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A
Adams, John J., 198, 289
admissible evidence, 183, 246–248, 329, 351
Agnew, George B., 65, 238, 245
Albany, corruption in. see corruption
Albany Evening Journal, 62, 66, 67, 199, 207, 214, 216, 225–226, 231, 235–236, 300, 302, 310
Albany Lincoln League, 187
Allds, Jotham P., 89
Andrews, Charles, 32, 81, 119
Andrews, Mary Raymond Shipman, 32, 346
Andrews, William S., 189
about, 32
on Bowers’s pretrial brief, 50–51
charge to the jury, 356–359
denial of printing industry corruption by defense, 249
dismissal of pretrial brief, 51
establishment of trial boundaries, 72–73
range of evidence decision, 82
state-of-mind ruling, 82–83, 208
anti-gambling law. see racetrack legislation
Argus printing company, 197, 199, 203, 235
Arndt, Walter, 204
Arnold v. Ingram, 223
Astoria Gas Bill, 117
autobiography, Roosevelt’s, 123–125
B
banking crisis, 175
Barnes, William, 29, 124, 267
about, 19–20, 56–57, 266–268
Albany Evening Journal editorials, 282–283, 293–297, 312–313
in Bowers’s summation, 335–346
bribes and, 50, 75, 89 (see also corruption, political)
call for new trial, 372–373
clashes with Roosevelt, 33, 64
and control of Albany, 183
and corrupt alliance with Murphy, 51, 53, 72, 91–96, 179, 184–185, 191–193, 204, 213–214, 220, 236, 244, 354–358
corruption and. see corruption, political
on direct primaries, 192–193
knowledge of corruption, 228–231, 235, 247
lawsuit, stakes of, 23
people’s ability to govern, 218–220, 271, 318–319
Platt letters and, 211
as political ally of Roosevelt, 24, 78, 130, 138
post-trial life, 377
as publisher and printer. see Albany Evening Journal
on racetrack legislation, 181–182, 204, 292–297, 312–313
response to verdict, 371
on Roosevelt as 1918 governor nominee, 377–378
on Roosevelt as temporary chairman, 277
taxation and, 64
as witness for defense, 207
Barnes v. Roosevelt
about, 12–13, 19–20
brief for dismissal, 37, 49–50
challenge to Ivins’s accuracy, 161–162
change of venue, 24
charge to the jury, 356–359
closing arguments, 330–331, 333–334
damages, calculation of, 35, 36, 37, 51, 52, 58
denial of printing industry corruption by defense, 249
directed verdict, request for, 326–329
duration, 334–335
Ivins’s summation, 347–356
jury concerns, 28
jury selection, 46–49
justification and mitigation, 51–53
libel issue of. see libel
location, 24–25
motion for dismissal, 68
opening of trial, 44–46
opening statement, defense, 60–66
opening statement, prosecution, 55–60
pretrial briefs, 36, 49–51
proof of malice, 153–155
public excitement over, 25–27 (see also news coverage)
racetrack legislation. see racetrack legislation
range of evidence decision, 82
reinterpretation of charge, 237–238, 241–242, 280–281
reversal of early state-of-mind ruling, 208
speeches supporting alleged libel, 158–159
statement at issue, 32–36
state printing business corruption. see printing company contracts
and Steel Corporation monopoly, 150–151, 174
strategies of defense, 37, 198–199, 225, 291, 301
strategies of prosecution, 53–54, 67–68, 70–71, 74
summations, 333, 334, 335–346, 347–356
tax dodging questions, 106, 107–108, 111
testimony of legislators, 290–291
trial boundaries, establishment of, 72–73
US law and, 23
verdict, 363, 365, 368–369
Barnum, William L., 141, 365
about, 31
jury selection, 46
Platt letters, questioning of, 139–149
US Senate election conspiracy questioning, 261–263, 265
Bayne Committee Report, 90–91
Beecher, Henry Ward, 30
Belmont, August, Jr., 254–255
Bennett, James Gordon, 120–121
Bennett, Pasquale, 299
Benschoten, William H. Van, 28, 177–179, 211–212
in charge to the jury, 360
opening statement, defense, 60–66
betting legislation. see racetrack legislation
Bill of Rights, 43
The Birth of a Nation, 27
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 30, 379
Blackstone, William, 138
Blauvert bill, 275
Blavatsky, Helena, 103
boss party rule, 19, 24, 33–36, 54, 61–62, 64–66, 76–77, 112, 154–155, 352–354, 373, 375
Bowers, John M.
