Endnotes

Introduction

the Hawaiian chant: Martha Warren Beckwith, The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant, (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1951), 44, 58.

changing color of the air: Discovery: The Hawaiian Odyssey, (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993), 27.

as early as 200 A.D.: Estimates vary as to when the first humans landed versus colonized the Hawaiian islands. For a discussion based on carbon dating of archeological materials, see The Polynesian Settlement of the Hawaiian Archipelago: Integrating Models and Methods in Archaeological Interpretation, Michael W. Graves and David J. Addison, World Archaeology, Vol. 26, No. 3, Colonization of Islands (Feb., 1995),
pp. 380–399.

including tiny shoots of sugar cane: There are no written accounts of these voyages, but the first western visitors to the islands reported that the Hawaiians were growing sugar cane. Archibald Menzies and William Frederick Wilson, Hawai‘i nei 128 years ago (s.n., 1920), 34, 75.

humans were thrown into the volcano’s depths: Archibald Menzies and William Frederick Wilson, Hawai‘i nei 128 years ago (s.n., 1920), 162–163.

carved wooden statues: John ‘I‘i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1959), 33–37.

master of song: Discovery: The Hawaiian Odyssey, (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1993), 35.

a distinct race: William Ellis, Journal of William Ellis: A Narrative of an 1823 Tour Through Hawai‘i, (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2004), 21.

risked instant death: John ‘I‘i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1959), 28.

the Hawaiian creation chant: Martha Warren Beckwith, The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant, (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1951), 44, 58.

Fear falls upon me: Ibid. 92.

Their favorite pastime was surfing: Kamakau, Ruling chiefs of Hawaii, 106.

men, women and children would paddle out: Ben Finney and James D. Houston, Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport, (Rohnert Park, Calif.: Pomegranate Artbooks, 1996), 27.

heights of several hundred feet or more: Kamakau, Ruling chiefs of Hawaii, 82.

their dark hair streaming: Archibald Menzies and William Frederick Wilson, Hawai‘i Nei 128 Years Ago (Honolulu: 1920), 180.

“This is indeed Lono”: Kamakau, Ruling chiefs of Hawaii, 93.

fields flush with yams and taro: Menzies and Wilson, Hawai‘i Nei 128 Years Ago, 124, 128.

a plant brought to the islands: Robert L. Cushing, “The Beginnings of Sugar Production in Hawai’i,” Hawaiian Journal of History vol. 19 (1985). See also Menzies and Wilson, Hawai‘i Nei 128 Years Ago, 34.

Cook was venerated: David Malo, Hawaiian antiquities (Moolelo Hawai‘i) (Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1903), p. 190.

“death-dealing thing”: Kamakau, Ruling chiefs of Hawaii, 94.

the chief kept questioning him: David Samwell et al., The death of Captain James Cook (Paradise of the Pacific Press, 1791), 8.

offering themselves up: John ‘I‘i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1959), 87. The historian ‘I‘i is referring to a later period, but accounts of Cook’s visits by his officers describe Hawaiian women engaging in barter for sexual favors, as well.

Wrapped in a feather cloak: The fight in which Cook died, the ensuing slaughter, and the delivery of the body parts were documented in the journals of several members of Cook’s expedition. Native Hawaiian historian David Malo, p. 134, describes how in traditional Hawaiian society, bodies were routinely salted, and the bereaved would frequently exhume the bodies of their loved ones in secret to keep a leg bone or hands/feet.

Preface

the population of native Hawaiians was estimated at: Davianna McGregor, Nā Kua‘āina: living Hawaiian culture (University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007), 30. McGregor notes that 400,000 was the estimate from Cook’s voyage, but cites David E. Stannard, Before the horror: the population of Hawai’i on the eve of Western contact (Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawai‘i, 1989). Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. I, 1778–1854 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1938), 336, notes that by 1823 the population was 142,050 and estimates this represents fifty percent of the population at contact.

weapons drawn and ready to fire: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen (North Clarendon, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1971), 386, appendix B. “I was told that it was for the safety of American citizens and the protection of their interests. Then why had they (the troops) not gone to the residences, instead of drawing a line in front of the Palace gates, with guns pointed at us, and when I was living with my people in the Palace?”

a royal salute: Lucien Young, The Real Hawaii: Its History and Present Condition: Including the True Story of the Revolution (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899), 187.

claimed for America: Jon M. Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i? (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2008), 170, citing the 1993 “Apology Resolution,” supra note 16, whereas para. 8.

four to one: There are varying reports on how many troops the queen had at her command. Biographer Helena Allen says she had only a handful of household troops, while historian Ralph S. Kuykendall put the Hawaiian army at 272, commanded by Capt. Nowlein. Onipa‘a, published by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs in 1993, says the “Queen’s government” had 600 troops, plus 30,000 rounds of ammunition, eight cannons, and two Gatling guns, although it’s unclear if the 600 people were part of the official army or household troops or included the police force commanded by Marshal Charles B. Wilson.

small pox, syphilis, and measles: Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1938), 336; other discussions of population on 364, 386–87.

Chapter 1: Born in Paradise

“. . . schools, and churches.”: Lucy Goodale Thurston, Life and Times of Mrs. Lucy G. Thurston, Wife of Rev Asa Thurston, Pioneer Missionary to the Sandwich Islands, Gathered from Letters and Journals Extending Over a Period of More Than Fifty Years . . . (Ann Arbor, Mich.: S.C. Andrews, 1882), 15.

“Can these be human beings?”: Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands . . . (New York: Sherman Converse, 1847), 81.

The guests, astonished at this act . . . : Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, vol. 1 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1938), 68, citing an account given by Ka‘ahumana to Rev. A. Bishop in 1826.

After the meal was over, he ordered the heiau . . .” Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 68, citing an account given by Kamehameha the Great’s widow Ka‘ahumanu to Rev. A. Bishop in 1826.

such passionate evangelists as Titus Coan: On a single day in 1838, Coan baptized more than seventeen hundred converts. Within a few years, Coan’s flock had swelled to more than six thousand members. Gavan Daws, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1968), 100–102.

they deducted its cost: Lorrin Thurston Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, vol. 3 (Honolulu: Book Company Publishing, 2008), 5.

“every interest but Christ’s”: Bingham, 126.

a geological oddity: Isabella Bird, Six Months in the Sandwich Islands: Among Hawaii’s Palm Groves, Coral Reefs, and Volcanoes (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2007), 13.

reminded them of punchbowls: Frederick Grantham, Discover Downtown Honolulu (Royal Designs, 1998), 7.

made from tree bark: Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen (North Clarendon, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1971), 4.

“That is the sign of our Ali‘i!”: Helena Allen, The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawai‘i 1838–1917 (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1982), 36.

the chiefess named her: Allen, Betrayal, 36–37.

light complexion and reddish hair: Bernice Bishop and Mary Hannah Krout, The Memoirs of Hon. Bernice Pauahi Bishop (New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1908), 10, and George H. Kanahele, Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy, 1st ed. (Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press, 1986), 10.

a photographer captured an image: Photo of Abner Paki, Photograph, Undated, PP98-17, Hawai‘i State Archive.

“. . . any strangers who noticed me”: Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s Story by Hawai‘i’s Queen, 4.

until the court moved permanently: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 1:228.

a mild limp all her life: Bernice Piilani Cook Irwin, I knew Queen Liliuokalani (First People’s Productions, 1960), 66. Also Helena G. Allen, The Betrayal of Liliuokalani, Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917, 1982, 42–44.

Amos Starr Cooke and his wife: The Cookes, who were Americans, were not related to the British explorer Captain James Cook.

a lamp burning in the courtyard: “Family School for Children of the Chiefs,” The Polynesian (Honolulu, July 4, 1840).

one cent a pound: Noel J. Kent, Hawai‘i, Islands Under the Influence (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1993), 18.

“Forest Trees of the Sea”: Mary Kawena Pukui and Alfons L. Korn, The Echo of our song: chants & poems of the Hawaiians (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1979), 217.

even Russian ducats: According to a table of coinage in use in the kingdom printed by the Polynesian in 1848.

a special red-light district: Eric Jay Dolin, Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007), 279–280.

happily surprised: Dolin, 180, quoting Briton Cooper Busch’s history of 19th century whaling.

“mischievous sleeping”: Sally Engle Merry, Colonizing Hawai’i (Princeton University Press, 2000), 248. In the Pukui/Elbert dictionary, the literal translation is “illegal mating.”

stitching modest calico dresses: Lucy Thurston, Life and Times of Mrs. Lucy G. Thurston, Wife of Rev Asa Thurston, Pioneer Missionary to the Sandwich Islands, Gathered from Letters and Journals Extending Over a Period of More Than Fifty Years . . . , 32.

tracts on marriage and intemperance: Hiram Bingham, A Residence of twenty-one years in the Sandwich islands (New York: Sherman Converse, 1847), 615.

fight amongst themselves: John ‘I‘i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1959), 164. John ‘I‘i, and his wife became kahu, or attendants, at the Royal School. ‘I‘i later became the kingdom’s superintendant of schools.

next generation of rulers: The purpose of the Chiefs’ Children’s School may not have been entirely benign, at least from the perspective of some westerners. The Polynesian, for instance, wrote in 1840: “The necessity of a family school for these children [i.e., ali‘i children] is apparent from the extreme improbability of their being taught to any good purpose unless they are in a measure isolated—cut off from a free intercourse with their former associates. A moment’s reflection will show the importance of saving them, if possible, not only from the contagious example of children their own age, but of older though ignorant and superstitious persons, who will flatter their vanity, corrupt their morals, and thus blight the hope of their future usefulness.”

“we were growing children:” Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, 5.

hauling away the dead: John ‘I‘i, Fragments of Hawaiian History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1959), 174.

slapped him in the face: Cooke’s journals, as quoted in George S. Kanahele, Emma: Hawai‘i’s Remarkable Queen (Honolulu: The Queen Emma Foundation, 1999), 29.

a rebellious student: Helena Allen, Kalakaua: Renaissance King (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1994), 8.

murdering his wife: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, October 11, 1894 citing an article in the Polynesian, Oct. 3, 1840.

witnessed the execution: Amos Starr Cooke, Juliette Montague Cooke, and Mary Atherton Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School (Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1937), 86.

saved a piece of the hangman’s rope: Allen, Kalakaua: Renaissance King, 8. The story of Kalākaua saving a piece of the rope from his grandfather’s hanging may well be apocryphal.

established a supreme court: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 159–169.

France expressed a verbal assurance: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 194–199.

he had moved his court to Lahaina: Allen, Betrayal, 32.

“a junta . . .”: Herman Melville, Typee; or, a narrative of a four months’ residence among the natives of a valley of the Marquesas Islands; or, a peep at Polynesian Life (London: John Murray, 1847), 282.

a British possession: Alexander Simpson, The Sandwich Islands: Progress of Events Since Their Discovery by Captain Cook. Their Occupation by Lord George Paulet. Their Value and Importance (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1843), 51.

the force of the Carysfort’s guns: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. I, 1778–1854, 213–214.

perhaps by Catholic France: Amos Starr Cooke, Juliette Montague Cooke, and Mary Atherton Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School (Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1937), 165.

to personally press his case: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 214–215.

“hoping still for independence”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. I, 1778–1854, 216.

“men of Britain”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 1:206.

“Hear ye!”: Kuykendall The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 216.

“That same year, in 1843 . . .” History of The Economist from http://www.economistgroup.com/what_we_do/our_history.html

“they were no longer Chiefs”: Cooke, Cooke and Richards, 169.

“whenever we met (them) on the street”: Cooke, Cooke and Richards, 169, in a footnote citing Elizabeth Kinau Wilder’s published reminiscences.

“. . . the ships of the whitemen”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 1:153, quoting a letter Malo to Kinau, 8/13/1837, AH.

the first boat they could commandeer: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 217—the ship left March 11 with Alexander Simpson as emissary for the Paulet government.

spirited back to Honolulu: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 217.

he left Valparaiso: On July 26, 1843—Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 219–220.

Admiral Thomas and the king: Bingham, 603.

the soldiers hoisted the Hawaiian flag: William De Witt Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York: American Book Company, 1891), 249–250.

“the life of the land”: Kuykendall, The Hawai‘ian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 220.

Restoration Day celebration: Thomas G. Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891 (Honolulu: Black & Auld, Printers, 1890), 70.

just over five months: For years afterwards, Lili‘u and other royal children took part in “Restoration Day” celebrations which were often tied to the temperance movement. The first anniversary, on July 31, 1844, included the young chiefs singing a “temperance glee,” and when a Reverand asked all the children if they were going to keep the pledge to refrain from drinking alcohol, they rose en masse and shouted “Ae!”, the Hawaiian word for “yes,” Despite this youthful outpouring, the port town of Honolulu, with its rollicking grog shops, never became a stronghold for the temperance movement’s “Cold Water Army” and alcoholism would become a recurring problem for the Hawaiian people.

Chapter 2: Progress and Liberty

newfangled “electrical machine”: Cooke, Cooke, and Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 251.

Declaration of Rights: Allen, Betrayal, 55.

down to the sea: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 13.

“the dignity of the Hawaiian crown”: Ibid., 55.

1.6 million acres: Ibid., 42.

“one-third or at least one-fourth” of the lands: Ibid., 44.

a word in their language for it: McGregor, Nā Kua’āina, 38.

effectively became homeless: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 45.

went to the commoners: Ibid., 48.

another for $8,000: Bob Krauss, Grove Farm Plantation: The Biography of a Hawaiian Sugar Plantation (Palo Alto, Calif.: Pacific Books, 1976), 152.

