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Achinstein, Sharon, 42
Acts and Monuments (Foxe), 42
Adelman, Janet, 6, 43, 145, 149, 150
“Aethiopem lavare” (Whitney), 1–3, 4
allegoresis, 63, 166
allegory: Christian allegorizing of non-Christian racialized bodies, 14–16; compared to symbolism, 79; in The Faerie Queene, 64–66, 72–73; Harington’s allegorical reading of Orlando Furioso, 101–8; in The Merchant of Venice, 149–50; Protestant ambivalence about, 91; relationship to sacramental theology, 62–66
Anabaptist baptismal theology, 40–41, 43, 45
anagnorisis, 124–25
Anderson, Judith H., 80
Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue (Tyndale), 56, 57
Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae (Jewel), 46–47
Apologie of infants, An (Hubbock), 52
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 7
Aquinas, Thomas, 49, 51
Aristotle, 124, 147–48
Arminianism, 168–69
Arminius, Jacob, 168–69
Arte of English Poesy, The (Puttenham), 64
Ascham, Roger, 100
Augustine, 63, 102
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 51
Bancroft, Richard, 52
baptism/baptismal theology (Church of England): baptismal service in A baptizing of a Turke, 121–23; circumcision/baptism analogy, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; correct interpretation of Scripture and, 91; infidel conversion and, 68–69, 114–23; linked to marriage and martyrdom in The Renegado, 164–69; linked to race and original sin in The Faerie Queene, 66–73; linked to romance in Orlando Furioso and Othello, 130–33; magical nature of water, 74, 202n46; martyrdom exceeding baptism in Christian thought, 169–71; original sin and, 67–69; Ovidian metamorphosis in The Faerie Queene and, 61–62, 73–81; pedobaptism and concept of English election, 40–48; poetically figured through Ethiopians/blackness, 1–4; racialized understanding of salvation and, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; reformed sacramental theology and, 37–39; romance’s infidel-conversion motif and, 4–5; Turk/infidel as figure of alterity, 53–58. See also Anabaptist baptismal theology; Catholic baptismal theology
Baptizing of a Turke, A (Hanmer), 116–18, 121–23
Barkan, Leonard, 62
Bartels, Emily C., 112, 174
Barthelemy, Anthony Gerard, 138
Bate, Jonathan, 134
Battle of Alcazar, The (Peele), 126
Becon, Thomas: circumcision/baptism analogy, 40–42; on martyrdom, 170; on race/lineage, baptism, and faith, 43–44, 52; on Turks and Turk/infidel baptism without salvation, 54, 115
Berger, Harry, 64–65
Best, George, 70–71, 150
Bevis of Hampton, 23
Bible: paratexts and correct interpretation of Scripture, 91, 94, 97–98; Protestant emphasis on reading and translation, 92, 93–98
black skin and blackness: baptism poetically figured through, 1–4; George Best on, 70–71; Christian allegorization of, 14–16; in early modern London, 129; in The King of Tars, 28–31; medieval morality plays and, 138. See also race and racial identity
Blood Relations (Adelman), 6
Bovilsky, Lara, 135
Bower of Bliss (The Faerie Queene), 81–87
Boyarin, Daniel, 13–14
Bradford, John, 10, 161
Bradley, A. C., 140, 141
breastfeeding, 155
Brief and Clear Confession of the Christian Faith, A (Hooper), 53
Briefe declaration of the sacraments, A (Tyndale), 37, 39, 114–15
Burrow, Colin, 103
Burton, Jonathan, 138
Byrth of mankynde, The (Raynalde), 154–55
Callaghan, Dympna, 128
Calvin, John, 35, 46, 47–48, 151
“Captive’s Tale, The” (Cervantes), 24–27
Carter, J. Kameron, 8
Cartwright, Thomas, 115–16
Catechisme, A (Nowell), 41–42
Catholic baptismal theology, 46–47, 49, 51, 69
Cervantes, Miguel de, 24. See also “Captive’s Tale, The”
Chanson de Roland, La, 22–23
chansons de gestes, 22