about, 28
cross-examination of Barnes, 281–288
jury selection, 47
motion for dismissal, 68
post-trial life, 377
pretrial briefs, 49–50
response to verdict, 371
summation of, 335–346
Bowers, Spotswood D., 234
Brackett, Edward, 260–261
Bresler, Frederick, 204–205
British law, 38–39, 73
Brown, Elon R., 258–259
Bull Moose Party, 24, 34, 57, 163–164, 378
Burden, Oliver, 46–48
burden of proof, about, 145
Burns, Edward, 366, 367–368
C
campaign contributions, 125, 131–135, 150–152, 310
change of venue, 24
charge to the jury, 356–359
Cherry v. Des Moines Leader, 41
Chicago convention, Republican nomination, 153–155
civil law, 41, 52, 138, 145, 357 (see also legal system, US)
Civil Service Reform, 117
civil trials, about, 138
Clarke, Charles J., 364
closing arguments, 330–331, 333–334
Coats, William, 207
Cobb, George, 266
Coffey, William, 290–291
Collins, Cornelius, 23
conservation, Roosevelt and, 18, 80
corroboration of witness, 319
corruption, personal. see Barnes, William
corruption, political (see also Franchise Tax Bill; racetrack legislation)
Albany Lincoln League and, 187
Barnes and. see Barnes, William
Bayne Committee Report, 90–91
boss rule, 19, 24, 33–36, 54, 61–62, 64–66, 76–77, 112, 113, 125–126, 154–155, 178, 352–354, 373, 375
defined, 237–238, 280, 328
Duell on, 195
elections and. see US Senate election conspiracy
Hennessy on, 93–94
machine politics and, 35, 113, 373
party control, 178, 195, 220
printing company contracts. see printing company contracts
public opinion and, 53–54, 110
review of during opening statements, 62
Roosevelt against, 19
Sulzer on, 93
Cosby, William, 39
counsel, for defense, 28 (see also Benschoten, William H. Van; Bowers, John M.)
counsel, for prosecution, 28–31 (see also Barnum, William L.; Ivins, William M.)
courtroom strategies, 53–54, 102–103
Crego, Burton I., 46
criminal law, 52, 138, 357
Crosswell, Harry, 40–41
D
damages, calculation of, 35, 36, 37, 51, 52, 58
Darrow, Clarence, 121, 334
Davenport, Frederick, 194–196
Davies, John C., 305
Day, James, 255–256, 317
defamation of character. see libel
defense
brief for dismissal, 37
counsel for. see Benschoten, William H. Van; Bowers, John M.