“the evil that afterwards crept in”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 293.

neighboring relation’s home: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 8.

to King Kamehameha III: Ibid., 8, and Allen, Betrayal, 53.

hasten their deaths: “Weekly Gossip,” Polynesian (Honolulu, October 28, 1848).

from the foreign community: “Editorial,” Polynesian (Honolulu, January 13, 1849).

at night to carouse: Gavan Daws, Honolulu: The First Century (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2006), 148–50. Moses was finally dismissed from the school after impregnating one of the other pupils, a transgression for which he was rebuked by the kingdom’s Privy Council.

“will be a beacon . . .”: Cooke, Cooke, and Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 318.

“on that of the others”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawai‘i’s Story, 8–9.

a service for him was held: Cooke, Cooke, and Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 321.

entire native population: William De Witt Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York: American Book Company, 1891), 260 footnote.

in the year 1930: “Editorial on population,” Polynesian (Honolulu, January 26, 1850).

becoming more common: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 387.

grandson of Kamehameha I: Bishop and Krout, Memoirs, 83.

June 4 of 1850: Cooke, Cooke, and Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 344.

for all her pono: Ibid.

a Dalmatian: Ante Kovacevic, “On the Descent of John Owen Dominis, Prince Consort of Queen Liliuokalani,” Hawaiian Journal of History 10 (1976): 1–24.

a year later: From the official Washington Place pamphlet, http://Hawaii.gov/gov/washington_place/WPBrochure.pdf.

known as “Washington Place”: From the Washington Place Web site, http://Hawaii.gov/gov/washington_place/Rooms/WP%20Rooms.

by his widowed mother: As noted throughout Allen, Betrayal , the mother-son bond was particularly strong. Also see Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, p. 23: “[Mrs. Dominis] clung with tenacity to the affection and constant attentions of her son, and no man could be more devoted than was General Dominis to his mother.”

despite his mother’s protests: Cooke, Cooke, and Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 184, notes that upon John Dominis’ entry into the school, Amos Cooke wrote, “I called on his mother & she said she wished John to go ahead as fast as possible. I told her we could not push him forward very fast & no faster than our own scholars.”

a private academy: Date of retirement confirmed in Ibid., 347–48.

Commissioners for Foreign Missions: Ibid., xvii–xx.

in 1851: Ibid., 349.

tools, sewing equipment, and medicine: According to the Castle & Cooke corporate site, http://www.castlecooke.net/about/history.aspx.

“they came to do good and did well”: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, 1982), 58.

also run by American missionaries: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 9.

two-storied home named Haleakalā: Ibid., 110.

impromptu dances: Allen, Betrayal, 72–73.

“go & come at an Americans bidding”: Jacob Adler, ed., The Journal of Prince Alexander Liholiho: The Voyages Made to the United States, England and France in 1849-1850 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press for the Hawaiian Historical Society, 1967), 107–08, journal entry of 6/5/1850.

“crime and corruption, vigilantes, and lynch laws”: Allen, Betrayal, 78. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 424, also notes that ‘I‘i, Pākī and Liholiho objected to annexation.

depression in 1851 and 1852: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 324.

the Americans who lived in the islands: Ibid., 402–27.

all chewing sugar-cane: Laura Fish Judd, Honolulu: Sketches of Life (New York: Anson D. F. Randolph, 1880), 227.

in the palace for two weeks: The nineteenth-century Hawaiian historian David Malo notes that the long period of mourning is traditionally Hawaiian, saying that an ali‘i might lie in state for ten days or more. The bodies were considered tabu and mourners were considered unclean, unable to leave the house of mourning, for the period that the body lay in state (134–36).

the teenaged Lili‘u: Allen, Betrayal, 79.

anywhere in Honolulu: Riánna M. Williams, Deaths and Funerals of Major Hawaiian Ali‘i (R. M. Williams, 2000), 31.

“brilliant talents and winning manners”: Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 280.

laid to rest: Allen, Betrayal, 79, details how the funeral was moved to January 10 due to storms. The funeral closed the two-week mourning period.

“the age for which he was born”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 427–28, quoting the Polynesian, January 13, 1855.

loaded with American coins: Allen, Betrayal, 79.

soon become obsolete: Kanahele, Emma, 61.

some native chiefs: Allen, Betrayal, 81–82, makes it seem as though Lili‘u was the traditional choice, but Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 78, states that petitioners for Lili‘u to be the bride were in the minority.

Lili‘u’s biological father: Kanahele, Emma, 60.

his stamina and conditioning: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 34.

gold lace and a plumed hat: Kanahele, Emma, 61.

to get it for him: Historian David Forbes says this omission was discussed in a letter from Queen Emma to Flora Jones. Letter at the State Archives of Hawai‘i.

a British doctor: Kanahele, Emma, 17.

Bernice Pauahi Bishop: Allen, Betrayal, 82.

Konia and the Bishops: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 10–11.

the ali‘i towards the commoners: Bishop and Krout, Memoirs, 104–105.

“even the Chinese”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 13.

seeing as a child: Ibid., 12.

“curious urchins”: Ibid., 11.

the new king shortly after: Allen, Betrayal, 90, states only the date of 1856. Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 13, recounts it as occurring after the wedding.

confined to his home at length: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 13.

the Bishops’ home: Alfons L. Korn, The Victorian Visitors: An Account of the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1861–1866 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1958), 160–61.

less than perfect manners: Korn, Victorian Visitors, 113, bill of fare is reprinted in whole.

travelers to the islands: Mark Twain and Lady Franklin were early visitors, and Lorrin Thurston campaigned vigorously to make it a park as well as being one of the early backers of the Volcano House hotel.

“lighthearted, merry, and happy . . .”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 17.

750,238 pounds in 1850: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 315.

a mere 21,000 pounds: Ibid., 323–324.

land in Kaua‘i in 1835: Ibid., 175.

multiplied to thirty-two: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 142–143.

multiplied more than ten-fold: Jacob Adler, Claus Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawai‘i (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1966), 10.

costing more than twice as much: Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 284–85.

the toes of their bare feet: Krauss, Grove Farm Plantation,147.

neared its peak: Dolin, Leviathan, 106. The U.S. whaling fleet reached its height in terms of number of ships in 1846, with 735 out of a total of 900 whaleships worldwide. The most profitable year was 1853.

Hawaiian males of working age: Gary Y. Okihiro, Island World: A History of Hawai’i and the United States (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2008), 143.

certain specified reasons: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 329.

“a relic of barbarism”: From George Chaplin, Presstime in Paradise: The Life and Times of the Honolulu Advertiser, 1856-1995 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1998), 55–56.

part-Hawaiians and Caucasians: As extrapolated from Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 177 among others.

in other parts of the world: Elizabeth Abbott, Sugar: A Bittersweet History (New York: Overlook Press, 2010), 336.

carried whips: Takaki, Raising Cane, 33

25 cents a day: Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 259.

in 1858: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 8–9.

sugar from molasses: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 326.

sustained Native Hawaiians: Abbott, Sugar, 336. For further discussion of the environmental consequences of large irrigation projects, see
pp. 379–82 of the same book, citing the World Wildlife Fund’s reporting that sugarcane has likely “caused a greater loss of biodiversity on the planet than any other single crop, due to its destruction of habitat to make way for plantations, its intensive use of water for irrigation, its heavy use of industrial chemicals, and the polluted wastewater that is routinely discharged in the sugar production process.”

“for miles around”: Gary Y. Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865–1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 39. The Planters Monthly published this in an 1886 issue.

3: Aloha

unmarried women in the land: Allen, Betrayal, 89.

the reign of Kamehameha I: Allen, Betrayal, 92. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 78, details how Kamehameha II designated his nine-year-old brother, Kamehameha III, as his successor before leaving for Britain, where he died. Kuykendall, 136n, noted that Kamehameha III adopted Alexander as his son and designated him heir. The young Albert, meanwhile, was a sickly child who nonetheless enjoyed the pleasures of childhood with royal privileges. For his fourth birthday, he toured the Honolulu Fire Department, where, the Advertiser reported, he was made an honorary member. In a parade honoring his father the king’s birthday, Albert rode on Engine No. 1, carrying a miniature silver trumpet.

Queen Victoria’s consort: Kanahele, Emma, 135.

benevolent societies: Judd, Honolulu: Sketches of Life, 233–36.

“their habits and tastes”: Korn,Victorian Visitors, 86.

“their odious intonation . . .”: Ibid. 34.

the Times, the Edinburgh Review, and Punch: Ibid., 16.

in the United States: That may explain why, although Kamehameha IV also received American newspapers, they “disgusted him so much” that “before the King had read them half through . . . he threw them out the window.” Ibid., 16.

“so lucky with the ladies . . .”: Letter from G. Poki Kealoha to Kalākaua,
3 April 1860, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“a perfect gentleman”: Korn, Victorian Visitors, 32.

Lunalilo’s increasing intemperance: According to her autobiography, Lili‘u’s brief engagement was a tangled affair. Embarking on a trip to Maui by schooner, Lili‘u encountered Prince William Lunalilo, who happened to be on the same boat, and who insisted gallantly that she take his cabin. As Lili‘u wrote many years later, “He then asked me in the presence of my attendants why we shouldn’t get married. There was an aged native preacher on board, Pikanele by name, who at once offered to perform the ceremony. But having heard the prince was engaged to his cousin Victoria, I did not consider it right to marry him on the impulse of the moment.” After Prince William asked her again, Lili‘u promised to think it over. Perhaps eager to leave Haleakalā, where she was increasingly under the charge of the Bishops, she agreed, despite the early warning signs of his impetuousness. Although the Bishops did not approve of the match, it was Lili‘u, herself, who broke it off after learning more about William’s character. Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 14–15.

“you will show them to me”: Among the most charming glimpses of Lili‘u as a young ali‘i at this time come from a letter in which she describes a mishap involving an overloaded canoe. She and four others had climbed into the small boat to go fishing. They paddled out into deep water and the waves soon started lapping over the sides. They tried bailing out the water but it didn’t work, and several of Lili‘u’s companions jumped out to swim for help. When a nearby fisherman learned from them that an ali‘i was in danger, he came to rescue her. “I could have put my arms around his neck and kissed him, as ugly as he was—for he is very old and wrinkled,” Lili‘u wrote, “but could not have done it without danger of upsetting (him), then again he would not have understood any kindly feelings towards him in the way that I intended he should.” Her sense of propriety, and a growing awareness of her station as an ali‘i, had prevented her making this warm and seemingly harmless gesture. Lili‘uokalani to Dominis, 1859, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

new daughter-in-law: Allen, Betrayal, 104.

“the Hawaiian islands”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 23.

in wooden bunks: Krauss, Grove Farm Plantation, 54.

three tons each: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 325.

“the boiling juice”: Krauss, Grove Farm Plantation, 58–59.

the larger master suite: Information on the bedroom arrangements comes from Corinne Fujimoto-Chun, Washington Place’s curator.

“his mother’s feelings”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 23. An early disagreement between the newlyweds occurred soon after they were married, when Lili‘u ignored John’s request that she say good-bye to his mother before leaving on a trip to Hilo on Hawai‘i Island. Her husband seemed to have been so upset by this slight that he did not go to the wharf to see his bride off on her journey. In a letter afterward, she abjectly begs her husband: “I must ask you again to forgive me John, forgive me for not complying with your last request to go & bid your mother good bye. I will make no excuses in my own favor I merely say forgive me and let me know in your first letter after receiving this that you have forgiven me. It pains me, and it grieves me much that I should give you any pain it was . . . the hardest request you ever made and the saddest parting I ever made from you. Will you forgive me?” It is not clear whether he did: few of John’s personal letters have survived. But, for whatever reason, Lili‘u soon found reasons to spend time away from Washington Place and the stern gaze of the widow Dominis, perhaps realizing that the gulf between she and her husband was far wider than she had during their courtship imagined.

“so heartbroken a man”: Korn, Victorian Visitors, 98.

“chief of the olden type”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 125.

“on his own authority”: Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 289–290.

a single assembly: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 127, 133.

Ko kākou kumukānāwai: Lili‘uokalani, Dorothy K. Gillett, and Barbara Barnard Smith, The Queen’s Songbook (Honolulu: Hui Hānai, 1999), 7.

“I see but a few . . .”: Kalākaua to Robert C. Wyllie, 12 February 1864, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

for the next two years: Wyllie to Kalākaua, 13 April 1864, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawaii.

his parents and sisters: Kalākaua to Kamehameha V, 13 December 1863, General Letters Box, Bishop Museum. Kalākaua offered an explanation to the king as to why he secretly wed her in an eloquent letter he wrote to the king in English: “I only wish to say that I feel myself in honour bound to make Kapiolani my wife, because I had asked her to marry and be my wife and my feelings as well as my sense of what is due to society urged me not to deceive her. I married her because I liked her, and I hope that in the happenings of our married life your Majesty will find and excuse for my seemingly want of respect.”

“connections of his whatever . . .”: Lili‘uokalani to Likelike, 22 March 1869, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an avid sportsman: U.S. House of Representatives, House Executive Documents. 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. No. 47. Affairs in Hawai‘i (The Blount Report) (Washington: U.S. House of Representatives., 1895), 556, testimony of Frank Wunderberg.

Barack Obama attended: According to the Punahou Web site, http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=12.