Character of the beast, The (Smyth), 45
Charlemagne romances, 22
Childers, William, 27
Christianographie (Pagitt), 118–20
Christian Turned Turk, A, 155–56
Chrysostom, St. John, 95, 96
Cinthio, Giraldi, 17, 19, 124
circumcision: analogized to baptism, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; as linking sexual and religious identity, 147
Cohen, Stephen, 13
comedy, 142–44, 149, 162. See also tragicomedy
Commonwealth and Government of Venice, The (Lewkenor), 129
concupiscence: Bible reading as means to curb, 95–97; original sin and, 67–68, 69–70. See also sexuality and sexual errancy
Confessions (Augustine), 102
Confutation of a booke, A (Harding), 46–47
conversion: Bible reading and translation linked to, 93–98; Harington’s translation of Orlando Furioso as, 92–93, 98–108; infidel conversion and baptism, 68–69, 114–23; in The Island Princess, 156–62; rejected in The Faerie Queene, 66–73; in The Renegado, 162–69; restorative romance in Othello as, 133–41; theology of race and, 11–12, 173–76. See also infidel-conversion motif; salvation
Cooper, Helen, 16–19
Craik, Katharine A., 96
Cranmer, Thomas, 35–36, 41, 94–97
Crashaw, Richard, 1, 3, 4
Crawford, Julie, 153
Crawford, Patricia, 69, 152
Cressy, David, 52–53, 68
Crooke, Helkiah, 152–53, 154
Defence of the Apologie of the Churche of Englande, A (Jewel), 63
Defense to the Answer to the Admonition, The (Whitgift), 115–16
Degenhardt, Jane Hwang, 133
Dimmock, Matthew, 55
Dolan, Frances E., 135
Don Quixote (Cervantes). See “Captive’s Tale, The”
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 175
early modern England: appearance of Ethiopians in literary works, 15–16; definitions and role of romance in, 16–21; racial discourse in, 141; understandings of human reproduction in, 143, 146–48, 152–55
early modern English stage: interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; portrayal of Moors, 125–26, 128–29, 133
early modern literary studies, 5–8, 11–13
English Bibles, 94–95
Englishemans treasure, The (Vicary), 153
epic, 17, 81, 86
Epistle of comfort, An (Southwell), 170
Ethiopian Church, 118
Ethiopians: appearance in early modern English literary works, 15–16; baptism poetically figured through, 1–4; racialized sexuality and, 96–97
Evans, Maurice, 74
Everson, Jane E., 101
Exposition of the fyrste, seconde, and thyrde canonical epistles of S. Jhon, The (Tyndale), 91
Faerie Queene, The (Spenser): allegorical and sacramental poetics of, 62–66, 72–73; baptism, race, and original sin in, 66–73, 86–87; Bower of Bliss and rejection of romantic transformation in, 81–87; infidel-conversion motif rejected in, 61, 73; Ovidian baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity in, 61–62, 73–81; poetics of absence and traces in, 59–62, 64–66; race conjoined with religion in, 72–73, 86–90
fatherhood. See paternity
Feerick, Jean, 158
Fletcher, Angus, 64
Fletcher, John. See Island Princess, The
Floyd-Wilson, Mary, 96
Form and Solemnization of Matrimony, The, 137, 153
Fowler, Alastair, 17
Fox, Cora, 88
Foxe, John, 42
Frith, John, 68–69
Frow, John, 18
Frye, Northrop, 21, 28, 149
Fuchs, Barbara, 109
Galenic theory of reproduction, 152–55
Garcés, María Antonia, 25
gender: interplay with race and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; salvation and maternity in The Merchant of Venice, 150–56; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50
Generation of Animals (Aristotle), 147–48
Genesis covenant, 147
Geneva Bible, 97–98, 151
genres and genre classification, 17–19. See also comedy; epic; romance; tragicomedy
Gerusalemme liberata (Tasso), 23
Gilbert, Jane, 31
Gillies, John, 120
Gless, Darryl J., 85
Golding, Arthur, 82–83
Great Bible, 94–95
