Index

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Achinstein, Sharon, 42

Acts and Monuments (Foxe), 42

Adelman, Janet, 6, 43, 145, 149, 150

“Aethiopem lavare” (Whitney), 1–3, 4

allegoresis, 63, 166

allegory: Christian allegorizing of non-Christian racialized bodies, 14–16; compared to symbolism, 79; in The Faerie Queene, 64–66, 72–73; Harington’s allegorical reading of Orlando Furioso, 101–8; in The Merchant of Venice, 149–50; Protestant ambivalence about, 91; relationship to sacramental theology, 62–66

Anabaptist baptismal theology, 40–41, 43, 45

anagnorisis, 124–25

Anderson, Judith H., 80

Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue (Tyndale), 56, 57

Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae (Jewel), 46–47

Apologie of infants, An (Hubbock), 52

Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 7

Aquinas, Thomas, 49, 51

Aristotle, 124, 147–48

Arminianism, 168–69

Arminius, Jacob, 168–69

Arte of English Poesy, The (Puttenham), 64

Ascham, Roger, 100

Augustine, 63, 102

Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 51

Bancroft, Richard, 52

baptism/baptismal theology (Church of England): baptismal service in A baptizing of a Turke, 121–23; circumcision/baptism analogy, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; correct interpretation of Scripture and, 91; infidel conversion and, 68–69, 114–23; linked to marriage and martyrdom in The Renegado, 164–69; linked to race and original sin in The Faerie Queene, 66–73; linked to romance in Orlando Furioso and Othello, 130–33; magical nature of water, 74, 202n46; martyrdom exceeding baptism in Christian thought, 169–71; original sin and, 67–69; Ovidian metamorphosis in The Faerie Queene and, 61–62, 73–81; pedobaptism and concept of English election, 40–48; poetically figured through Ethiopians/blackness, 1–4; racialized understanding of salvation and, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; reformed sacramental theology and, 37–39; romance’s infidel-conversion motif and, 4–5; Turk/infidel as figure of alterity, 53–58. See also Anabaptist baptismal theology; Catholic baptismal theology

Baptizing of a Turke, A (Hanmer), 116–18, 121–23

Barkan, Leonard, 62

Bartels, Emily C., 112, 174

Barthelemy, Anthony Gerard, 138

Bate, Jonathan, 134

Battle of Alcazar, The (Peele), 126

Becon, Thomas: circumcision/baptism analogy, 40–42; on martyrdom, 170; on race/lineage, baptism, and faith, 43–44, 52; on Turks and Turk/infidel baptism without salvation, 54, 115

Berger, Harry, 64–65

Best, George, 70–71, 150

Bevis of Hampton, 23

Bible: paratexts and correct interpretation of Scripture, 91, 94, 97–98; Protestant emphasis on reading and translation, 92, 93–98

black skin and blackness: baptism poetically figured through, 1–4; George Best on, 70–71; Christian allegorization of, 14–16; in early modern London, 129; in The King of Tars, 28–31; medieval morality plays and, 138. See also race and racial identity

Blood Relations (Adelman), 6

Bovilsky, Lara, 135

Bower of Bliss (The Faerie Queene), 81–87

Boyarin, Daniel, 13–14

Bradford, John, 10, 161

Bradley, A. C., 140, 141

breastfeeding, 155

Brief and Clear Confession of the Christian Faith, A (Hooper), 53

Briefe declaration of the sacraments, A (Tyndale), 37, 39, 114–15

Burrow, Colin, 103

Burton, Jonathan, 138

Byrth of mankynde, The (Raynalde), 154–55

Callaghan, Dympna, 128

Calvin, John, 35, 46, 47–48, 151

“Captive’s Tale, The” (Cervantes), 24–27

Carter, J. Kameron, 8

Cartwright, Thomas, 115–16

Catechisme, A (Nowell), 41–42

Catholic baptismal theology, 46–47, 49, 51, 69

Cervantes, Miguel de, 24. See also “Captive’s Tale, The”