“flashing black eyes”: Julius Auboineau Palmer, Memories of Hawai‘i and Hawaiian Correspondence (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1894), 7.

“duty before pleasure”: Lili‘uokalani to Likelike, 1865–1869, and undated letters, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“you controled yourself”: Lili‘uokalani to Likelike, 7 September 1865, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

metaphors and secret meanings: Lili‘uokalani, Gillet, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 8.

hula ku‘i music: Julie Anne Sadie and Rhian Samuel, The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 282. Also Lili‘uokalani, Gillet, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 309.

“He Mele Lahui Hawai‘i”: Lili‘uokalani, Gillet, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 43. This was Lili‘u’s first published song—or the earliest yet discovered.

E mau ke ea o ka ‘āina: Ibid., 42.

“all these matters”: John Dominis to “My Dear Sir,” 7 January 1873, General Letters Box, Bishop Museum.

“I do not need it”: Ibid.

he had already died: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 41.

tuberculosis and alcoholism: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 259, quotes the physician saying, “He cannot live very much longer, unless he totally abstains from the use of intoxicating drinks.” On p. 246, Kuykendall notes that Lunalilo’s appetite for alcohol was a “fatal weakness.”

4: High Chiefs of Sugardom

vote in parliament: Sanford Dole, Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, ed. Andrew Farrell, vol 1 (Honolulu: Book Company Publishing, 2008), 24.

the official government newspaper: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874, 184–85 and 213, refers to the Gazette as the official government paper.

“kicking people around”: Allen, Kalakaua: Renaissance King, 52.

Dafydd for David: The origin of the nickname “Taffy” is suggested by bibliographer David Forbes.

reciprocity deal for the U.S.: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. II, 1854–1874 , 248–51.

issue remained unresolved: Ibid., 249–257.

as one later put it: Lorrin Thurston, ed. Andrew Farrell, Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, vol. 2 (Honolulu: Book Company Publishing, 2008) 16.

“as if it were theirs”: Allen, Kalakaua: Renaissance King, 44.

“but Hawaiian milk”: Helena Allen, Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii’s Only President (Glendale: Arthur H. Clarke, 1988), 19.

members of the Hawaiian Club: Allen, Dole, 5 for taffy pulling, and 48–50 for the Hawaiian Club.

roommate Thomas Walker: Allen, Dole, 67.

advanced by so doing: Ibid., 68.

raise his young children: Ibid., 80.

objections of his spouse: Ibid., 158.

in his memoirs: Thurston, Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, ed. Andrew Farrell, vol. 3 (Honolulu: Book Company Publishing, 2008), 43.

dipping coins in it: Ibid.

mostly native supporters: According to a letter from Dole’s wife, Anna, who, it should be noted, didn’t witness the riot herself. Allen, Dole, 98.

“bones of their flesh”: Kanahele, Emma, 288.

the crowd outside: Ibid., 288–89.

liquor-fueled supporters: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 45.

Sanford Dole: Anna Dole to “Mother Dole”, Honolulu, 10 February 1874, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Archive.

“interfered with their work”: Ibid.

“no concern of hers”: Kanahele, Emma, 290.

an audience with her: Ibid.

“hurrahing and making speeches”: Ibid., 292.

the American minister: Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1967), 10.

landed from the Tenedos: Ibid.

put the rioters down: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. I, 1778–1854, 10.

munitions repositories: Kanahele, Emma, 292.

a twenty-one gun salute: William De Witt Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York: American Book Company, 1891), 337; “Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society,” read before the society in 1930; Curtis Pi‘ehu Iaukea and Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea Watson, By Royal Command (Honolulu: Hui Hanai, 1988), 20–21.

“that of the Kamehamehas”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 49.

thunderclaps: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 22–23.

“keeps the Hawaiians quiet”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 14, citing Wodehouse to Derby, no. 11, political and confidential, May 28, 1874, BPRO, FO.

a trip to the United States: Declaring his birthday, November 16, a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, Kalākaua made his farewells at a service in Kawaiaha‘o church. “It has been the custom of rulers of other countries to go to foreign lands to obtain assistance, and this is what I desire to do,” he told the packed congregation. “I am going to visit our great and good friend, the United States. Wise and prudent statesmen think that a treaty can be made with the United States which will benefit both countries. I am going to endeavor to obtain this treaty which, should I succeed in doing, I think will revive the country.” Kalākaua, “Kalakaua’s speech at Kawaiahao Church, 16 November 1874,” David W. Forbes Collection, Kalakaua Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“grandiose move by the King”: Allen, Dole, 105.

a cough remedy: Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 29 December 1874, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an improved bottle stopper: These drawings are in Kalākaua’s scrapbook at the Bishop Museum Archives.

furnished in the same way: Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 29 December 1874, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

from San Francisco to Honolulu: Thomas G. Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1896 (Honolulu: Black & Auld, 1895), 89, says the Ajax was the first steamer to make the San Francisco-Honolulu route. Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography (University of Missouri Press, 2002), 76, notes Twain was aboard the Ajax on her maiden voyage to Honolulu.

“Our Fellow Savages of the Sandwich Islands”: Mark Twain, Mark Twain in Hawai‘i (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1994), xxiii.

almost a hundred times: Shelley Fisher Fishkin, A Historical Guide to Mark Twain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 230.

“play ‘empire’”: Twain, Mark Twain in Hawaii, 31.

“sceptered savages”: Mark Twain, The Complete Essays of Mark Twain: Now Collected for the First Time (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), 20.

“The High Chief of Sugardom”: Mark Twain, ed. A. Grove Day, Mark Twain’s Letters from Hawai‘i (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1975), 257.

1.5 tons per acre: William H. Dorrance, Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawai‘i (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2000), chart on page 6.

“surpasses them all” Twain and Day, Mark Twain’s Letters from Hawaii, 257.

“. . . whale-ship officers, and missionaries”: Twain, The Complete Essays of Mark Twain, 18.

as its “lawful heirs”: Fishkin, A Historical Guide to Mark Twain, 231–32. Indeed, in a letter to The New York Tribune published in early 1873, Twain wrote satirically, “We must annex these people. We can afflict them with our wise and beneficent government.”

“to any other power”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 27.

second-grade “coffee sugar”: Jacob Adler, Claus Spreckels, 14.

“first used the term “Manifest Destiny” O’Sullivan, John L. (July–August 1845). Annexation. States Magazine and Democratic Review 17 (1): 5–10. See also “The Origin of “Manifest Destiny,” Julius W. Pratt, The American Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Jul., 1927), pp. 795–798.

. . . through large acquisitions of territory: Ferguson, Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire, 40.

Just as America’s fears: Ibid., 38.

“the power of the foreigner”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 54–55.

“always held as fundamental”: J.G.M. Sheldon, “The Biography of Joseph K. Nawahi,” trans. M. Puakea Nogelmeier (Honolulu, 1908), 78, Hawaiian Historical Society.

“from bowspirit to spanker boom”: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 3.

Emma on the throne: Kalākaua, undated memo, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

mandatory military service: William Woodrow Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” thesis dissertation, University of Southern California, 1955, 4.

dodging the draft: Victor O’Brien, “Claus Spreckels: The Sugar King,” ­Ainslee’s Magazine, February, 1901, 518.

“Red-face”: Ibid.

a sugar producer himself: This family story was related to me by Lyn Wilson, a great-granddaughter of Claus Spreckels.

back into the business: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 223.

run out uncaptured: Henry Austin Adams, The Man, John D. Spreckels (Press of Frye & Smith, 1924), 37.

the war that was raging: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 230.

thrown out by his partners: O’Brien, “Claus Spreckels.” The writer states that Spreckels “went out unwillingly” from the Bay Sugar Refinery.

a large profit for himself: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 10–11.

a German beet sugar refinery: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 22. Adler draws much of his account of Spreckels’s early life from Cordray’s unpublished dissertation.

speed up its processing: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 15.

48 pounds per person: Henry A. Brown, Analysis of the Sugar Question (Saxonville, Mass., 1879), 6.

12,500 pounds of sugar an hour: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 16.

Eighth and Brannan Streets: Ibid., 18. Description of the California Sugar Refinery is based on an undated photo of the plant in Cordray’s thesis, which notes that it was located at Eighth and Brannan streets, south of Market Street in San Francisco.

his health restored, in 1871: Claus Spreckels, “Dictation and biographical sketch,” undated sketch by Alfred Bates based on dictation recorded by Spreckels for H. H. Bancroft (Berkeley, Calif.: Hubert Howe Bancroft Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California). The original Bates handwritten document reads (including words crossed out): “The ceaseless strain on his faculties, inseparable from such a career, produced, however, a serious malady, which was at first considered dangerous, & by the advice of his physician Mr. Spreckels again set sail for Europe, returning in 1871 after eighteen months of travel & residence among the health-resorts of Germany, with his health completely restored & his system renovated.”

crop for the following year: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 3.

at the original price he’d first offered them: Charles Hastings Judd, “Interview with Charles Hastings Judd, 1882–: Affairs in Hawaii: San Francisco, 1882,” 17 December 1882 (Berkeley, Calif.: Hubert Howe Bancroft Collection, Bancroft Library, University of California).

“the largest sugar raiser there”: O’Brien, “Claus Spreckels,” 520.

“an authoritarian Prussian manner”: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 232, citing the San Francisco Chronicle of April 16, 1951.

new rooms before bedtime: Adams, The Man, John D. Spreckels, 50.

5: Pele’s Wrath

“the only direct heir by birth”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 55.

“it sounded more royal”: Allen, Betrayal, 147, citing diary of January 19, 1891.

he silenced any doubters: Estate of James Campbell, “James Campbell, Esq.” (Kapolei, Hawaii: 1978), revised 2003, 2–3 and 14.

“an ovation in every way worthy”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 59.

They squabbled over money: As early as 1874, Cleghorn wrote to Likelike about the signs of marital disharmony between his sister-in-law and her husband. “[Lydia] has moved all her things from the mauka (inland) house at Waikiki to the servants house. John will not build a house or give her any money to repair the old House. . . . Lydia and John have had a row about bills.” By the following spring, Cleghorn was reporting that the pair was “getting on better than they have for a long time,” as evidenced by John Dominis telling him that Lili‘u had begun having her supper with him. Still, there was continuing talk in 1878 of the couple’s troubles, including Dominis’s jealousy of Lili‘u’s friendship with a female friend and his suspicion that she had composed a song for another man.

other women’s beds: “John was, to use a euphemism, rather irregular as a husband—as many husbands in my experience are. He was fond of society, sometimes took more liquor than was good for him, and occasionally (although he never kept a regular mistress) had some love adventures.” Report of G. Trousseau, contained in the Blount Report, 996. Allen, Betrayal, 159, reports that by 1882 Dominis had fathered a child by another woman who was in Lili‘u’s retinue, Mary Hale Purdy Pahau. She doesn’t mention infidelity before this point.

she might adopt this infant: Allen, Betrayal, 149.

seminary in the Oakland foothills: Lili‘u would later assume the duty of a schoolteacher herself, instructing a handful of girls through the Kawaiaha‘o seminary. Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 117.

her own Christian name, Lydia: Allen, Betrayal, 151. Along with a cluster of songs dedicated to her young niece Ka‘iulani from the same time period, the compositions suggest Lili‘u was enchanted with the children that surrounded her and inspired to celebrate the continuation of the royal line. Also, Lili‘uokalani, Gillett, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 233–34.

its sweet, tangy fruit: Darlene E. Kelley, “Queen Liliuokalani and her Music—Part 3,” 2007, http://files.usgwarchives.org/hi/keepers/qlili03.txt. Lili‘uokalani, Gillett, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 233.

the lover was Lili‘u’s own sister: Allen, Betrayal, 148.

the wistful “Aloha Oe”: Leslie Ann Hayashi and Kathleen Wong Bishop, Aloha Oe: The Song Heard Around the World (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2004), 21, notes that two songs may have influenced the tune—Charles Crozat Converse’s “Rock Beside the Sea” or “Lone Rock by the Sea,” published in the 1850s, and George Frederick Root’s composition “There’s Music in the Air.” Page 38 of the songbook says four measures of “Aloha Oe” are borrowed from Converse’s song. Lili‘uokalani, Dorothy K. Gillett, and Barbara Barnard Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, notes that four measures of “Aloha Oe” are adapted from Converse’s song.

“a high state of cultivation”: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 37, quoting the petition from Spreckels to Kalākaua, filed in “Water-Maui-Moloka‘i -Sundries, 1866–1885,” State Archives of Hawai‘i.

similar to that for water, wai: Ibid., 38-39.

a private room at the Hawaian Hotel: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 201–02.

“Cabinet pudding” and “Windsor soup”: Menu from the Hawaiian Hotel, 1874, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

into the early hours: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 40.

“injured our pride & done damage”: Ibid.

many times the King’s total annual income: A review of the king’s cash book from March 1874–July 1878 suggests his income from land rents and other sources was vastly smaller than his borrowings from Spreckels.

income from the crown lands: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 39.

a puppet ruler: San Francisco’s satirical newspaper the Wasp published a memorable cartoon a few years later reflecting the close relationship between Hawai‘i’s King and the San Francisco-based sugar magnate. In it, Kalākaua and Spreckels are standing arm and arm at the corner of Bush and Kearney streets, an area at the center of San Francisco’s business district. A raggedy-looking man armed with a big-barreled gun labeled “blackmailing” accosts them. But the pair does not seem overly concerned. Perhaps that is because in Spreckels’s pocket is a paper labeled “Libel.” “Don’t Scare Worth a Cent,” cartoon, chromolith, n.p. (San Francisco, CA) Wasp, October 28, 1881. State Archives of Hawai‘i, Kahn Collection (via library.kccc.hawaii.edu).