Green, Ian, 93, 94, 98
Greenblatt, Stephen, 91
Greene, Robert, 127
Guibbory, Achsah, 40
Guillory, John, 78, 83
Habib, Imtiaz, 123, 129
Hanmer, Meredith, 116–18, 121–23
Harding, Thomas, 46–47
Harington, Sir John, 101, 102–3. See also Orlando Furioso (Harington translation)
Hays, Michael L., 127
Hecatommithi (Cinthio), 129–30, 134
Hegel, G. W. F., 140
Helgerson, Richard, 92
Heng, Geraldine, 12, 30
“heroic poetry,” 17
Hippocratic/Galenic theory of reproduction, 152–55
historical formalism, 13
History of Italy (Thomas), 129
Hooper, John, 53
Hubbock, William, 52
human reproduction: early modern understandings of, 143, 146–48, 152–55; linked to spiritual reproduction, 151–56
infant baptism. See pedobaptism
infection, language of, 69–71
infidel-conversion motif: history of, 21–31; interplay with race and gender, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; as key romance motif, 4–5, 21; in Othello, 173–74; recuperation of in The Island Princess, 156–62, 170–72; recuperation of in The Renegado, 164–69, 170–72; rejected in The Faerie Queene, 61, 73; repurposed in Orlando Furioso, 93, 102
infidels: baptism and conversion of, 68–69, 114–23; as figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58. See also Ethiopians; Jews and Judaism; Moors; Turks
Institutes of Christian Religion (Calvin), 47
Island Princess, The (Fletcher): function of martyrdom in, 160–62, 170–72; interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44; recuperation of infidel-conversion motif, 156–62, 170–72; turning-Turk motif in, 158–59
Jackson, Ken, 11
James VI and I, 35–36
Jameson, Fredric, 19–20
Javitch, Daniel, 80
Jennings, Willie James, 8
Jewel, John, 46–47, 62–63, 118
Jews and Judaism: Christianity’s relationship to, 149–50; circumcision/baptism analogy, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; Protestant anxieties over Hebrew Bible, 98; as racial category, 42–43; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50; theological arguments over baptism and conversion of, 68–69, 115–16
Johnson, Richard, 15–16
Jowitt, Claire, 157
“judaization,” 98
Kaplan, M. Lindsay, 145, 148
Kaske, Carole V., 77, 79
Kidd, Colin, 8
King of Tars, The, 28–31
Kirkpatrick, Thomas, 12
Lampert, Lisa, 31
Laqueur, Thomas, 152
Lee, Judith, 105, 110
Leigh, Dorothy, 154
Lewkenor, Lewes, 129
Lindmann, Mary, 152
Loomba, Ania, 11–12, 171, 172
Lupton, Julia Reinhard, 12, 39, 145, 147
Luther, Martin, 35, 51, 56, 93
MacDonald, Joyce Green, 143
Making Sex (Laqueur), 152
Marotti, Arthur F., 11
marriage, 137, 151–55
martyrdom: as exceeding power of baptism in Christian thought, 169–71; in The Island Princess, 144, 160–62, 170–71; in The Renegado, 144, 162–68, 170–71
Massinger, Philip. See Renegado, The
Matar, Nabil, 72, 133
maternity and salvation, 150–56
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare): interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; love as motivation for conversion in, 136; salvation and maternity in, 150–56; salvation and paternity in, 145–50
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 61–62. See also Ovidian metamorphosis
metamorphosis. See Ovidian metamorphosis
Mikrokosmographia (Crooke), 152–53
mimesis, 65
misogynist discourse, 135, 136–37
Moors: conversion narratives involving, 24–27; early modern racial characterizations, 72; Hanmer’s genealogical origins of, 121–22; portrayal on early modern English stage, 125–26, 128–29, 133; theological arguments over baptism and conversion of, 115–16. See also Othello (Shakespeare)
More, Thomas, 56
motherhood. See maternity and salvation
Mother’s Blessing, The (Leigh), 154
motifs, 16–17. See also infidel-conversion motif; turning-Turk motif
Murray, Molly, 11