Chanson de Roland, La, 22–23

chansons de gestes, 22

Character of the beast, The (Smyth), 45

Charlemagne romances, 22

Childers, William, 27

Christianographie (Pagitt), 118–20

Christian Turned Turk, A, 155–56

Chrysostom, St. John, 95, 96

Cinthio, Giraldi, 17, 19, 124

circumcision: analogized to baptism, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; as linking sexual and religious identity, 147

Cohen, Stephen, 13

comedy, 142–44, 149, 162. See also tragicomedy

Commonwealth and Government of Venice, The (Lewkenor), 129

concupiscence: Bible reading as means to curb, 95–97; original sin and, 67–68, 69–70. See also sexuality and sexual errancy

Confessions (Augustine), 102

Confutation of a booke, A (Harding), 46–47

conversion: Bible reading and translation linked to, 93–98; Harington’s translation of Orlando Furioso as, 92–93, 98–108; infidel conversion and baptism, 68–69, 114–23; in The Island Princess, 156–62; rejected in The Faerie Queene, 66–73; in The Renegado, 162–69; restorative romance in Othello as, 133–41; theology of race and, 11–12, 173–76. See also infidel-conversion motif; salvation

Cooper, Helen, 16–19

Craik, Katharine A., 96

Cranmer, Thomas, 35–36, 41, 94–97

Crashaw, Richard, 1, 3, 4

Crawford, Julie, 153

Crawford, Patricia, 69, 152

Cressy, David, 52–53, 68

Crooke, Helkiah, 152–53, 154

Defence of the Apologie of the Churche of Englande, A (Jewel), 63

Defense to the Answer to the Admonition, The (Whitgift), 115–16

Degenhardt, Jane Hwang, 133

Dimmock, Matthew, 55

Dolan, Frances E., 135

Don Quixote (Cervantes). See “Captive’s Tale, The”

Dreams from My Father (Obama), 175

early modern England: appearance of Ethiopians in literary works, 15–16; definitions and role of romance in, 16–21; racial discourse in, 141; understandings of human reproduction in, 143, 146–48, 152–55

early modern English stage: interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; portrayal of Moors, 125–26, 128–29, 133

early modern literary studies, 5–8, 11–13

English Bibles, 94–95

Englishemans treasure, The (Vicary), 153

epic, 17, 81, 86

Epistle of comfort, An (Southwell), 170

Ethiopian Church, 118

Ethiopians: appearance in early modern English literary works, 15–16; baptism poetically figured through, 1–4; racialized sexuality and, 96–97

Evans, Maurice, 74

Everson, Jane E., 101

Exposition of the fyrste, seconde, and thyrde canonical epistles of S. Jhon, The (Tyndale), 91

Faerie Queene, The (Spenser): allegorical and sacramental poetics of, 62–66, 72–73; baptism, race, and original sin in, 66–73, 86–87; Bower of Bliss and rejection of romantic transformation in, 81–87; infidel-conversion motif rejected in, 61, 73; Ovidian baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity in, 61–62, 73–81; poetics of absence and traces in, 59–62, 64–66; race conjoined with religion in, 72–73, 86–90

fatherhood. See paternity

Feerick, Jean, 158

Fletcher, Angus, 64

Fletcher, John. See Island Princess, The

Floyd-Wilson, Mary, 96

Form and Solemnization of Matrimony, The, 137, 153

Fowler, Alastair, 17

Fox, Cora, 88

Foxe, John, 42

Frith, John, 68–69

Frow, John, 18

Frye, Northrop, 21, 28, 149

Fuchs, Barbara, 109

Galenic theory of reproduction, 152–55

Garcés, María Antonia, 25

gender: interplay with race and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; salvation and maternity in The Merchant of Venice, 150–56; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50

Generation of Animals (Aristotle), 147–48

Genesis covenant, 147

Geneva Bible, 97–98, 151

genres and genre classification, 17–19. See also comedy; epic; romance; tragicomedy