E mahalo I ka ona miliona: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 38, citing a letter to the editor signed “Hawai‘i” in the Hawaiian Gazette, July 17, 1878. See also the Hawaiian-language newspaper Ko Hawai‘i Pae Aina of July 13, 1878, for a full report of the meeting, and Ka Nupepa Kuoka of July 13, 1878, for an editorial supportive of Spreckels.

a murky family history: Gibson claimed to have been born at sea, baptized in England, and moved with his farm family first to Canada, then to New York City, and then finally, as a young man on his own, to South Carolina. His book is entitled The Prisoner of Weltevreden: And a Glance at the East Indian Archipelago

offered the church 10,000 acres: Paul Bailey, Hawaii’s Royal Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Walter Murray Gibson (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1980), 119–20.

the name of Walter M. Gibson: Ibid., 126.

“The Shepherd Saint of Lanai”: Thomas Thrum, The Shepherd Saint of Lanai (Honolulu: Thos. G. Thrum, 1887), front cover.

a mortgage from Spreckels: Spreckels held a $35,000 loan, according to Adler, Claus Spreckels, 183. See also Daws, Shoal of Time, 231. The vast majority of Spreckels’ papers were destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco, according to his descendants.

“You need not preach to me”: Kalākaua to Cleghorn, 1880, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“The king has completely forgotten the facts”: George Trousseau to Archibald Cleghorn, 3 September 1880, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

she might have died: Kalākaua wrote to his sister,“It was something quite serious, had it not been for the prompt action of the physician . . . and the untiring watchfulness, care and attention of those in attendance, she would have died. . . . The Queen and I and the Governess has been out here ever since the Child has been ill and do not intend to leave until your return. . . . I have been amusing the baby by buying curiosities for her and to keep her from dispondency. At present she is comparatively very well but there is no knowing at any time she may have a relapse.” Kalākaua to Likelike, 21 September 1880, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I would rather die myself”: Cleghorn to Likelike, 21 September 1880, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part 1, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“a precious set of fools”: This conversation between Kalākaua and Spreckels is relayed in a letter from C. C. Harris to E. H. Allen, September 27, 1880, Allen papers, as cited in Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 223.

the moral life of his plantation workers: According to a privately published biography of Samuel Northrup Castle written by his grandson, William Richards Castle Jr., discussions among shareholders of a sugar plantation that Castle & Cooke invested in included such questions as “Shall we insert in the contracts of laborers a clause compelling them to attend Church once every Sunday on pain of dismissal from service?” (The answer was no.) And “Shall religious meetings be held on the plantation after working hours?” (The answer was yes.) William Richards Castle, Life of Samuel Northrup Castle: Written by his Grandson (Honolulu: Samuel N. and Mary Castle Foundation, in cooperation with the Hawaiian Historical Society), 1960, 125.

one of the fastest recorded passages: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 105.

more than other mills were producing: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 39–40, describes the mill at Spreckelsville and details how it achieved this higher production.

invested more than $500,000: Ibid., 52.

in today’s dollars: Modern equivalent values provided by http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/result.php.

an agreement in 1880: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 40.

ingratiating themselves into royal favor: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 65.

“I ought to be the sole regent”: Ibid., 76.

played by the military band: William Nevins Armstrong, Around the World with a King (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1904), 8.

lit by exploding fireworks: Takaki, Raising Cane, 83.

only 66 were non-Hawaiians: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 137.

“like a fire”: Ibid., 136, Green to Allen.

“sufficient care and medical attendance”: “Resolutions passed at mass meeting at Kaumakapili Church, presented to HRH Princess Regent by Committee of Thirteen. S.K. Kaai Chairman,” 7 February 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“her accessibility to the people”: Lili‘uokalani, Gillett, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 13.

“I see by the papers”: Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 21 June 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an editorial in the New York Times: “Kingdom for Sale,” New York Times, July 13, 1881, p. 4.

“You ought to hear Strauss’s Band in Vienna”: In another letter to Lili‘u, Kalākaua reflected upon the gaiety and order he witnessed in Vienna on the Sabbath, contrasting it with his experience of that day under the missionaries in his own country. “Can it possibly be that these light hearted happy people are all going to H-ll?” he wondered. “Surely not! But what a contrast to our miserable bigoted community . . . with such rubbish trash that we have so long been lead to believe, it is a wonder that we have not risen any higher than the common brute.” Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 10 August 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“the old relics that this ancient and noble pile contains”: Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 12 July 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

lent him a carriage: William Nevins Armstrong to William L. Green, 12 July 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“nature’s gorgeous fireworks”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 71.

ditches to divert the flow: George Kanahele, Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy (Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press, 1986), 159, cites such a meeting occurring August 4, 1881.

“the danger that threatens us all”: Lili‘uokalani’s Hilo Address, 13 August 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the flow had stopped right there: Not everyone expressed unreserved gratitude and delight during Lili‘u’s tour of Hawai‘i Island. The ever-watchful Archibald Cleghorn reported to his wife, who was traveling with Lili‘u, that an article in the Saturday Press had appeared criticizing the royal retinue for intermperance. “The article did not refer to either her [Lili‘u] or you [Likelike], but some of the party—[who] acted disgracefully and they can prove it, if required,” referring to Queen Kapi‘olani’s sister and Princess Ruth as being “drunk several times on the trip and it is not the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th time she has been drunk . . . It is all over the town. She gets drunk, when ever she has a chance.” Cleghorn to Likelike, 10 September 1881, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

shunned Western ways: Kanahele, Pauahi, 160.

she still couldn’t sit up: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 91.

“It is home! It is Hawai‘i nei!”: Armstrong, Around the World with a King, 280.

6: Merrie Monarch

It was the controversial Gibson: Bailey, Hawaii’s Royal Prime Minister, 179.

a red, white and blue feather plume: Gazette, February 14, 1883, and Allen, Kalakaua , 143–145.

“productions of Parisian art”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 101.

gown with a 10-foot train: Kanahele, Pauahi, 163.

an active rivalry: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 10, 1883, 2.

no interruption to the church service: Williams, Deaths and Funerals of Major Hawaiian Ali‘i, 62.

coat of arms inlaid in gold: Allen, Kalakaua, 145. Kapi‘olani’s sister also presented Kalākaua with more traditional symbols: a pūlo‘ulo‘u, a staff carried by Hawaiian rulers, as well as a lei palaoa, a whale’s-tooth pendant, according to the Gazette, February 17, 1883, 6, and Advertiser, February 17, 1883, 2.

swore his oath: Allen, Kalakaua, 145.

“In vain! The crown would not fit”: M. Forsyth Grant, Scenes in Hawaii; or, Life in the Sandwich Islands (Toronto: Hart & Company, 1888), 122.

Episcopalian chaplain, who was also the rector: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, mentions the name of the chaplain, Alexander Mackintosh, on page 263. Mackintosh was the rector of
St. Andrew’s, according to Grant, Scenes in Hawaii, 121.

playing the “Coronation March”: Kuykendall The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 262–63.

“the effect was rather comical . . .” Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 101. One biographer of Kalākaua later suggested the king crowned himself so the chancellor would not cast a shadow on him, thus respecting the ancient Hawaiian belief that no one should cast a shadow on the king. But an undated letter to Lili‘u from before the coronation provides an answer. In it, Kalākaua explains, “The great difficulty has been is to settle the Question of who is to crown me. And the matter was only set at rest yesterday. I had to change the whole thing and took the responsibility upon myself so as not to cause friction.” Presumably various other members of his family and inner circle felt they were due the honor. As for Hawaiian-language newspapers’ coverage of the coronation, Professor Noenoe Silva notes that very few such newspapers from this period have survived.

highly amused by this account: Emma to to Flora Jones, State Archives of Hawai‘i, David W. Forbes collection.

the guests resumed their dancing: Grant, Scenes in Hawaii, 126–27.

more than three times as much: Thurston, Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, vol. 2, 64.

his unchecked spending: Others, somewhat pettily, criticized it for not looking regal enough. A reporter for the Gazette, a daily English-­language newspaper opposed to the monarchy, wrote that “The Pavilion and Amphitheater looked very tawdry, with a lot of cheap flags showing very plainly the effects of Sunday’s heavy rain . . . Of the foreigners present it was noticeable that very few of our citizens could be seen, save those who are in government employ. The effect looking from the Palace veranda was anything but impressive.” Gazette, February 14, 1883.

a costume ball for 1,000 people: DK Publishing, Chronicle of America (New York: DK Publishing, 1995), 458.

not to count pennies: In the pages of the Advertiser, Gibson himself glibly held forth: “Shall we, upholders of a monarchy with the example of enlightened monarchical Europe, attach no importance to such a ceremonial? Shall we not, rather . . . strengthen the Hawaiian throne by taking measures to provide for a crowning consummation?” The opposition that so vocally critiqued the coronation was supportive of the earlier appropriation of more than $160,000 for construction of the palace, the Advertiser noted, surmising, “Possibly they enjoyed immense profit from the expenditure of that . . . some through contracts which they then held from the Government.” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 17, 1883, 4.

“renewed sense of the dignity and honor”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 104.

“The life of my noble wife”: Kalākaua to William L. Moehonua, 24 March 1876, originally in Hawaiian and translated by Arthur Keawe, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

just over 34,000 square feet: Reference manual, The Friends of ‘Iolani Palace, 9.

a luxury seen only among the elite: Ibid., 7. Toilets became fairly common in European urban centers after the mid-nineteenth century purely because of necessity driven by population density. Flushing “water closets” were first manufactured as early as 1861, but obviously it would have taken a while for the technology to filter down beyond the very rich. In America, outhouses or chamber pots were the norm.

six times as much as legislators had appropriated: Friends of ‘Iolani Palace, 5, and Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 310.

$7 million in today’s dollars: Calculation based on relative value of dollar amount based on U.S. consumer price index between 1883 and 2009. See www.measuringworth.com/calculators.

“His Majesty listened”: “King Kalakaua’s Movements; He Examines the Electric Light,” New York Times, September 26, 1881.

“As we stepped into the ballroom we gave a sudden gasp”: Isobel Strong Field, This Life I’ve Loved (New York: Longmans, Green, 1937), 150 and 162–163. Isobel Strong Field was probably mistaken that the lights were introduced at the coronation ball. It was more likely at a later royal ball.

four years before the White House: http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_timelines/timelines_workers-02.html.

the Hawaiian Bell Telephone company: Robert C. Schmitt, “Some Transportation and Communication Firsts in Hawai‘i,” The Hawaiian Journal of History, 12 (1979): 99–119.

each course accompanied: “Dinner at ‘Iolani Palace ,” February 24, 1883, State Archives of Hawai‘i, reprinted by Friends of ‘Iolani Palace.

80 selections listed: David W. Forbes, ed., Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, vol. 4 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2003), 77.

the performances known as hula ma‘i: Noenoe K. Silva, “He Kanawai E Ho‘opau I Na Hula Kuolo Hawai‘i:The Political Economy of Banning the Hula,” Hawaiian Journal of History 34 (2000): 29–48.

a new style of hula: Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004), 108.

“characterized by those who profess to understand”: Forbes, 77–78, citing Papa Kuhikuhi o na Hula Poni Moi, February 12, 1883.

apparently written in his own hand: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 35.

“a retrograde step of heathenism”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, citing various Hawaiian newspaper accounts in endnotes 52 and 53, 691.

planted the seeds for a rebirth: Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 110.

George Chaplin, Presstime in Paradise: The Life and Times of The Honolulu Advertiser, 1856-1995 (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1998), 112.

“Liquid refreshments were freely on tap”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 29–30.

a ship steaming into Honolulu’s port: “The Mariposa,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, August 4, 1883, 2.

a profit estimated at around $150,000: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 131–135.

“His Extravagancy Palaver”: Allen, Dole, 114.

“Hail to the Chief”: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 109–10.

a “sugar-coated candidate”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 267.

an advisor and companion: Ibid., 268.

the 200% increase in the national debt: Ibid., 258–259.

“guilty of gross extravagance”: Ibid., 272.

“a man of unusual enterprise”: Ibid., 275, citing Daily Bulletin, July 21, 1884.

“Sir Claus”: San Francisco Chronicle, November 23, 1884, 8A.

violence sometimes erupted: For more background on the violence that sometimes erupted in San Francisco’s newsrooms in the nineteenth century, a good source is War of Words: A True Tale of Newsprint and Murder, by Simon Read.

dragging the would-be assassin: “‘Mike’ De Young Shot; Attempt at Murder by a Man who Didn’t Like Criticism,” New York Times, November 20, 1884.

The Chronicle did not end its campaign: Bernice Scharlach, Big Alma: San Francisoc’s Alma Spreckels (San Francisco: Scottwall Associates, 1990), 20. Ms. Scharlach noted in her book that the Chronicle published stories alleging that Spreckels used slave labor on his Maui plantation, used lepers to work in the fields, and had even procured women from the mainland for the king in exchange for his plantation lands.

sales of $50,000 a month: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 72.

the steamer carried good news: San Francisco Chronicle, July 2, 1885, 2.

7: To England

“tonsorial departments”: “The Mariposa,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, August 11, 1883, 7.