opening statement, start of trial, 60–66
strategies of, 37, 198–199, 225, 291, 301
summation, 335–346
democracy, respect for law and, 22
Depew, Chauncey, 148, 213–214, 272, 279, 340, 358
Dickinson, Jacob, 203–204
dictionary, satirical, 147
directed verdict, request for, 326–329
Direct Nominations bill, 221
direct primaries, Barnes on, 192, 193
Dolan, Michael V., 197, 199–200, 202–203
Doran, Cassie, 44, 46, 227
Duell, Charles, 178, 195
E
economy, 98–99
Edison, Thomas, 121
Erb, Newman, 265
evidence, admissible, 183, 246–248, 329, 351
evidence, hearsay, 87–88, 351
F
Fairbanks, Charles, 15
federal income tax, 104 (see also Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” tax dodging questions)
Federalist Papers, 163
Foster, Frederick, 208, 210–211
France, Royal, 192–193
Franchise Tax Bill, 64, 73, 119, 166, 193, 264, 328–329
Barnes and, 64, 269
in Bowers’s summation, 338
Frank, Leo, 27
freedom of speech, 39–40
freedom of the press, 39–41, 42, 120–121
Frick, Henry, 150, 175
G
gambling legislation. see racetrack legislation
Gary, Elbert H., 150, 175
German-American pro-German sympathies, 46, 209, 233, 240, 288, 298
German war threats, 27, 28, 156–157, 201–202, 209, 230, 231–233, 239–240, 274, 298, 376, 378
Gleason, Blanchard, 325–326
governorship, power of, 169
Grattan, William, 65, 181–182, 195, 296, 299, 374–375
Great Marble Temple of Justice, 45
Griffin, Charles L., 49
Guggenheim, Simon, 314
Gulflight, 209
H
Hamilton, Alexander, 39–41, 163
Hamilton, Andrew, 39–40
Hammond, Fred, 264
Hancock, Stewart, 82, 299
Hanna, Mark, 170
Harper, James, 257
Hart-Agnew racetrack bill. see racetrack legislation
Harvard Law Review, 87–88
Haywood, William “Big Bill,” 121, 334
hearsay, defined, 87, 88
hearsay evidence, 87–88, 351
Hearst, William Randolph, 37, 209
Hendricks, Francis, 46, 64, 85, 99, 126
Herald, 79
Hinman, Harold, 266, 374
Hinman, Harvey, 32–33, 34, 57–58, 179, 191–192
Histriomastix, 39
Hitt, Robert R., 14–15
Hoag, Henry, 48, 366
Hobart, Garrett, 170
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 145
hostile witnesses, 68
Hotchkiss, William, 217
Hughes, Charles Evans, 65, 85, 322–324 (see also racetrack legislation)
Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (Roosevelt), 227
Hutchinson, John, 262–263, 315
I
Irwin, Roscoe, 197
Ishpeming Iron Ore, 28, 43–44, 60, 222, 376
Ivins, William M.
about, 22, 28–31, 45
death of, 377
excellence of, 104–107
on interpretation of “corrupt,” 241–244
opening statement, prosecution, 55–60
opening statement, summation, 350
request for Roosevelt correspondence, 36–37
summation of, 347–356
trial objections and, 73–74
J
J. B. Lyon printing company (see also printing company contracts)
Barnes and, 287–288, 301–302, 306–311, 337
Barnes’s stock ownership in, 97, 205–206, 214, 231
corruption and, 208, 210–211, 217, 227–228, 231, 235, 247, 287–288, 306–311, 337
Jefferson, Thomas, 40–41, 349
Jeffersonian Republicans, 163
Journal Company (Albany Evening Journal), 62, 66, 67, 199, 207, 214, 216, 225–226, 231, 235–236, 300, 302, 310
judges, role of, 189, 248
jurors, 361
as active trial participants, 154–155
on clarification of trial topics, 372
deliberations of, 360–369
as peers, 47, 351
responsibility of, 245–246
selection of, 46–49
trial proceedings and, 205
jury, trial by, about, 332
justification and mitigation, 51–53, 72, 73, 184, 218, 258–259
K
Keys, William, 290
Know-Nothing Party, 257–258
L
Lambdin, Victor R., 219
legal strategies, 37, 53–54, 67–68, 70–71, 74, 102–103, 198–199, 225, 291, 301
legal system, US
civil law and, 41, 52, 138, 145, 357
historical development of, 14, 22, 40
judges, role of, 189
jurors and, 154–155, 245–246
tort law and, 41, 52, 138, 145, 357
trial by jury, about, 332
legal training, standards for, 22
legislation, printing business and. see printing company contracts
legislation, racetrack. see racetrack legislation
libel
cases of, 222
charge of, 19–20
in charge to the jury, 357–358
defined, 13, 19, 38–40, 242–244, 268, 351
laws regarding, 223–224
rise in cases of, 41
truth and, 39–41
libel suits of Roosevelt’s (previous), 42–44
Lincoln, Abraham, 14, 15, 92, 278, 323, 333, 344, 346, 353
Lincoln Republicanism, 323
Lincoln’s Last Trial (Abrams and Fisher), 14
Loeb, William J., 91, 182–183, 261–262, 265
testimony of, 183, 191, 313
US senate election conspiracy and, 325–326
Lusitania, 201–202, 230, 231–235, 239–240, 274, 288
Lyon, James B.