Gerusalemme liberata (Tasso), 23

Gilbert, Jane, 31

Gillies, John, 120

Gless, Darryl J., 85

Golding, Arthur, 82–83

Great Bible, 94–95

Green, Ian, 93, 94, 98

Greenblatt, Stephen, 91

Greene, Robert, 127

Guibbory, Achsah, 40

Guillory, John, 78, 83

Habib, Imtiaz, 123, 129

Hanmer, Meredith, 116–18, 121–23

Harding, Thomas, 46–47

Harington, Sir John, 101, 102–3. See also Orlando Furioso (Harington translation)

Hays, Michael L., 127

Hecatommithi (Cinthio), 129–30, 134

Hegel, G. W. F., 140

Helgerson, Richard, 92

Heng, Geraldine, 12, 30

“heroic poetry,” 17

Hippocratic/Galenic theory of reproduction, 152–55

historical formalism, 13

History of Italy (Thomas), 129

Hooper, John, 53

Hubbock, William, 52

human reproduction: early modern understandings of, 143, 146–48, 152–55; linked to spiritual reproduction, 151–56

infant baptism. See pedobaptism

infection, language of, 69–71

infidel-conversion motif: history of, 21–31; interplay with race and gender, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; as key romance motif, 4–5, 21; in Othello, 173–74; recuperation of in The Island Princess, 156–62, 170–72; recuperation of in The Renegado, 164–69, 170–72; rejected in The Faerie Queene, 61, 73; repurposed in Orlando Furioso, 93, 102

infidels: baptism and conversion of, 68–69, 114–23; as figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58. See also Ethiopians; Jews and Judaism; Moors; Turks

Institutes of Christian Religion (Calvin), 47

Island Princess, The (Fletcher): function of martyrdom in, 160–62, 170–72; interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif, 142–44; recuperation of infidel-conversion motif, 156–62, 170–72; turning-Turk motif in, 158–59

Jackson, Ken, 11

James VI and I, 35–36

Jameson, Fredric, 19–20

Javitch, Daniel, 80

Jennings, Willie James, 8

Jewel, John, 46–47, 62–63, 118

Jews and Judaism: Christianity’s relationship to, 149–50; circumcision/baptism analogy, 14, 39–45, 49–50, 54; Protestant anxieties over Hebrew Bible, 98; as racial category, 42–43; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50; theological arguments over baptism and conversion of, 68–69, 115–16

Johnson, Richard, 15–16

Jowitt, Claire, 157

“judaization,” 98

Kaplan, M. Lindsay, 145, 148

Kaske, Carole V., 77, 79

Kidd, Colin, 8

King of Tars, The, 28–31

Kirkpatrick, Thomas, 12

Lampert, Lisa, 31

Laqueur, Thomas, 152

Lee, Judith, 105, 110

Leigh, Dorothy, 154

Lewkenor, Lewes, 129

Lindmann, Mary, 152

Loomba, Ania, 11–12, 171, 172

Lupton, Julia Reinhard, 12, 39, 145, 147

Luther, Martin, 35, 51, 56, 93

MacDonald, Joyce Green, 143

Making Sex (Laqueur), 152

Marotti, Arthur F., 11

marriage, 137, 151–55

martyrdom: as exceeding power of baptism in Christian thought, 169–71; in The Island Princess, 144, 160–62, 170–71; in The Renegado, 144, 162–68, 170–71

Massinger, Philip. See Renegado, The

Matar, Nabil, 72, 133

maternity and salvation, 150–56

Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare): interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; love as motivation for conversion in, 136; salvation and maternity in, 150–56; salvation and paternity in, 145–50

Metamorphoses (Ovid), 61–62. See also Ovidian metamorphosis

metamorphosis. See Ovidian metamorphosis

Mikrokosmographia (Crooke), 152–53

mimesis, 65

misogynist discourse, 135, 136–37

Moors: conversion narratives involving, 24–27; early modern racial characterizations, 72; Hanmer’s genealogical origins of, 121–22; portrayal on early modern English stage, 125–26, 128–29, 133; theological arguments over baptism and conversion of, 115–16. See also Othello (Shakespeare)