Andrew Carnegie’s newly published book: Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy (Cosimo Classics, 2005). First published in 1886.

a $35,000 mortgage: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 183.

poor financial management: An ongoing project to translate more nineteenth century Hawaiian-language newspapers into English will shed more light on such issues as the government’s alleged financial mismanagement. A Hawaiian language newspaper, for instance, published an overview of the kingdom’s financial position, quantifying its debts, receipts, and expenses for the year ended April 30, 1887. It reported that the kingdom’s receipts were significantly greater than its outlays or debts, but also that there were some concerns about a road construction project that was reported as having been paid by the government but which had not, in fact, occurred. (Thanks to University of Hawai’i’s Puakea Nogelmeier for providing and translating this news article.)

“I would rather see him going barefoot”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 292, citing an article originally printed in the San Francisco Call of October 31, 1886.

Spreckels held five cards: The account of the card game between the king and Spreckels is based on Adler, Claus Spreckels, 30. There are many other retellings of this story, but Adler’s account is the most comprehensive. For background on the London loan, I relied largely on Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 291–299.

“offensive dictatorial manner”: “Mr. Spreckels on one or two occasions, and especially at my residence on Octr. 13th ventured to express himself in such a dictatorial manner to His Majesty in the presence of several members of the Assembly—saying that his views must be carried out or he would ‘fight’ and explaining that this meant a withholding of financial accommodation and an immediate demand for what was owing to him—that he aroused then and there a determination on the part of the native members present to resist the dictation of ‘ona miliona’ (Mr. Spreckels), and as they present themselves avowed, to see whether their chief Kalākaua or Mr. Spreckels were king.” Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 298, citing Gibson to Carter, no. 25, confidential, October 22, 1886.

Lili‘uokalani Educational Society: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 114.

the Hale Nauā society: Hale Nauā, “Constitution and by-laws of the Hale Naua or Temple of Science” (San Francisco: Bancroft Company, 1890), Berkeley, Calif., Bancroft Library.

a feathered cape: Allen, Kalakaua, 199.

“pandering to vice”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 24.

“mean and little minds”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 114-15.

“I am sure”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1886, entry for January 31, Bishop Museum Archives.

“I can vouch to how she suffered”: “I have known the Queen intimately for over twenty years. When I arrived here she had not been married long, and her husband, John O. Dominis, an American, and an intimate friend of mine, was fondly beloved by her. John Dominis’s character was unimpeachable—ask any one who knew him—Mr. C. R. Bishop, Mr. W. F. Allen, and others. I am now speaking from a physician’s point of view. John was, to use a euphemism, rather irregular as a husband-as many husbands in my experience are. He was fond of society, sometimes took more liquor than was good for him, and occasionally (although he never kept a regular mistress) had some love adventures. In this small community they were reported to his wife, and I can vouch to how she suffered by it. She was exceedingly fond and jealous of him.” U.S. House of Representatives, House Executive Documents, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. No. 47, Affairs in Hawaii, herein after called “The Blount Report” (Washington: U.S. House of Representatives, 1895), 996.

living in separate homes: Lili‘uokalani, Gillett, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook, 14.

before the coronation: Kanahele, Pauahi, 163–64.

in the annex of the Palace Hotel: Bishop and Krout, Memoirs, 221.

she moved to her seaside home: Kanahele, Pauahi, 185–186.

constant doses of morphine: Ibid., 189.

Pauahi’s bier: Ibid., 190.

“We have heard a good deal”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, October 21, 1884, 6.

“They smoked, feasted, and sang songs”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 109.

the streets of Honolulu: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, May 11, 1884, 2–3.

she had also inherited lands: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 53.

more than 350,000 acres: Kanahele, Pauahi, 166.

establishment of the Kamehameha schools: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 307–08.

the “self-abnegation of her husband”: “The Kamehameha Schools (editorial),” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, November 11, 1884.

funding operations at Queen’s Hospital: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 331–32.

“The wish of my heart”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 110.

“Glad to get him to sleep”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1885, entry from March 19, 1885, Bishop Museum Archives.

Davies helped Cleghorn pay: Edwin Palmer Hoyt, Davies: The Inside Story of a British-American Family in the Pacific and its Business Enterprises (Honolulu: Topgallant Publishing Co., 1983), 130.

“a piece of superstition”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1887, entry for January 27, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

she would never marry: Sharon Linnea, Princess Ka‘iulani: Hope of a Nation, Heart of a People (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Erdmans Books for Young Readers, 1999), 53.

“I was tenderly attached to my sister”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 116.

Britain and Germany had divided . . . Evelyn Speyer Colbert, The Pacific Islands: paths to the present (Westview Press, 1997), 19–21.

aggressive moves by American businesses: Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 8. One such proponent of this creed was the Congregationalist minister Josiah Strong, who argued that America would take the lead from Britain in expanding the Anglo-Saxon race, with its “genius for colonizing.”

He sought to unite the people of Polynesia: The idea of creating such an empire had its roots in the reign of Kamehameha III, who appointed an Australian journalist named Charles St. Julian in 1853 to the grandly titled but unpaid position of “His Majesty’s Commissioner, and Political and Commercial Agent to the Kings, Chiefs and Rulers of the Islands in the Pacific Ocean, not under the protection or sovereignty of any European Government.” Neither Kamehameha IV nor Kamehameha V took up the crusade, but the vision of uniting the island nations of the Pacific into a confederation found fertile ground in the court of King Kalākaua. First, the Italian adventurer Celso Moreno promoted it, referring in one letter to the king “the grand, humane, and generous idea of uniting under your scepter the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical Washington, where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress.” Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 311, citing Celso Caesar Moreno, “The Position of Men and Affairs in Hawai‘i, Open Letter to His Majesty King Kalakaua,” August 7, 1886, Post Scriptum, April 7, 1887 (Washington D.C.).

the great powers: Contrary to the idea that the division of the Pacific took place under some form of political design on the part of the great powers, the historian Steven Roger Fischer argues against the notion that there was “a nineteenth-century European and American ‘land-grab’ in Pacific Islands. Britain, seemingly forever dedicated to the principle of insular indifference, found itself time and again drawn into political conflicts necessitating ever greater commitments which, in the end, saw Britain as the nation with the largest colonial encumbrance in the Pacific. France experienced separate Polynesian and Melanesian phases which, once its possessions were secured, at length simply wilted into administrative ennui. Germany’s aggressive Pacific policy after national unification in the 1870s forced rivals to chase after what they otherwise might have ignored. This, in turn, drew in those final nations who shared the last slices of the ‘Pacific pie’.” Steven Roger Fischer, A History of the Pacific Islands (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 166–68.

Tahiti became a colony of France: Ibid., 134.

Germany had declared the Marshall Islands: Ibid., 165.

seven attempts to establish governments: I. C. Campbell, A History of the Pacific Islands (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1989), 99.

“a mere piece of fussy impertinence”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 323, citing L. S. Sackville-West to Rosebery, telegram no. 5 and dispatch no 155, dated June 24, 1886.

John E. Bush, a part-Hawaiian: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 207.

“all decency appears to have been forgotten”: Robert Louis Stevenson, A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895), 59–60.

“obviously absurd for the King”: Kuykendall The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 333, citing Carter to Bayard, November 3, 1885.

“the ‘Kaimiloa’ finally became a disgrace”: Ibid., 336, citing Brown to Poor, July 7, 1887.

“Our Mission was simply a Mission”: Ibid., citing Kalākaua to D. McKinley, April 12, 1889.

1,100 or so copies: Kuykendall estimates the number of pamphlets in circulation as 900 and suggests it was written by Atkinson or Edward William Purvis, who was vice-chamberlain of the royal household until mid-1886. Ibid., 346.

his satirical pamphlets: The Gazette, the by-then vehemently anti-Kalākaua English-language opposition paper noted in its May 24th issue, “The Gynberg Ballads have gone off like hot cakes. Nearly every one not feeling right till he had a copy in his possession, and then retired to a quiet nook to have a good read and a hearty laugh.” Forbes, Bibliography, vol. 4, 224.

the sheer novelty of the experience: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 119.

“I am overcome with awe”: Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Ali‘i Diplomatic Missions and Other Business Travel to Washington, D.C:. Phase 2 (Washington, D.C.: 2009), 53.

“Scottish Rite”: Jasper Ridley, The Freemasons: A History of the World’s Most Powerful Secret Society (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2002), 170, 267. Pike’s system delineated each member’s rank into thirty-three degrees and John Dominis had become a master mason of the 33rd degree by the time of their visit to Washington, D.C.

the assistance of the Freemasons: Always acutely sensitive to rank, Lili‘u perhaps made too much of this honor in a letter she wrote to one of her servants. “In my opinion,” wrote Lili‘u in a letter back to Honolulu, “this is of great importance, because this man has tremendous power, exceeding perhaps the power of every Monarch on earth, intermingled with a humble heart and true Christianity. Furthermore, what makes it so interesting, we are the only ones who have been bestowed with this honor, and we are the first women same has been awarded, none since the first ancient history of the masons,” adding that while the honor was ostensibly for acts of mercy and assistance given to our own nation, “Brother [David Kalākaua, also a mason] is really the true cause of these honors.” Lili‘uokalani to Joe, 15 June 1887, Foreign Office & Executive File, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an exhibition of Indian warriors: James W. L. McGuire, “A Short Description of Queen Kapiolani’s Voyage to England to Attend the Jubilee Cele­bration of Queen Victoria of England in the Year 1887,” 1887, 9–10, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

The parcels would be held in “severalty”: Chronicle of America, 475.

“are very dear (at) 25 cents a bud”: McGuire, “Queen Kapiolani’s Voyage,” entry of May 8, 1887, 11.

the museum’s growing collection: Calvin Tompkins, Merchants and Masterpieces: The Story of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1970), 60–61.

“it spoke too plainly of death and burial”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 131.

more than two thousand passengers: George Henry Preble, A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation (Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersly, 1895), 354.

A school of porpoises: McGuire, “Queen Kapiolani’s Voyage,” entries of May 26–29, 1887, 23–24.

8: Bayonet Constitution

“the peculiar atmosphere of the city”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 138.

a dozen families might share: According to http://www.liverpoolhistorysociety.org.uk and A History of Liverpool by Ramsay Muir.

welcoming her to England: A letter to Lili‘u from Honolulu may also have reached her at that point, describing her mother-in-law’s health: “[“Mother Dominis”] has been very sick—was taken with vomiting and great prostration nearly two weks ago and is still in bed, but improving every day . . . I do hope she will be spared until you and John return. One day when she was very sick she said, ‘Oh I wish John was here,’ and the tears came into her eyes. I thnk she expected to die for she asked Mrs. Damon to lay her out.” Lili‘u did not take the report seriously enough to make efforts to return home ahead of schedule. Cordelia Allen to Lili‘uokalani, 2 June 1887, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

years of secluded mourning: Christopher Hibbert, Queen Victoria: A Personal History (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 285.

the death of her consort: Ibid., 379.

“human nature is about the same”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story,143.

rose to kiss Kap‘iolani: McGuire, “Queen Kapiolani’s Voyage,” 34, says Victoria rose to greet Kapi‘olani. Hawaii’s Story, 145, doesn’t specify who rose to greet whom.

turned to Lili‘u: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, entry of June 20, 1887, 16, says Queen Victoria shook hands with her; years later, writing Hawaii’s Story, Lili‘u amends the scene to say that Victoria kissed her forehead, 144.

having met Kalākaua: Allen, Kalakaua, 127.

“I want to introduce you”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 145.

“The princess possessed a strong will”: Curtis Pi‘ehu Iaukea and Lorna Kahilipuaokalani Iaukea Watson, By Royal Command (Honolulu: Hui Hanai, 1988), 116.

avoid such embarrassment: Lili‘uokalani to Cleghorn, 15 May 1887, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

It contained a half dozen coachman’s uniforms: Lili‘uokalani to friend and coachman Joe, Foreign Office and Executive File, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

population of 5.5 million: “Her Majesty’s Jubilee: The Celebration in London,” Times (London), June 22, 1887.

the uneaten portions of their sandwiches: Hibbert, Queen Victoria: A Personal History, 381.

“Here she is!”: Emily Warinner, A Royal Journey to London (Honolulu: Topgallant Publishing Co., 1975), 40.

crowned since 1066: According to http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals.

9,000 people rose as one: Warinner, A Royal Journey to London, 40.

an extraordinary blue velvet gown: A photograph of Queen Kapi‘olani in the dress can today be seen on display on the second floor of ‘Iolani Palace and the remnants of the dress itself are stored in the Bishop Museum’s warehouse, now deemed too fragile for public display.

Britons lit beacon fires: “The Bonfires and Beacons,” Times (London), June 22, 1887, 8, A section, as well as Warinner, A Royal Journey to London, 37, citing the Illustrated London News.

“I am tired, but very happy”: Lytton Strachey, Queen Victoria (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921), 384,

“excitement and possible revolution”: Foreign dispatches, Times (London), June 29,1887, and June 27, 1887, as well as Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 343, footnote. Also, on June 17, days before the Jubilee, the New York Times had published a story headlined “Trouble in Honolulu: A Revolution Threatened in the Sandwich Islands,” June 17, 1887. Reporting that the Hawaiian government had been seizing arms to quell unrest, “J. D. Spreckels, Claus’s eldest son, told the Times, ‘Affairs are almost in a revolutionary stage on the islands. The extravagance and mismanagement of the Kingdom of Kalakaua have created a feeling of great dissatisfaction among the foreign residents . . .’ As instances of the extravagance there, Mr. Spreckels stated that $40,000 had been expended on the funeral of the King’s sister and $80,000 in fitting out as a man-of-war a tub of a steamer . . . He said that in case of a revolution a republic would probably be set up.” The palace, Spreckels went on to tell the Times, “had been barricaded and supplied with arms and ammunition, and citizens of other countries have gone so far as to call on their home Governments to send men-of-war for their protection.”