Barnes and, 287–288, 301–302, 306–311, 337
printing contract and, 227–228, 306–311
Lyon, William, 97
M
machine politics, 35, 103, 113, 373
Machine Politics & Money in Elections in New York City (Ivins), 103
Madison, James, 163
mail bombs, 298–299
malice, defined, 223
malice, question of, 315–316
McCarren, Patrick “Long Pat,” 296, 299–300
McCarthy, Henry J., 301–311
McGrath, John, 67
McKinley, William, 20, 71, 80, 170, 173
McLaughlin, Paugene, 258
McMillan, Henry C., 194
media coverage. see news coverage
Mills, Irving, 366
mitigation, justification and, 51–53, 72, 73, 184, 218, 258–259
Mooney, William McKinley, 225
Morrissey, John, 258
muckraking, 20, 42, 336
Murphy, Charles, 91–92, 183–184, 191
control over political appointments, 197
and corrupt alliance with Barnes, 51, 53, 72, 91–96, 179, 184–185, 191–193, 204, 213–214, 220, 236, 244, 354–358
in Roosevelt’s article, 34–36
N
Nativist Party, 257–258
Newcomb, Josiah T., 88–89, 196–197
New Nationalism, 277
news coverage
on Barnes post-trial, 374–375
on Barnes v. Roosevelt, 79–80, 209–210, 240–241, 288–289
on campaign contributions, 374–375
current events, 156, 201, 231
freedom of the press and, 39–41, 42, 120–121
of jury deliberations, 361–362
popularity of crimes and trials, 120–123
on printing corruption, 374
on racetrack legislation, 374
Roosevelt’s relationship with the press, 25–26
on Syracuse, 215–216
on verdict, 373
New York Herald, 120–121
New York Printing Company. see printing company contracts
New York Times v. Sullivan, 13
New York World, 25, 28, 42, 43–44, 67, 147, 220
O
Oakley, Annie, 41–42
objections in trials, about, 73
Odell, Benjamin B., 72, 113, 116, 258, 264–265
O’Gorman, James Aloysius, 261, 279
Onondaga County courthouse, 45, 63
Onondaga Hotel, 206
opening statements, 55–56
defense, 60–66
prosecution, 55–60
Osborne, Thomas Mott, 266, 282–283, 312
overprinting laws, 217–218
P
Panama Canal, 18, 42, 62, 72, 94, 117, 339, 376
Payn, Lewis F., 64, 125–126, 169
Peckham, Wheeler H., 101
people’s ability to self-govern, 218–220, 271, 318–319
peremptory challenges, 47, 49
The Perfect Tribute, 32, 346
Perkins, George, 150
personal corruption, Barnes and, 198–199
personal reputation, defense of, 38–39
Phagan, Mary, 27
Pierce, F. W., 366
Platt, Edward, 139–149, 162–163, 165, 203
Platt, Thomas C., 72, 84, 109, 111, 117, 125–127, 166–167
on Roosevelt as vice president, 146–147, 170–172
Platt letters, Barnes and, 211
political corruption. see corruption, political
political parties, boss rule, 19, 24, 33–36, 54, 61–62, 64–66, 76–77, 112, 154–155, 352–354, 373
Poole, Bill “the Butcher,” 257–258
popularity
of crimes and trials, 120–123
of Roosevelt, 34, 80, 209–210, 370, 371
Post, C. W., 42
press, news (see also news coverage)
freedom of, 39–41, 42
power of, 26
pretrial briefs, 36, 49–51
printing company contracts, 95–96, 100, 185–186, 202–203, 205, 226–227, 235, 301–311, 354–355 (see also Argus printing company; J. B. Lyon printing company)
in charge to the jury, 358
corruption and, 207, 217–218, 225–226, 301–311, 337
denial of use as defense, 249–251
McCarthy and, 301–311
Progressive (Bull Moose) Party, 24, 34, 57, 163–164, 378
prosecution
counsel for. see Barnum, William L.; Ivins, William M.