More, Thomas, 56

motherhood. See maternity and salvation

Mother’s Blessing, The (Leigh), 154

motifs, 16–17. See also infidel-conversion motif; turning-Turk motif

Murray, Molly, 11

Myrroure or lokynge glasse, A (Frith), 68–69

Neill, Michael, 129, 160

“New Catechisme, A” (Becon), 41–42, 43–44, 52, 54, 115, 170

Newton, Thomas, 173

Ng, Su Fang, 94

Notable historie of the Saracens, A (Newton), 173

Nowell, Alexander, 41–42

Nymph’s well episode (The Faerie Queene): baptismal theology linked to race and original sin in, 66–73; Ovidian baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity in, 61–62, 73–81

Obama, Barack Hussein, 174–75

On Romances (Cinthio), 19, 124

“On the Baptized Aethiope” (Crashaw), 1, 3, 4

Origen, 169–70

original sin: English baptismal theology and, 67–69; linked to race and baptism in The Faerie Queene, 66–73

originary identities: restoration of in Shakespearean romance, 114, 133–34; Spenser’s concern with in The Faerie Queene, 73–81

Orlando Furioso (Ariosto): controversy over genre of, 17; conversion, baptism, and romance in, 23, 130–33; interracial affection in, 109–10; as source material for Othello, 113–14, 137–38

Orlando Furioso (Greene’s play), 127

Orlando Furioso (Harington translation): converted and allegorized into a Protestant poem, 92–93, 98–108; race and racial identity in, 93, 104–11

Othello (Shakespeare): ambiguity of Othello’s racial identity and otherness in, 112–13, 125–30; conversion and transformative romance in, 126–33; infidel-conversion motif in, 173–74; other romance motifs and themes in, 210–11n6; reversion and restorative romance in, 133–41; romance, tragedy, and anagnorisis in, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41

Ovidian metamorphosis (in The Faerie Queene): linked to concern with racial and religious purity, 87–90; refiguring of Circe and rejection of romantic transformation, 81–87; relationship to baptism, originary identity, and figurative unity, 61–62, 73–81

Pagitt, Ephraim, 118–20

Parker, Patricia, 110

paternity: Obama’s religious identity and, 175; salvation and, 145–50

Paul, Saint, 14, 39

Pauline universalism, 14

pedobaptism, 40–48

Peele, George, 126

Penuel, Suzanne, 149

Perkins, William, 71

“poetic geography,” 120

Poetics (Aristotle), 124

Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England (Green), 93

Pugh, Syrith, 80

Puttenham, George, 64

Quilligan, Maureen, 63, 84

race and racial identity: ambiguity of in Othello, 112–13, 125–30; black skin and blackness in The King of Tars, 28–31; breastfeeding linked to, 155; Christian allegorizing of racialized non-Christian bodies, 14–16; conjoined with religion in The Faerie Queene, 72–73, 86–90; explored within early modern literary studies, 5–8; figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58; in Harington’s Orlando Furioso, 93, 104–11; interplay with gender and infidel-conversion motif in English tragicomedy, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; language of infection and, 70–71; linked to original sin and baptism in The Faerie Queene, 66–73, 86–87; linked to religion and geography, 114–23; racial discourse in Othello, 113, 128, 134–35, 141; racialization of sexuality, 96–97; racialized understandings of salvation and baptism, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50; theology of race and conversion, 11–12, 173–76

Rashkow, Ilona N., 98

Raynalde, Thomas, 154–55

reading and translation: of Bible linked to conversion, 92, 93–98, 102; Harington’s translation of Orlando Furioso, 92–93, 98–108; Protestant anxieties surrounding, 91–93; relationship to sexuality, 95–97, 101–2, 104–5

religious identity: conjoined with race in The Faerie Queene, 72–73, 86–90; explored within early modern literary studies, 6–8, 11–13; in Harington’s Orlando Furioso, 93, 104–11; linked to race and geography, 114–23; linked to race in The Kings of Tars, 28–31; Obama’s paternity and, 175; oscillations of in Othello, 133–41; racialized understandings of, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53; salvation and maternity in The Merchant of Venice, 150–56; salvation and paternity in The Merchant of Venice, 145–50