“only long enough”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 173–74.

“We are just passing through”: Kalākaua to Lili‘uokalani, 5 July 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i. The word Kunane (according to the dictionaries at wehewehe.org) means “Brother or male cousin of a female, usually used only as term of address or as an affectionate variation of kaikunāne.”

“Since my last, everywhing was peaceable”: Charles B. Wilson to Lili‘uokalani, July 5, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“My poor brother!”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1887, entries for July 7, July 23, July 24, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“a crowd of young hoodlums”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, June 21, 1887, 3.

various chest and stomach ailments: Walter Murray Gibson, The Diaries of Walter Murray Gibson, 1886, 1887, ed. Jacob Adler and Gwynn Barrett (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1973), 156, entry from Saturday, June 4, 1887.

broken his promise to marry her: Flora Howard St. Clair to Gibson,
29 April 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

a potentially lucrative opium license: Jonathan K. Osorio, a professor at the Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawai‘i, notes that Junius Ka‘ae, whom Kalākaua had appointed as registrar of conveyances, had actually received the money from Aki. Professor Osorio believes there has never been a satisfactory link proving that Kalākaua had, in fact, accepted a bribe, adding that the king himself denied the allegations.

“Of late I have heard it remarked”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 354, citing G. W. Merrill to T. F. Bayard, May 31, 1887, USDS Dispatches, Hawaii, Vol. XXIV.

“the end must come to the present era”: Ibid.,355, citing the Gazette, April 5, 1887.

Dole hosted the first meeting: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 33.

shooting him in cold blood: Lorrin Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 86. In his memoir, Thurston refers to the Hawaiian League member who suggested this, V. V. Ashford, as “one of the knottiest problems in the formative stages of the league,” descibing him as “thoroughly vicious” and an “evil genius.”

“I am weary, languid, listless”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 356, citing Kathleen D. Mellen, An Island Kingdom Passes: Hawai‘i Becomes American (New York, 1958), 193–94.

buying rifles and ammunition: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 55.

“for several hours a regular run”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom:
Vol. III, 1874–1893, 359, citing the Daily Bulletin, June 29, 1887.

Kalākaua himself called out the Rifles: Ibid., 359.

at the front entrance to the armory: W. D. Alexander to Arthur, 25 July 1887, folder 203 of  Alexander, Wm. DeWitt, in the Alexander & Baldwin Collection, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society.

uniforms that bore a close resemblance: Neil Bernard Dukas, A Military History of Sovereign Hawai‘i (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 2004), 156.

Thurston mounted the podium: Paul Bailey, Hawaii’s Royal Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Walter Murray Gibson (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1980), 254.

In a booming voice: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 33.

resident aliens who wanted to vote: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 127. This is a point made in a footnote by the editor of this book, Iaukea’s daughter Lorna Kahilipuakalani Iaukea Watson, who wrote in his chapter on the Bayonet Constitution that “Many of these people were not citizens, but, rather, resident aliens who claimed ‘denizen’ status, i.e. they wanted to vote and be elected into office even though they had not become naturalized. The constitution of 1887 gave them this right.”

“We have just seen the Jubilee”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 362, citing Cecil Brown. Thurston in his Memoirs also relates this meeting in detail.

a resounding chorus of “ayes”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 362.

“Threats of violence”: Gibson, The Diaries of Walter Murray Gibson, 1886, 1887, 161.

“Hang them! Hang them!”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 183. Thurston, in his reminiscences, noted that he was present on this occasion and that no man from a missionary background shouted to have them hanged, nor was any noose suspended in the building.

It was Talula: Bailey, Hawaii’s Royal Prime Minister, 259–61.

his drooping mustache and his daily walks: Iaukea and Watson, By royal command, 107.

This was enough to halt the hanging: Bailey, Hawaii’s Royal Prime Minister, 262.

“they crossed their rifles before me”: Field, This Life, 209.

“Not while I live”: Ibid., 213–14. While this exchange with the king as recorded by Field may have been embroidered in light of later events, Field did indeed receive the Star of Oceania from the king. It and the accompanying letters are in the Robert Louis Stevenson Silverado Museum in St. Helena, California.

the Order of the Star of Oceania: Ibid., 208–10.

prepared to defend their king: “The Hawaiian revolution. The King expected to ask British protection.,” New York Times, July 15, 1887.

“for considerable periods appeared to be gazing”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 367, citing C. W. Ashford, “Last Days of the Hawaiian Monarchy,” 24–25, and a speech by Ashford on the constitution reported in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, December 16, 1891.

“the document was not in accordance”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 93.

no less than governance gridlock: David William Earles “Coalition Politics in Hawaii, 1887–1890,” thesis dissertation.

“it will not be long”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 26,1887, 3.

the jutting promontory of Diamond Head: McGuire, “Queen Kapiolani’s Voyage,” entries for Monday, 25 July 1887, and Tuesday, 26 July 1887, 47.

The mournful expressions on the faces: As Lili‘u later wrote, “Mingled with the all the joy felt at our safe return, there was an undercurrent of sadness, as of a people who had known with us a crushing sorrow. There were traces of tears on the cheeks of many of our faithful retainers, which we noticed, and of which we knew the meaning, as we passed by. They knew, and we know, although no word was spoken, the changes which had taken place while we had been away, and which had been forced upon the king.” Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 175.

the king’s sister seemed to make no attempt: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 141.

“We could see on his countenance”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 176.

9: Be Not Deceived

“it would form a most excellent harbor”: http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii-2.htm, citing Andrew Bloxom’s report of May 17, 1825.

a military commission: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 125.

“I am a messenger forbidding you”: Daws, Shoal of Time, 192, citing “I am a messenger,” Nuhou, November 18, 1873.

renewed it on a year-to-year basis: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 381, citing Mott Smith to Gibson, March 29, 1883.

“inspired with the idea”: Ibid., 387.

News of the secret amendment: Ibid., 392, citing the Daily Bulletin, Hawaiian Hansard.

the surrounding lands: Ibid., 435, citing Testimony of Minister of Foreign Affairs Jona and Austin to Carter, personal, April 10, 1889, in the H.A.P. Carter Collection in State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“the acquisition by the United States”: Ibid., 398.

Hawaiian sovereignty and jurisdiction: Ibid., 397.

“would be the first step of annexation”: Sheldon, “The Biography of Joseph K. Nawahi,” 78.

objected to the cession: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 128, citing Kuykendall, who in turn cites the Advertiser and and the Bulletin of July 13, 1892.

“The new Constitution”: “Signing away his powers; King Kalakaua agrees to the constitution.,” New York Times, August 7, 1887.

he collapsed on the bed: Gibson, The Diaries of Walter Murray Gibson, 1886, 1887, 164.

where he had stored the manuscript Ibid., 174.

his last word was “Hawa‘i”: Ibid., 179, citing “Coast Jottings,” Daily Bulletin, Feb. 8, 1888; Daily Alta California, Jan. 23, 1888; Pacific Commercial Advertiser, Feb. 7, 1888.

“the color of his soul”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 53.

she began to question her teachers: She wrote in her memoir, “Could it be possible, I thought, that a son of one of my early instructors, the child of such a lovely and amiable Christian mother, could so far forget the spirit of that religion his parents taught, and be so carried away with political passion, as to be guilty of murder?” Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 183.

How—laughable”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1887, entry for November 14, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

A three-person commission: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 90.

the income previously spent: A document to this effect from Hawai‘i’s supreme court described the king’s predicament: “Whereas the Grantor is owing certain sums of money which he is unable immediately to pay in full and it hath been agreed between himself and his creditors or the majority of them that all his real estate and certain of his personal property hereinafter mentioned and all the revenues from the Crown Lands be conveyed and assigned or otherwise as hereinafter expressed assured unto the Trustees for the uses and purposes and with the powers and subject to the conditions hereinafter.” Kalākaua Deed of Trust, November 1887, First Circuit Court, Equity 611, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Kalākaua’s lavish spending: Forbes, Bibliography, vol. 4, 290.

“It is true that I have been humbled”: The king continued, “. . . but water is the power which will wash away all filth; water is the force which will quench fire of the white-hot heat; water is the source which will bring forth good deeds; and water is the element which will sustain life. It was your group and their group which ignited the fire; and mine, is to pour water upon it.” Kalākaua to Robert Wilcox, 9 April 1888, original in Hawaiian, trans. Jack Matthews, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“very curious, & new”: Forbes, Bibliography, vol. 4. The publisher was Charles L. Webster, which was part-owned by Mark Twain.

a partner-swapping game: The definition of ‘ume is “a sexual game; to draw, pull, attract.” Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert, New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1992), 139.

a ball of twine was rolled: Robert Louis Stevenson, Travels in Hawai‘i (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1991), xx, from an introduction to the book by A. Grove Day. It may also have been a game known as kilu, in which a player chants as he tosses a small gourd or a coconut shell, known as the kilu, toward an object placed in front of one of the opposite sex; if he hit the goal he claimed a kiss, according to David Malo, chapter 42, cited by Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library.

“The full dress is believed”: Kathleen Dickenson Mellen, An Island Kingdom Passes: Hawai‘i Becomes American (New York: Hastings House, 1958), 218.

“I can get my poi”: Allen, Kalakaua, 210.

“How sorry I am”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1887, entry for November 20, 1887, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Hawaiians also began seeking her out: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 415.

two Hawaiian loyalists paid her a visit: “I advise them to use only respectful words and no threats but to explain the situation to him (Kalākaua) how everything & the state of the Country might be changed should he abdicate if only for a year. Then he should take the reigns again and reign peaceably the rest of his life.” Ibid., 415. Kuykendall notes that the two W’s in Liliu’s diary entry for that day are believed to stand for Robert W. Wilcox and Charles B. Wilson.

she would rule until he returned: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1888, entry for January 16, 1888, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

again called her kipi: Ibid., entry for January 21, 1888.

“what he said on Wednesday was a threat”: Ibid., entry for January 21. It is not clear whether Lili‘u is referring to Spreckels, but he was called by that nickname in Hawaii.

“the strange life of the Pacific whites”: Claire Harman, Myself and the Other Fellow: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson (HarperCollins, 2005), 355.

a private corporation: Robert Weyeneth, Kapi‘olani Park: A History (Honolulu: Native Books, 2002).

decorated with such “South Sea curiosities”: Stevenson, Travels in Hawaii, 119–20, letter from Robert Louis Stevenson to Adelaide Boodle, April 6, 1889.

one of the king’s favorite dishes: Stevenson, Travels in Hawaii, xix, written by A. Grove Day.

“The ocean jewel to the island king”: Robert Louis Stevenson, The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson (W. Heinemann in association with Chatto and Windus, Cassell and Longmans, Green, 1922), vol. 8, 218.

“a very fine, intelligent fellow”: Stevenson, Travels in Hawaii, 94, citing Robert Louis Stevenson’s letter to Charles Baxter, February 8, 1889.

The huge tree in front of the main house: Linnea, Princess Ka‘iulani, 19–20.

Forth from her land to mine she goes: Stevenson, The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, Vol. 8, 218. He added a postscript: “Written in April to Kaiulani in the April of her age and at Waikiki within easy walk of Kaiulani’s Banyan, When she comes to my land and her father’s and the rain beats upon the window (as I fear it will), let her look at this page; it will be like a weed gathered and preserved at home; and she will remember her own Islands and the shadow of the mighty tree, and she will hear the peacocks screaming in the dusk and the wind blowing in the palms and she will think of her father sitting there alone.”

no more than a year or so: James W. Robertson to H.A.P. Carter, 28 March 1889, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I have just been a week away alone”: Stevenson, Travels in Hawaii, 127–29, Letter from Robert Louis Stevenson to Charles Baxter, May 10, 1889.

“They are true Hawaiians”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 196.

a copy from his studies abroad: The king had already read Machiavelli’s masterwork, but he urged Wilcox to do so, saying, “The book is suitable for all of you, the Politicians of the days to come, to read.” Kalākaua to Robert Wilcox, 9 April 1883, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“. . . her brother whose weakness and lack of capacity she understands”: Gina Sobrero Wilcox, An Italian Baroness in Hawai’i: The Travel Diary of Gina Sobrero, Bride of Robert Wilcox, 1887, trans. Edgar Knowlton (Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society, 1991), 112–23.

Kalākaua spent the night at his boathouse: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 130.

troops running toward the Armory: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 200.

“riding around that day covered in leis”: W. D. Alexander to Arthur ­Alexander, 1 August 1889, Alexander & Baldwin Collection, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society, Folder 204.

Six of Wilcox’s men died: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 424–29.

cut the size of the King’s Guard: Ibid., 431–32.

“His enthusiasm was great”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 201.

“Today our homeland is being run”: Mellen, An Island Kingdom Passes, 240–41.

a three-to-one margin: Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891, 56.

bills amending the 1887 constitution: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 464–65.

“ought to be torn limb from limb”: Ibid., 464, citing the Daily Bulletin and Pacific Commercial Advertiser, September 10, 1890.

production had quadrupled: Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1894, 19.

