0.  “Extract of A Narrative of Lord Byron’s Last Journey to Greece,” London Literary Gazette, no. 418, January 22, 1825.

0.  A. R. Mills, “The Last Illness of Lord Byron,” Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh 28, no. 4 (1998): 76.

0.  Joseph-Marie Audin-Rouvière, Plus de sangsues! (Paris: Le Normant Fils, 1827).

0. J. D. Rolleston, “F.J.V. Broussais (1772–1838): His Life and Doctrines,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 32, (January 11, 1939), 408.

0.  Times, November 21, 1838.

0.  The Centro Medico François Broussais is on Rome’s Largo Antonio Sarti while the Hôpital Broussais is in the 14th arrondissement of Paris.

0.  The common Italian and French names for leeches are pleasingly straightforward: both sanguisuga and sangsue translate as “bloodsucker.”

0.  Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Letter to Brigitte Latrille, Ricarimpex SAS, June 21, 2004, www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf4/k040187.pdf (accessed October 10, 2017).

0.  Biopharm also sells HirudoSalt, to make up a saline solution to keep leeches in; HirudoMix, a moist matrix that dispenses with the need for frequent water changes; and HirudoGel, “a revolutionary material for keeping leeches healthy in hospital pharmacies”; www.biopharm-leeches.com/maintenance-products1.html (accessed October 10, 2017).

0.  Keith L. Mutimer, Joseph C. Banis, and Joseph Upton, “Microsurgical Reattachment of Totally Amputated Ears,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 79, no. 4 (1987): 535–41.

0.  Daniel Q. Haney, “Doctors Combine Modern Microsurgery and Ancient Leeching to Save Ear,” Associated Press, September 24, 1985, www.apnewsarchive.com/1985/Doctors-Combine-Modern-Microsurgery-and-Ancient-Leeching-To-Save-Ear/id-f271f9b1c1cbd5dba4bbb17eeca88e83 (accessed October 10, 2017).

0.  Ibid.

0.  In fact, under the direction of a Professor Lavric, leeches had been in “constant use” at the Surgical Clinic in Ljubljana, used mainly to treat thrombosis and phlebitis. “This fact,” wrote the two surgeons, “is of such importance that the chemist of the 2,000-bedded hospital in Ljubljana is never without a sufficient quantity of leeches to meet the demand.” M. Derganc and F. Zdravic, “Venous Congestion of Flaps Treated by Application of Leeches,” British Journal of Plastic Surgery 13 (1960): 187–92.

0.  James Hamblin, “Please, Michael Phelps, Stop Cupping,” Atlantic, August 9, 2016.

0.  “According to Brynjolfsson and McAfee, such talk misses the point: trying to save jobs by tearing up trade deals is like applying leeches to a head wound.” Elizabeth Kolbert, “Our Automated Future,” New Yorker, December 19 and 26, 2016.

0.  “15 Most Bizarre Medical Treatments Ever,” CBS News, www.cbsnews.com/pictures/15-most-bizarre-medical-treatments-ever/2/ (accessed May 3, 2018).

0.  I. S. Whitaker, D. Izadi, D. W. Oliver, et al., “Hirudo medicinalis and the Plastic Surgeon,” British Journal of Plastic Surgery 57, no. 4 (2004): 351.

0.  Roy T. Sawyer, “A Sanguine Attachment: 2,000 Years of Leeches in Medicine,” in Medical and Health Annual (London: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998), 97.

0.  https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php (accessed January 10, 2018).

0.  Whitaker et al., “Hirudo medicinalis and the Plastic Surgeon,” 351.

0.  Douglas B. Chepeha, Brian Nussenbaum, Carol R. Bradford, and Theodoros N. Teknos, “Leech Therapy for Patients with Surgically Unsalvageable Venous Obstruction After Revascularized Free Tissue Transfer,” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery 128, no. 8 (2002): 961.

0.  “Leech Therapy,” Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, patient information leaflet, www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/resources/patient-information/surgery/Plastic-surgery/leech-therapy.pdf (accessed August 25, 2017).

0.  Valerie Curtis, Nicole Voncken, and Shyamoli Singh, “Dirt and Disgust: A Darwinian Perspective on Hygiene,” Medische Antropologie 11, no. 1 (1999): 148.

0.  William Miller, quoted in ibid., 149.

0.  Kirk and Pemberton, Leech, 137.

0.  Mukund Jagannathan, Vipin Barthwal, and Maksud Devale, “Aesthetic and Effective Leech Application,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 124, no. 1 (2009): 338.

0.  Anonymous, “Leeches Drunk Will Bite till Sober,” letter, Lancet 2 (1849): 683.

0.  James Rawlins Johnson, A Treatise on the Medicinal Leech: Including Its Medical and Natural History, with a Description of Its Anatomical Structure: Also, Remarks upon the Diseases, Preservation and Management of Leeches (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816).

0.  Alison Reynolds and Colm OBoyle, “Nurses’ Experiences of Leech Therapy in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,” British Journal of Nursing 25, no. 13 (2016): 729–33.

0.  Claire Lomax, “How Leeches Could Save My Life,” Telegraph and Argus, October 7, 2007.

0.  “Blood-Sucking Leeches Save a Woman from Cancer,” Daily Mail (London), October 9, 2007.

0.  Mel Fairhurst, “Battling Michelle Beaten by Cancer,” Telegraph and Argus, May 7, 2008.

0.  Glynn Maples, “A Sucker’s Born Every Minute on This Farm in Swansea, Wales,” Wall Street Journal, September 21, 1989.

0.  Derganc and Zdravic, “Venous Congestion of Flaps Treated by Application of Leeches,” 189.

0.  Thomas Moore, The Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. Wilfred S. Dowden (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983), 1450.

0.  George Merryweather, “An Essay Explanatory of the Tempest Prognosticator in the Building of the Great Exhibition for the Works for the Industry of All Nations: Read Before the Whitby Philosophical Society, February 27, 1851,” https://archive.org/stream/b2804163x/b2804163x_djvu.txt (accessed October 10, 2017).

0.  Merryweather, in his published essay, expresses his obligations to “the Gentlemen of the Committee of Management of ‘Lloyd’s,’ for the handsome manner in which I have been treated by them, and for giving publicity to a number of my experiments.” For Lloyd’s doing its own testing, see Kirk and Pemberton, Leech, 108.

0.  Sawyer, “A Sanguine Attachment,” 96.

0.  “National Export Quotas,” Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES), n.d., www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/export_quotas (accessed February 10, 2018).

0.  Richard G. Fiddian-Green, “Treating Heart Failure and Sepsis with Bloodletting and Leeches,” responding to British Medical Journal 320, no. 7226 (2000): 39.

0.  Jack McClintock and Elinor Carucci, “Bloodsuckers,” Discover, December 1, 2001.