Renegado, The (Massinger): baptism, marriage, and martyrdom in, 162–68, 170–71; interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44; recuperation of infidel-conversion motif in, 156–57, 164–69, 170–72; turning-Turk motif in, 158–59

Replye to an Answere of Dr Whitgifte (Cartwright), 115–16

reproduction. See human reproduction

Responsio and Lutherum (More), 56

restorative romance, 133–41

Ridley, Thomas, 170

Riggs, John Wheelan, 47

Robinson, Benedict S., 71, 165

romance: affinities between Ovid and, 80–81; connections to tragedy and anagnorisis in Othello, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41; definitions and genre classifications of, 16–21; Harington’s Orlando Furioso as turning away from, 101, 104–5; infidel-conversion motif in, 4–5, 21 (see also infidel-conversion motif); linked to sexuality and hybrid identity, 100, 104–5; rejection of in The Faerie Queene, 81–87; restorative romance in Othello, 133–41; transformative romance in Othello, 126–33; turning-Turk motif in, 23–24, 155–56, 158–59

romance anagnorisis, 125

romance motifs, 16–17. See also infidel-conversion motif; turning-Turk motif

Root, Deborah, 26

sacramental theology: linked to allegory, 62–66; marriage as sacrament, 137; reformed baptism arising from, 37–39

salvation: maternity and, 150–56; nonbaptized Turks/infidels and, 53–58; paternity and, 145–50; racialized understandings of baptism and, 8–11, 35–37, 42–53

Schoenfeldt, Michael C., 70

Schoolmaster, The (Ascham), 100

Schwartz, Regina M., 63–64

sexuality and sexual errancy: effects of reading on, 95–97, 100, 101–2; Harington’s Orlando Furioso and, 102–5

sexual reproduction. See human reproduction

Shakespeare, William, 18. See also Merchant of Venice, The; Othello

Shapiro, James, 147

Slights, William W. E., 99

Smith, Ian, 6

Smyth, John, 45

Southwell, Robert, 170

Spenser, Edmund, 64. See also Faerie Queene, The

Spierling, Karen E., 9

Spiller, Elizabeth, 20, 96

Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 49, 51

symbolism, 79

Tambling, Jeremy, 79

Tasso, Torquato, 17, 23, 86

Taussig, Michael, 65

Teskey, Gordon, 79

“Thirty-Nine Articles, The,” 67–68, 92

Thomas, William, 129

Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas

Tom a Lincoln (Johnson), 16

“To Mistress Wilkinson and Mistress Warcup” (Bradford), 10

tragedy, 113–14, 123–26, 140–41

tragicomedy: interplay of race, gender, and infidel-conversion motif in, 142–44, 155–56, 171–72; linked to martyrdom and the threat of death, 160–62

transformative romance, 126–33

translation. See reading and translation

Traub, Valerie, 120

Trubowitz, Rachel, 155

Turks: Christian arguments over baptism and conversion of, 115–16; early modern racial characterizations, 72; as figures of alterity in English baptismal theology, 53–58; race, religion, and geography in The baptizing of a Turke, 116–18, 121–23

turning-Turk motif, 23–24, 155–56, 158–59

Tyndale, William: on allegory and correct reading of Scripture, 91; circumcision/baptism analogy, 39, 49–51; reformed sacramental theology of, 37; on Turks and Turk/infidel salvation without baptism, 53–54, 55–56, 57, 91, 114–15

vernacular Bibles, 94–95

Vicary, Thomas, 153

Vitkus, Daniel, 125

Watkins, John, 86

Weinberg, Bernard, 124

Werth, Tiffany Jo, 21, 98, 100

Whitgift, John, 115–16, 194–95n33

Whitney, Geffrey, 1–3, 4

Wofford, Susanne, 77, 80

Zwingli, Ulrich, 35