$12.16 million of Hawai‘I’s total exports: Ibid., 28.

a tiny fraction of the value: Hoyt, Davies, 130.

By far the largest producer: Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891, 61.

Lili‘u was one of those shareholders: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1888, cash accounts for 1888 noting Waimanalo Stock Certificates, State Archives of Hawai‘i .

weariness had come over him: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 132.

illness prevented him: On the twenty-second, Kalākaua wrote to a dignitary apologizing for not being present at a dinner. David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, Kalākaua to William H. Cornwell, 22 November 1890—“I had eaten something . . . that disagreed with me, and made me very sick and [I] vomited [sic] severely and [it] made dizzy. In that mood I laid down intending to dress soon as the dizziness passed over, but it hung on [and] I even feel it now. . . . I render due apologies for my conduct and feel very sorry, for I have never in my life lost an engagement.”

“those of native birth”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 205.

O wai keia?”: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 132.

one of the largest and most luxurious hotels: As described in http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/08/22/MNB919BDP8.DTL.

an exhausting round of social engagements: John E. Baur, “When Royalty Came to California,” California History 67, no. 4 (December 1988): 254.

“His Majesty turned to our President”: Henry Heyman to George MacFarlane, 26 January 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai’i.

“My last groggy memory”: Kristin Zambucka, Kalakaua (Honolulu: Mana Publishing, 1983), 100–02.

“A spontaneous ovation”: Kalākaua to (James W. Robertson), 1 January 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

cirrhosis of the liver: Williams, Deaths and Funerals of Major Hawaiian Ali‘i, 81–82.

“Greetings to you”: Zambucka, Kalakaua, 98-99, citing an eyewitness account by George MacFarlane, first published in the Paradise of the Pacific, February 1891.

huge headlines updating the king’s condition: “King Kalākaua Dead: The Kingdom’s Sad Bereavement,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 30, 1891, 2.

“Oh Lord! Oh Jesus Christ”: “Kalākaua Dead: Last Hours of the Hawai’ian Monarch,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 21, 1891.

“both soothing and comforting in the highest degree”: George W. Woods to John A. Cummins, 26 January 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai ‘i.

“I honestly hope that there will be no need”: Davies to Cleghorn, 21 January 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letter Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I solemnly swear”: Minutes of the Privy Council, January 29, 1891, Foreign and Executive Office. State Archives of Hawai‘i

“Say yes”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 210.

“I was so overcome by the death”: Ibid., 209.

she wept and clasped her hands: “Joy Changed to Grief,” New York Times, reprinting a story that appeared in the San Francisco Post, February 23, 1891.

“When the stricken woman leaned forward”: “Kalakaua Dead,” Bulletin Publishing Company, 1891, special section on death of Kalākaua, pages not numbered.

The plaintive cries of the mourners: “Joy Changed to Grief,” New York Times, reprinting a story that appeared in the San Francisco Post, February 23, 1891.

“The King went cheerfully and patiently to work”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 206–07.

10: Enemies in the Household

the atonal dirges: Iaukea and Watson, By Royal Command, 135. Curtis Iaukea, who attended Kapi‘olani in the first moments of her grief and who also attended the late king’s funeral, discussed the art of wailing in his memoir.

“senseless wailing”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 16, 1891.

six torchbearers on each side: “This service, so far from being, as has been alleged, idolatrous, had no more suggestion of paganism than can be found in the Masonic or other worship,” Lili‘u later wrote, defending the ritual. Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 215.

Robert Louis Stevenson, living in Samoa: Robert Louis Stevenson and Mehew Ernest, Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), x.

“The occasion is a sad one”: Stevenson to Lili‘u okalani, March 1891, State Archives of Hawai‘i .

nearing the height of his literary fame: Harman, Myself and the Other Fellow, 424.

“Her gentle and gracious demeanor”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 481, citing The Friend, March 1891.

“correct what I consider corrupt practices”: Lili‘u okalani to A.F. Judd, 16 February 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘u okalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Wilcox appealed to her: Wilcox to Lili‘uokalani, 24 February 1889, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the queen’s supposed love affair: There was no convincing evidence of this alleged affair between Lili‘u and Wilson.

“smash his printing materials”: The chamberlain believed that it was Lili‘u’s head of the household guards who had first suggested to her the ill-advised idea of smashing the presses. Robertson to Cleghorn,
21 September 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“not trying to do too much”: Bishop to Lili‘uokalani, 5 March 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“no likelihood”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 481, citing the San Francisco Examiner, January 25, 1891.

“No one could be more opposed”: Claus Spreckels, “The Future of the Sandwich Islands,” North American Review, March 1891, 287–91.

the publication of Alfred T. Mahan’s book: Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 (New York: Little, Brown, 1918), originally published in 1890.

Britain would formalize its relationship: I. C. Campbell, A History of the Pacific Islands (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1989), 147.

“there are only three places”: Michael J. Devine, “John W. Foster and the Struggle for the Annexation of Hawaii,” Pacific Historical Review 46,
no. 1 (February 1977): 29, citing Blaine to Harrison, August 10, 1891, in The Correspondence between Benjamin Harrison and James G. Blaine, 1882–1893, Albert T. Volwiler, ed. (Philadelphia, 1940), 174.

he had it translated and placed: May, Imperial Democracy, 8.

a mutton lunch and a reviving sea-bath: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 221–22.

she joined her husband: Robertson to Cleghorn, 21 September 1891.

“Madam, I believe your husband is dying”: Robertson to Parker, 27 August 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i, and Daily Bulletin account of John Dominis’s death and funeral, undated, Cleghorn scrapbook, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“that larger and grander brotherhood”: Lili‘uokalani , Hawaii’s Story, 224.

“You and papa”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 18 September 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

it had become so lonesome: Rose Robertson to Cleghorn, 21 September 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“it was always a sad day to me”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 21 October 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I will have to look to your Father”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 11 November 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Lil‘iu forbade the removal: George Trousseau to Frank P. Hastings, 10 October 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Kalākaua Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

He became convinced: “Thurston I met in San Francisco, and I was sorry to see how his patriotic enthusiasm for Hawai‘i had changed into a sort of hopelessness; he said that, with the large majority of 14,000 voters blind enough to be beguiled by Wilcox and Bush, whom neither monarch nor ministry could suppress, he did not see much future for Hawaiian Independence, which he thought depended upon the commercial credit of the country. As I have said, I was sorry to learn that he took this view; for a few years ago I thought him one of the most hopeful and patriotic sons of Hawaii.” Walker to Cleghorn, 21 September 1891, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part I, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“The poor Queen has not had an easy task”: Ibid.

“My poor John”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for January 1, 1892, Bishop Museum Archives.

“every inch a queen”: Allen, Betrayal, 268, citing Paradise of the Pacific, June 1892.

they decided to form a group: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 134.

the secret Committee of Thirteen: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 347–48. Kuykendall says the Committee of Thirteen from 1887 was so top secret its members weren’t definitively known, but he speculates the list included Ashford, Atkinson, Major Benson, Castle, and Dole.

He had $9,200 invested in sugar: Richard D. Weigle, “Sugar and the Hawaiian Revolution,” Pacific Historical Review 16, no. 1 (February 1947): 54, citing the Blount Report.

fifty cents for admission: Moses Handy, ed., The Official Directory of the World’s Columbian Exposition, May 1st to October 30th, 1893 (Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company, 1893), 195.

a private concession: Neil Thomas Proto, The Rights of My People: Liliuokalani’s Enduring Battle with the United States 1893–1917 (Algora Publishing, 2009), 39.

two years at Columbia University: Ibid., 39.

“an exceedingly sympathetic administration here”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 136.

he’d prepared for a riot: Lili‘u recounted that there were 300 strong men, most of whom had little money or property and earned their livings as common day laborers. She described them as “roughs” under the direction of Wilcox and Bush, whom she called “two soreheads who are huhu (angry) because I did not make them Ministers as the commencement of my reign.” She ended her diary entry that day with a question, “Will they fire the town?” Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for February 3, 1892, Bishop Museum Archive.

the costumed sprites marched: Else Waldron, Honolulu 100 Years Ago (Honolulu: Fisher Print. Co., 1967), 80-81.

“Dream that a dead man wanted to strangle me”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for February 14, 1892, Bishop Museum Archives.

“governed by dolls”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 528.

Their dollar value had dropped: Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Manual for 1893, 28; Thrum, Hawaiian Almanac and Manual for 1894, 24.

the ceremony lacked the “elegance”: Allen, Betrayal, 262.

“a disagreeable day”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for January 28, 1892, Bishop Museum Archives.

“It is a shame to cut down”: Cleghorn to Ka‘iulani, 15 August 1892, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“My health is very good”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 7 June 1892, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“how strange she should have told me”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for July 8, 1892, Bishop Museum Archives.

“pocket money”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1892, entry for August 16, 1892, Bishop Museum Archives.

“The country is on the verge”: The Golden Era, vol. I, no. 1, September 1, 1892, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

her German soothsayer: The Fräulein married Charles D. Chase, who was the vice president of the Island Realty Co. as well as a notary public, in Honolulu in 1894 and died two years later, on May 24, 1896.

a $100,000 loan from W.G. Irwin: “Hawai‘i Should be Annexed; That Is the Belief of William G. Irwin, Spreckels’ Business Partner,” New York Times, January 29, 1893. Adler, Claus Spreckels, on page 236 notes that Spreckels called in debts incurred during Lili‘u’s reign.

a tutorial on geopolitics: Hoyt, Davies, 159–60.

requesting aid from a U.S. warship: It is not clear from the letters and records that still exist how seriously she took this chilling and prescient information. Wodehouse, however, took it very seriously: He fired off a telegram to his superiors in Whitehall requesting an additional British warship be sent to Honolulu to protect British interests, but the Foreign Secretary turned him down unequivocally. There is no indication that Wodehouse directly told Lili‘u that she should not expect help from the British. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 573–74.

“the enemy is in the household”: Anonymous to Liliuokalani, Honolulu December 17, 1892, David W. Forbes Collection, Liliuokalani Letters, State Archives of Hawaii. Mr. Forbes was unable to locate the original letter or identify the author, but it is reprinted in Liliuokalani’s statement to U. S. Commissioner Blount (p. 397), wherein the Queen says: “The above was written by a gentleman in whose word I have great confidence as a man who had the best interest of Hawai‘i at heart.”

11: Pious Adventurers

two-thirds of the kingdom’s registered voters: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 231. A slightly higher number of 8,000 signatures comes from Onipa‘a: Five Days in the History of the Hawaiian Nation (Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 1994), 38, citing finance minister William Cornwell. However, the number of formal petitions lodged with the legislature and entered into the record by a noble or representative in 1892 is lower than either of these estimates, numbering a few thousand.

she asked her brother-in-law: Cleghorn to Ka‘iulani, 28 January 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“The haole Members of the House”: “Ka Hookuu Ana O Ka Ahaolelo,” or “The Queen’s Speech for the Closure of the 1892 Legislature,” from the Hawai‘i Holumua, January 18, 1893, 2, columns 2 and 3, as translated and reprinted in Mai Poina, Visitor’s Guide 2010.

Lili‘u had arranged with the society: William De Witt Alexander, History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, and the Revolution of 1893 (Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1896), 30–31.

the role as Lili‘u’s protector: Blount Report, 512.

“You will have to be brave today”: Ibid.

their president held the speech: Alexander, History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, 32.

“I was requested by my people”: Blount Report, 907–10.

The four cabinet members: Ibid.

“Gentlemen, I do not wish to hear any more advice”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 16, 1893.

“How dare you say that”: W. D. Alexander to Arthur Alexander, 19 January 1893, folder 207, Alexander & Baldwin Collection, Hawaaian Children’s Mission Society.

Lili‘u threatened to go out: Alexander, History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, 32. Thurston corroborates the part about the ministers fearing violence, saying that they left the palace by the rear way.

mortgage their ranch to William G. Irwin: Bernard Brian Wellmon, The

Parker Ranch: A History (Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University, 1969), 138, citing a trust deed enacted in 1887, Parker Ranch Files, Kamuela, Hawai ‘i.

“The whole thing was a roller coaster ride”: Joseph Brennan, The Parker Ranch of Hawaii: The Saga of a Ranch and a Dynasty (New York: John Day, 1974), 113–14.

“declare the throne vacant”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 153.

waiting for close to four hours: Diary of A. F. Judd, entry for January 14, 1893; he wrote that he had “waited + waited” in the palace’s throne room. Judd Collection, Bishop Museum Archives.

slipping drafts of the proposed constitution: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 230.

Return to your homes and keep the peace: W. D. Alexander to Arthur Alex­ander, 19 January 1893, folder 207, Alexander & Baldwin Collection, Hawaiian Children’s Mission Society.

“She was under great emotion”: Onipa‘a, 39.

“to preserve peace in the realm”: Ibid.

the Hui Kālai‘āina in their formal black frock coats: Alexander, History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, 35.

“enough arms and ammunition”: “Notes,” Hawaiian Gazette, January 24,

1893, 7.

“The legislature will prorogue on Saturday”: Sanford Dole to George Dole, 12 January1893, Hawaiian Children’s Mission Society.

he took a group of school boys: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 73.