opening statement, start of trial, 55–60
strategies of, 53–54, 67–68, 70–71, 74
summation, 347–356
Pruyn, Robert C., 311, 318
Prynn, William, 39
Q
Quigg, Lemuel, 108–109, 165–166, 338
R
racetrack legislation
Andrews on, 238
Barnes and, 181–182, 204, 292–297, 312–313
Belmont and, 254–255, 272–273
Grattan and, 65, 181–182, 299–300
Hughes and, 204
Roosevelt on, 272–273, 320–322
in summation, 337
trial importance, 292–297
Rains, John, 20
Raleigh, Walter, 88
Republicans, Jeffersonian, 163
reputation, defense of, 38–39, 336
Rhoades, Franklin, 366
Robinson, Douglas, 90
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 210
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 12, 33, 90, 210, 213–214, 279
Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 29, 82, 115, 160, 219, 289, 378
1912 election and, 13, 33, 36, 57, 153, 163, 322, 362
about, 12–13, 17–19, 56, 70, 80–81, 100–101, 240
animosity toward Barnes, 33, 64, 153–155
autobiography of, 123–125
on campaign contributions, 125, 131–135, 150–152, 166–167
in charge to the jury, 359
correspondence of, 36–37, 118–119
death of, 379
on dinner with Platt, 320–321
on federal taxes, 64
finances of, 52
on Hughes’s direct primary bill, 322–324
intent of testimony, 180
issues on nomination for governorship, 108–112, 165–166
jury selection and, 47
lawsuit, stakes of, 23–24
libel suits and, 42–44
personality of, 18, 53, 84, 160, 172, 225, 240, 316
on Platt’s influence on political appointments, 139–149
as political ally of Barnes, 24, 78, 127–129, 130, 138
as political boss, 117
on political corruption, 20, 318–319
popularity of, 17–19, 34, 80, 209–210, 370, 371
as president, 80
previous libel suits, 42–44
on racetrack legislation, 320, 321–322 (see also racetrack legislation)
regarding trial, 375–376
relationship with newsmen, 25–26
reputation of, in Bowers’s summation, 342–346
response to Lusitania attack, 232–235, 239–240, 275, 288, 298
response to verdict, 370–371
righteousness of, 114–117
speeches against party boss rule, 158–159
on Superintendent of Public Works, 117
tax dodging questions, 106, 107–108, 111
as temporary chairman of the NY State Republican Party, 95, 153–154, 277
testimony on state of mind, 218–221
at trial conclusion, 370
Trust Buster, 150
on vice presidency, 20, 146–147, 170–171
WWI and, 27–28 (see also World War I)
Rooseveltian dictionary, satirical, 147
Root, Elihu, 30, 111, 119, 252–253
“Rosicrucianism” (Ivins), 103–104
Rough Riders, 70
Russell, Edith, 209
S
satirical Rooseveltian dictionary, 147
scandalum magnatum, 38
Schwieger, Walther, 232
Seibold, Louis, 25
self-government, 218–220, 271, 318–319
senator selection, politics of, 191
Sheehan, William F., 91, 238, 252–253, 283
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 150
slander. see libel
slander (libel)
cases of, 222
in charge to the jury, 357–358
defined, 13, 19, 38–40, 242–244, 268, 351
laws regarding, 223–224
rise in cases of, 41
