’s Generals, edited by Gabor S. Borritt, 81–120. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Brooke, John L. “Reason and Passion in the Public Sphere: Habermas and the Cultural Historians.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29, no. 1 (Summer 1998): 43–67.

Bruce, Susannah Ural. “‘Remember Your Country and Keep up Its Credit’: Irish Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865.” Journal of Military History 69, no. 2 (April 2005): 331–59.

Burcher, William M. “A History of Soldier Voting in the State of New York.” New York History 25, no. 4 (October 1944): 459–81.

Cowden, Joanna D. “The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut.” New England Quarterly 56, no. 4 (December 1983): 544–48.

Dinkelaker, Jacob. “He Could Not Consciously Endorse: Colonel Constable, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Politics of Emancipation within the Union Army.” Unpublished manuscript provided by author.

Downs, Gregory P. “The Mexicanization of American Politics: The United States’ Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization.” American Historical Review 117, no. 2 (April 2012): 387–409.

Downs, Lynwood G. “The Soldier Vote and Minnesota Politics, 1862–65.” Minnesota History 26, no. 3 (September 1945): 187–210.

Engle, Stephen D. “‘It Is Time for the States to Speak to the Federal Government’: The Altoona Conference and Emancipation.” Civil War History 58, no. 4 (December 2012): 416–50.

Formisano, Ronald P. “The Concept of Political Culture.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (Winter 2001): 393–426.

———. “The Invention of the Ethnocultural Interpretation.” American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (April 1994): 453–77.

Fry, Zachery A. “McClellan’s Epidemic: Disease and Discord at Harrison’s Landing, July–August 1862.” Civil War History 64, no. 1 (March 2018): 7–29.

———. “Philadelphia’s Free Military School and the Radicalization of Wartime Officer Education, 1863–64.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 141, no. 3 (October 2017): 275–96.

Glatthaar, Joseph T. “A Tale of Two Armies: The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac and Their Cultures.” Journal of the Civil War Era 6, no. 3 (September 2016): 317–27.

Greene, A. Wilson, “Morale, Maneuver, and Mud: The Army of the Potomac, December 16, 1862–January 26, 1863.” In The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 171–227. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

Grimsley, Mark. “Lincoln as Commander in Chief: Forays into Generalship.” In The War Worth Fighting: Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency and Civil War America, edited by Stephen D. Engle, 62–88. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2016.

———. “Wars for the American South: The First and Second Reconstructions Considered as Insurgencies.” Civil War History 58, no. 1 (March 2012): 6–36.

Grinspan, Jon. “‘Young Men for War’: The Wide Awakes and Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential Campaign.” Journal of American History 96, no. 2 (September 2009): 357–78.

Gutknecht, David. “Urban Legend: The Army of the Potomac and the New York Draft Riots.” Gettysburg Magazine 48 (January 2013): 84–93.

Hanna, William F. “The Boston Draft Riot.” Civil War History 36, no. 3 (September 1990): 262–73.

Hartwig, D. Scott. “Who Would Not Be a Soldier: The Volunteers of ’61 in the Maryland Campaign.” In The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 143–68. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Hennessy, John J. “Conservatism’s Dying Ember: Fitz John Porter and the Union War, 1862.” In Corps Commanders in Blue: Union Major Generals in the Civil War, edited by Ethan S. Rafuse, 14–60. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.

———. “Evangelizing for Union: The Army of the Potomac, Its Enemies at Home, and a New Solidarity.” Journal of the Civil War Era, vol. 4, no. 4 (December 2014): 533–58.

———. “I Dread the Spring: The Army of the Potomac Prepares for the Overland Campaign.” In The Wilderness Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 66–105. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

———. “We Shall Make Richmond Howl: The Army of the Potomac on the Eve of Chancellorsville.” In Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1–35. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Hubbell, John T. “The Seven Days of George Brinton McClellan.” In The Richmond Campaign of 1862: The Peninsula and the Seven Days, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 28–43. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

Jones, Thomas L. “The Union League Club and New York’s First Black Regiments in the Civil War.” New York History 87, no. 3 (Summer 2006): 312–43.

Keller, Christian B. “Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Civil War Ethnic Soldiers.” Journal of Military History 73, no. 1 (January 2009): 117–45.

Klement, Frank L. “Ohio and the Knights of the Golden Circle: The Evolution of a Civil War Myth.” Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin 32 (1974): 7–27.

———. “The Soldier Vote in Wisconsin during the Civil War.” Wisconsin Magazine of History 28, no. 1 (September 1944): 37–47.

Logue, Larry M. “Union Veterans and Their Government: The Effects of Public Policies on Private Lives.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 3 (Winter 1992): 411–34.

Luebke, Peter C. “‘Equal to Any Minstrel Concert I Ever Attended at Home’: Union Soldiers and Blackface Performance in the Civil War South.” Journal of the Civil War Era 4, no. 4 (December 2014): 509–32.

Matsui, John H. “War in Earnest: The Army of Virginia and the Radicalization of the Union War Effort.” Civil War History 58, no. 2 (June 2012): 180–223.

McKitrick, Eric L. “Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts.” In The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development, edited by William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, 117–51. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.

McSeveney, Samuel W. “Re-Electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut.” Civil War History 32, no. 2 (June 1986): 139–58.

Nalty, Sean. “‘Come Weal, Come Woe, I Am with the Anti-Slavery Party’: Federalism and the Formation of the Pennsylvania Union Party, 1860–1864.” In A Political Nation: New Directions in Mid-Nineteenth Century American Political History, edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Rachel A. Shelden, 143–66. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012.

———. “Wilderness and the Cult of Manliness: Hooker, Lincoln, and Defeat.” In Lincoln’s Generals, edited by Gabor S. Borritt, 53–77. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Orr, Timothy J. “All Manner of Schemes and Rascalities: The Politics of Promotion in the Union Army.” In This Distracted and Anarchical People: New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War North, edited by Andrew L. Slap and Michael Thomas Smith, 81–103. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013.

———. “A Viler Enemy in Our Rear: Pennsylvania Soldiers Confront the North’s Antiwar Movement.” In The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, edited by Aaron Sheehan-Dean, 171–98. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.

Rafuse, Ethan S. “Always ‘Fighting Joe’: Joseph Hooker and the Campaign in North Georgia, May-July 1864.” In Corps Commanders in Blue: Union Major Generals in the Civil War, edited by Ethan S. Rafuse, 221–60. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.

———. “Fighting for Defeat?: George B. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign and Change of Base to the James River.” In Civil War Generals in Defeat, edited by Steven E. Woodworth, 71–94. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.

Rappaport, Armin. “The Replacement System during the Civil War.” Military Affairs 15, no. 2 (Summer 1951): 95–106.

Robertson, John. “Re-Enlistment Patterns of Civil War Soldiers.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 15–35.

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———. “Republicans and Drifters: Political Affiliation and Union Army Volunteers in West-Central Indiana.” Indiana Magazine of History 92, no. 4 (December 1996): 321–45.

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