Myrroure or lokynge glasse, A (Frith), 68–69
Neill, Michael, 129, 160
“New Catechisme, A” (Becon), 41–42, 43–44, 52, 54, 115, 170
Newton, Thomas, 173
Ng, Su Fang, 94
Notable historie of the Saracens, A (Newton), 173
Nowell, Alexander, 41–42
Nymph’s well episode (The Faerie Queene): baptismal theology linked to race and original sin in, 66–73; Ovidian baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity in, 61–62, 73–81
Obama, Barack Hussein, 174–75
On Romances (Cinthio), 19, 124
“On the Baptized Aethiope” (Crashaw), 1, 3, 4
Origen, 169–70
original sin: English baptismal theology and, 67–69; linked to race and baptism in The Faerie Queene, 66–73
originary identities: restoration of in Shakespearean romance, 114, 133–34; Spenser’s concern with in The Faerie Queene, 73–81
Orlando Furioso (Ariosto): controversy over genre of, 17; conversion, baptism, and romance in, 23, 130–33; interracial affection in, 109–10; as source material for Othello, 113–14, 137–38
Orlando Furioso (Greene’s play), 127
Orlando Furioso (Harington translation): converted and allegorized into a Protestant poem, 92–93, 98–108; race and racial identity in, 93, 104–11
Othello (Shakespeare): ambiguity of Othello’s racial identity and otherness in, 112–13, 125–30; conversion and transformative romance in, 126–33; infidel-conversion motif in, 173–74; other romance motifs and themes in, 210–11n6; reversion and restorative romance in, 133–41; romance, tragedy, and anagnorisis in, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41
Ovidian metamorphosis (in The Faerie Queene): linked to concern with racial and religious purity, 87–90; refiguring of Circe and rejection of romantic transformation, 81–87; relationship to baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity, 61–62, 73–81
Pagitt, Ephraim, 118–20
Parker, Patricia, 110
paternity: Obama’s religious identity and, 175; salvation and, 145–50
Paul, Saint, 14, 39
Pauline universalism, 14
pedobaptism, 40–48
Peele, George, 126
Penuel, Suzanne, 149
Perkins, William, 71
“poetic geography,” 120
Poetics (Aristotle), 124
Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England (Green), 93
Pugh, Syrith, 80
Puttenham, George, 64
Quilligan, Maureen, 63, 84
race and racial identity: ambiguity of in Othello, 112–13, 125–30; black skin and blackness in The King of Tars, 28–31; breastfeeding linked to, 155; Christian allegorizing of racialized non-Christian bodies, 14–16; conjoined with religion in The Faerie Queene, 72–73, 86–90; explored within early modern literary studies, 5–8; figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58; in Harington’s Orlando Furioso, 93, 104–11; interplay with gender and infidel-conversion motif in English tragicomedy, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; language of infection and, 70–71; linked to original sin and baptism in The Faerie Queene, 66–73, 86–87; linked to religion and geography, 114–23; racial discourse in Othello, 113, 128, 134–35, 141; racialization of sexuality, 96–97; racialized understandings of salvation and baptism, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50; theology of race and conversion, 11–12, 173–76
Rashkow, Ilona N., 98
Raynalde, Thomas, 154–55
reading and translation: of Bible linked to conversion, 92, 93–98, 102; Harington’s translation of Orlando Furioso, 92–93, 98–108; Protestant anxieties surrounding, 91–93; relationship to sexuality, 95–97, 101–2, 104–5