truth and, 39–41
Smith, Alfred E., 263
social unrest, 27
Somers, Warren W., 363, 365
speech, freedom of, 39–40
Square Deal, 18, 168
State Constabulary Bill, 117
State Printing Board, 208
state printing contracts, 95–96, 100, 185–186, 202–203, 205, 207, 217–218, 225–226, 226–227, 235, 301–311, 337, 354–355
in charge to the jury, 358
denial of use as defense, 249–251
State v. Johnson, 243
Steel Corporation, 150, 174, 175–176
Stetson, Francis, 251–252
Stivers, John, 290
Strachey, John, 375
Sullivan, Yankee, 258
Sulzer, William, 93
summations, 333, 335–346, 347–356
Sweet, Thaddeus, 264
Syracuse, NY, 21, 215–216
T
Taft, William Howard, 13, 24, 42, 57, 135, 152–154, 163, 164, 252–253, 280
Tammany Hall, 33, 35, 86, 93, 258, 260–261, 311, 351
Tanner, Ray, 47–48, 366
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, 150, 174, 175–176
Thaw, Harry K., 121
Tillman Act, 131
Tilton, Theodore, 30
Tilton-Beecher trial, 30, 289–290, 298
tort law, 41, 52, 138, 357
Towsley, Alfred, 265
trial by jury, about, 332
trial duration, 298, 334–335
trial expense, 137
trial proceedings. see Barnes v. Roosevelt
trials
conduct of, 22
customary strategies in, 68–69
high profile, 11–12
length of, 298
objections in, about, 73
specific examples, 11–13, 41–42, 223, 243
trials of the century, 11, 120–121, 137–138
Trust Buster, Roosevelt as, 150
truth, as defense, 39–41, 58
Tweed, William “Boss,” 33, 66, 115
U
US legal system
civil law and, 41, 52, 138, 145, 357
historical development of, 14, 22, 40
judges, role of, 189
jurors and, 154–155, 245–246
tort law and, 41, 52, 138, 145, 357
trial by jury, about, 332
US Senate election conspiracy, 238, 252–253, 258–261, 266–273, 277–280, 284–286, 337
in Bowers’s summation, 340–341
in charge to the jury, 358
financial contributions and, 74–75, 125, 131–135, 150–152, 166–167, 193, 310
Roosevelt on, 322–324
testimony of legislators, 290–291
US Steel, 150, 175
V
Vanderbilt, Alfred Gwynne, 201–202, 232, 239
venue, change of, 24
verdict, 363, 365, 368–369
vice presidency, Roosevelt on, 20, 146–147, 170–172
voir dire, 46–49
Vreeland, Herbert, 193–194
W
Wachsman, Isadore, 207
Wagner, Earnest F., 46
Wainwright, J. Mayhew, 291–292, 311–312
Walters, J. Henry, 265
Washington, George, 40–41
Webster, Daniel, 349
Weed, Thurlow, 15, 23, 33, 77, 78, 92, 278
Weigall, Arthur, 28
Westerman, Harry J., 289
Whitman, Charles, 58, 178
Wigham, H. J., 234
Wigmore, John H., 87
Wilkinson, Horace, 54, 232, 233
Wilson, Woodrow, 156–157, 209
response to Lusitania attack, 234, 239–240, 274, 275
on Roosevelt, 376
Winchester, Charles, 205, 210, 212, 228
The Winning of the West (Roosevelt), 58, 103
witnesses
hostile, 68
number of, 360
for the plaintiff, 67–69
Wolff, Henry, 236–237, 244, 326
in charge to the jury, 359
Wollman, William J., 261–262
World War I, 27, 28, 156–157, 201–202, 209, 230, 231–233, 239–240, 274, 298, 376, 378
Z
Zenger, John Peter, 39–40
Zimmerman, Jerimiah, 256
Zuill, Walter J., 360