religious identity: conjoined with race in The Faerie Queene, 72–73, 86–90; explored within early modern literary studies, 6–8, 11–13; in Harington’s Orlando Furioso, 93, 104–11; linked to race and geography, 114–23; linked to race in The Kings of Tars, 28–31; Obama’s paternity and, 175; oscillations of in Othello, 133–41; racialized understandings of, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; salvation and maternity in The Merchant of Venice, 150–56; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50
Renegado, The (Massinger): baptism, marriage, and martyrdom in, 162–68, 170–71; interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44; recuperation of infidel-conversion motif in, 156–57, 164–69, 170–72; turning-Turk motif in, 158–59
Replye to an Answere of Dr Whitgifte (Cartwright), 115–16
reproduction. See human reproduction
Responsio and Lutherum (More), 56
restorative romance, 133–41
Ridley, Thomas, 170
Riggs, John Wheelan, 47
Robinson, Benedict S., 71, 165
romance: affinities between Ovid and, 80–81; connections to tragedy and anagnorisis in Othello, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41; definitions and genre classifications of, 16–21; Harington’s Orlando Furioso as turning away from, 101, 104–5; infidel-conversion motif in, 4–5, 21 (see also infidel-conversion motif); linked to sexuality and hybrid identity, 100, 104–5; rejection of in The Faerie Queene, 81–87; restorative romance in Othello, 133–41; transformative romance in Othello, 126–33; turning-Turk motif in, 23–24, 155–56, 158–59
romance anagnorisis, 125
romance motifs, 16–17. See also infidel-conversion motif; turning-Turk motif
Root, Deborah, 26
sacramental theology: linked to allegory, 62–66; marriage as sacrament, 137; reformed baptism arising from, 37–39
salvation: maternity and, 150–56; nonbaptized Turks/infidels and, 53–58; paternity and, 145–50; racialized understandings of baptism and, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53
Schoenfeldt, Michael C., 70
Schoolmaster, The (Ascham), 100
Schwartz, Regina M., 63–64
sexuality and sexual errancy: effects of reading on, 95–97, 100, 101–2; Harington’s Orlando Furioso and, 102–5
sexual reproduction. See human reproduction
Shakespeare, William, 18. See also Merchant of Venice, The; Othello
Shapiro, James, 147
Slights, William W. E., 99
Smith, Ian, 6
Smyth, John, 45
Southwell, Robert, 170
Spenser, Edmund, 64. See also Faerie Queene, The
Spierling, Karen E., 9
Spiller, Elizabeth, 20, 96
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 49, 51
symbolism, 79
Tambling, Jeremy, 79
Tasso, Torquato, 17, 23, 86
Taussig, Michael, 65
Teskey, Gordon, 79
“Thirty-Nine Articles, The,” 67–68, 92
Thomas, William, 129
Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas
Tom a Lincoln (Johnson), 16
“To Mistress Wilkinson and Mistress Warcup” (Bradford), 10
tragedy, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41
tragicomedy: interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; linked to martyrdom and the threat of death, 160–62
transformative romance, 126–33
translation. See reading and translation
Traub, Valerie, 120
Trubowitz, Rachel, 155
Turks: Christian arguments over baptism and conversion of, 115–16; early modern racial characterizations, 72; as figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58; race, religion, and geography in The baptizing of a Turke, 116–18, 121–23
turning-Turk motif, 23–24, 155–56, 158–59
Tyndale, William: on allegory and correct reading of Scripture, 91; circumcision/baptism analogy, 39, 49–51; reformed sacramental theology of, 37; on Turks and Turk/infidel salvation without baptism, 53–54, 55–56, 57, 91, 114–15
vernacular Bibles, 94–95
Vicary, Thomas, 153
Vitkus, Daniel, 125
Watkins, John, 86
Weinberg, Bernard, 124
Werth, Tiffany Jo, 21, 98, 100
Whitgift, John, 115–16, 194–95n33
Whitney, Geffrey, 1–3, 4
Wofford, Susanne, 77, 80
Zwingli, Ulrich, 35