“to carry out her scheme”: Ibid.

one of the sons of Lili‘u’s teachers: Family lineage according to http://files.usgwarchives.org/hi/statewide/newspapers/importan31nnw.txt.

strong ties to the sugar industry: Sumner J. La Croix and Christopher Grandy, “The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom,” Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1 (March 1997): 161–89. Also, Richard D. Weigle, “Sugar and the Hawaiian Revolution,” Pacific Historical Review 16, no. 1 (February 1947): 57.

no skaters allowed without masks: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 13, 1893, advertisement.

preparing for a provisional government: Albertine Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars? (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1977), 9.

the queen would be forced to abdicate: Diary of A. F. Judd, entry for January 15, 1893, Judd Collection, Bishop Museum Archives.

“We will not take any further chances”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 253–54.

Those “damned cowards”: Ibid.

“Her Majesty’s Ministers desire”: “Notice,” 16 January 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

The Committee of Safety (all haole): Six were Hawaiian citizens by birth or naturalization, five Americans, one Englishman, and one German, according to Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874-1893, 587.

Lili ‘u was surrounded by corrupt advisers: Blount Report, 208.

totaling many millions of dollars: An unsigned paper discussing economic interests in the islands for 1893 states “American property interests in Hawai‘i have become so great that it is no longer a simple question of political advantage to the United States, or of charity or justice to a weak neighbor, which the authorities at Washington have to deal with; but in addition thereto, it is a question involving the fortunes of thousands of their own flesh and blood, and millions of dollars worth of American property.” Dole Collection, Box 1, Papers 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an earlier attack of grippe: Thurston wrote, “I had had a rather severe attack of grippe during December, and had been living strenuously since Saturday morning, having been under pressure almost continuously, night and day. When I got home [from the Armory meeting and ensuing meetings with individuals], I collapsed; a doctor, being called, ordered me to go to bed and stay there, which I did. Owing to my physical condition, I did not attend the meeting at the home of H. Waterhouse that evening; and I knew nothing, until later, of what occurredthere or that leadership had been tendered Sanford B. Dole.” Memoirs, vol. 2, 159.

a “revolutionary” act: Ibid., 152.

“Nothing! Nothing!”: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 16, 1893.

“wants us to sleep on a slumbering volcano”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 154.

the crowd shouted Baldwin down: Onipa ‘a, 64.

The city was eerily quiet: Blount Report, 1034.

the life and property of American residents: May, Imperial Democracy, 13. According to the 1894 Thrum’s Almanac, as of the 1890 census there were 1,928 Americans out of a total population of 89,990. Thrum classified Americans separately in the census from haole, whose population in 1890 was reported at 7,495.

J. B. Atherton: New York Times, April 9, 1903, obituary of J. B. Atherton.

urged him to use his influence: Testimony of J. B. Atherton, Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations 1789–1901 Volume 6 (hereafter called “The Morgan Report”), U.S. Senate, 1894, 954–955.

“the existing critical circumstances”: Blount Report, 208.

the Boston’s walrus-mustachioed captain: It is unclear what orders the commander of the USS Boston reviewed before deciding to land troops. See page 736 of the Morgan Report.

“My desire is that you remain neutral”: At least according to Lieutenant Laird, who testified at the Morgan Commission: “The Chairman. Was there anything in the orders or instructions you received that looked to the establishment of any government different from that of the Queen? Mr. Laird. None. The burden of the orders was to look out for the lives and property of American citizens.” Morgan Report, 732–45.

Henry Berger’s band: Item on public concert by the Royal Hawaiian Military Band (under the direction of Professor H. Berger), Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 16, 1893.

Speaking with difficulty: Blount Report, 907–10.

a room dominated by tall bookshelves: Based on a photograph taken during the evening hours of January 16, 1893, of the four newly named members of the executive council of the Provisional Government, from the Bishop Museum and reprinted in Onipa‘a, 65.

“passed a very unpleasant night”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 597.

“you have a great opportunity”: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 78.

headed as a group down Merchant Street: Ibid., 56–57.

an employee of Castle & Cooke: Frost & Frost, AIA, Ali‘iolani Hale: A Century of Growth and Change, 1872–1977 (Honolulu: Department of Accounting and General Services, State of Hawaii, 1979), 65.

“Her Majesty proceeded on the last day”: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 62–63.

Wearing an all-white suit and a straw boater: Based on a photograph taken on January 17, 1893, from the State Archives of Hawai ‘i and reprinted in Onipa ‘a, 86.

Chapter 12: Crime of the Century

Marshal Wilson had asked the cabinet: Statement of Charles B. Wilson, Blount Report, 1037.

272 household guards . . . : Onipa‘a, 92.

less than fifty men: Blount Report, 1037.

an exaggerated idea of the force: Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, 55. As to the ministers’ reluctance to fight back, Alexander wrote: “To judge from their conduct, the Queen’s Cabinet were overawed by the unanimity and determination of the foreign community, and probably bad an exaggerated idea of the force at the command of the Committee of Safety. They shrank from the responsibility of causing fruitless bloodshed, and sought a valid excuse for inaction, which they thought they found in the presence of the United States troops on shore, and in the well known sympathy of the American Minister with the opposition.”

“I, Liliuokalani, by the Grace of God”: Lili‘uokalani to S. B. Dole, Esq., Forbes Collection. Mr. Forbes notes that this document was received by Mr. Dole on behalf of the provisional government and endorsed as follows: “Received by the hands of the late cabinet this 17th day of January, 1893. Sanford B. Dole, Chairman of Executive Council of Provisional Government.”

they worked at the back of the building: Frost & Frost, AIA, Ali‘iolani Hale, 1872–1977, 66.

“Things turned out better than I expected”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for Tuesday, January 17, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

she looked forward to the bouquet: Bernice Pi‘ilani Cook Irwin, I Knew Queen Liliuokalani, 98.

Perhaps Lili‘u heard: Albert P. Taylor, “The Loot of the Coral Throne,” Paradise of the Pacific, December 1925.

Clerks hurried in and out: Ibid.

she reluctantly agreed: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for January 18, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“remain perfectly passive”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for March 20, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“How I have regretted this whole affair”: The Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society, Honolulu, has a copy of this letter, which is in a private collection.

he ordered the disbanding: James W. Robertson to Executive Council,
19 January, 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters
Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the new government specially chartered a steamer: Sanford B. Dole to Lili‘uokalani, 18 January 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

an itemized list of the late king’s belongings: Cecil Brown to Sanford B. Dole, 20 January 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Mounted troops patrolled the streets: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 41.

The troops nicknamed it “Camp Boston”: Frost & Frost, AIA, Ali‘iolani Hale, 1872–1977, 67.

he moved into a small room: Allen, Dole, 199, citing interview of Dole by A. P. Taylor.

the “glorious sight” of the “ensign of Freedom”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 608.

“Quos dues vult perdere”: W. D. Alexander to Arthur Alexander, 19 January 1893, Alexander & Baldwin Collection, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society.

“Drove by the Palace”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for February 8, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

she was being privately tutored: Ka‘iulani to Lili‘uokalani, 25 September 1892, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

missing “Fairy,” her white pony: Ka‘iulani to Lili‘uokalani, 18 May 1892, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I have never given the Queen anything”: Archibald Cleghorn to Ka‘iulani, 28 January 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the first read “Queen Deposed”: Nancy Webb, Kaiulani: Crown Princess of Hawai‘i (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing, 1998), 99.

it was better to try and fail: She wrote, “Perhaps some day the Hawaiians will say, Kaiulani, you could have saved us and you did not try. I will go with you,” according to Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 619, and Webb, Kaiulani, 100.

“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe”: Blount Report, 400. Letter from
J. L. Stevens to Secretary of State Foster reprinted in the report.

She talks in a very simple, dignified way: “Princess Kaiulani Here,” New York Times, March 2, 1893.

all stamped with the initials VK: Webb, Kaiulani, 111. The young princess’s full name was Victoria Kawekiu Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Ka‘iulani—thus her initials VK.

“The revolution was not a movement of the people”: Mellen, An Island King-

dom Passes, 275–76.

“The Political Crime of the Century”: “A Shameful Conspiracy; In Which the United States Was Made to Play a Part. Queen Liliuokalani’s Dethronement.,” New York Times, November 20, 1893.

“The Hawaiians have ‘revoluted’”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 632, citing the Fresno Daily Evening Expositor of January 28, 1893, and Feburary 1, 1893.

a sophisticated long-sleeved gown: Webb, Kaiulani, 114.

She cashed in the postal savings accounts: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for February 17, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“It is a gloomy day and it rains, rains, rains”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for February 5, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

They were kāhuna: The word kahuna originally meant an expert in any field. But, with the arrival of foreigners, the meaning narrowed to priest, sorcerer, magician, wizard, or minister.

offering themselves as sacrifices: Allen, Betrayal, 299. Allen cites the unpublished papers of a Daddy Bray, in a private collection.

“I wish they would not come here”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for February 13, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Tears filled the eyes of some: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for February 17, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“Kaiulani’s appearance upon the scene”: T. E. Evans to Lili‘uokalani,
25 February 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Blount politely declined: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for March 29, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I am more tired from thinking”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for April 1, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Several hundred spent the evening: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for April 4, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

The pro-government Advertiser: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, April 5 and April 6, 1894.

he was arrested, found guilty, and sentenced: Pacific Commercial Advertiser, June 14, August 23, and August 24, 1893.

Others called him “Paramount Blount”: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian King-

dom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 622–24.

“May he be made to suffer”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for May 25, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

he turned his attention back: Cordray, “Claus Spreckels of California,” 98–99.

he briefly seemed to favor: May, Imperial Democracy, 14.

“We could get along”: Blount Report, 975. Interview with Claus Spreckels: “Q. Would you have been willing to have invested your money in that way [to build the ditch on Maui] but for the reciprocity treaty? A. No, sir; I would not. Q. Has most of the irrigation been brought about under the influence of the reciprocity treaty? A. Yes. Q. And the profits, then, have largely come from reciprocity and cheap labor. A. Yes. Q. If both of these were abandoned, what would be the material prospects of the islands? A. There would be no prospects at all. We could get along—the majority of the plantations—without any subsidy if we had labor, but without labor we could not get along at all. Q. You would have to go out into the world and get cheap labor? A. Yes, sir.”

“I can’t see why”: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 236–37.

“the means of putting me back on the throne”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for May 29, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“Since the days of Shakespeare”: Adler, Claus Spreckels, 237, citing the Hawaiian Gazette, October 3, 1893.

“Herr Rothschild von Katzenjammer”: Ibid., 238, citing the Hawaiian Star, June 9, 1893.

“Gold and Silver will not stop lead”: Adler, 239.

16 men with masks and guns: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for June 7, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

explosives were planted: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for August 16, 1893, and August 19, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Lili‘u balked at making him any promises: “I do not see why I should prevent the working classes from having or making money for themselves,” she wrote in her diary, showing a new skepticism toward advisers sympathetic to her. “To watch for Mr. Spreckles interest if it keeps within the pale of the law is all he ought to expect and not more than the law provides for. I said nothing. I never like to make promises.” Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for July 18, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“That a deep wrong has been done”: Blount Report, 595–99.

express to the queen “sincere regret”: Blount Report, 1190–91.

Willis began by sending greetings: This dialogue is reconstructed from Lili‘u’s unusually long diary entry from the day as well as a memorandum signed by Lili‘uokalani recounting the interview. Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for November 13, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i; Memorandum, December 16, 1893, MS, National Archives, Diplomatic Posts, Hawai‘i, vol. 30, State Archives of Hawai‘i. Direct quotes are from these primary sources; otherwise I have paraphrased the dialogue.

“My decision would be, as the law directs”: Memorandum, December 16, 1893, MS, National Archives, Diplomatic Posts, Hawai‘i, vol. 30, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“The brevity and uncertainty”: Blount Report, 1191.

“Should the Queen ask”: Ibid., 1191–92.

Perhaps she didn’t read the document: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 247.

“dangerous for the community and the people”: National Archives, RG 84, Diplomatic Posts, Hawai‘i, vol. 30.

the financial obligations of the provisional government: Lili‘uokalani to Albert Willis, 18 December 1893, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“We do not recognize the right”: Blount Report, 1276.

she mistook the fireworks: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1893, entry for December 31, 1893, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Chapter 13: Secrets of the Flower Beds

“Blount’s instruments”: Blount Report, 1195, citing coverage of the event in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 18, 1894.

who had sought to relieve the stress: N. L. Evenhuis, Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R.C.L. Perkins in Hawai‘i, 1892–1901 (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 2007), 23.

“there was no stiffness”: Blount Report, 1195.

“Annexation is manifest destiny”: Ibid., 1199.

he sketched a picture: “We have a party at home devoted to the lost cause and a moneyed influence abroad conspiring for control. We are in the midst of alien races and more alien creeds. There is a clamor of many tongues within our gates; the pressure of foreign governments at the outer walls. Our enemies are powerful and insidious, and though some work secretly and others openly all are united to defeat the objects of the January revolution . . . There is but one political goal and watchword for us all and that is annexation. It is the beginning and end of our political alphabet.” Ibid., 1201.

the entire cache of fireworks: “It was hard on the boys,” the Advertiser reported, “but it was a beautiful sight while it lasted.” Ibid., 1202.

“One year ago I signed away”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1894, entries for January 17 and January 18, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“A great deal of indignation is felt”: Blount Report, 1202, citing the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 18, 1894.

“Kaulana na pua o Hawai‘i”: “Kaulana na pua o Hawai‘i” was composed by Ellen Wright Prendergast (Kekoaohiwaikalani) in 1893, after the overthrow, and is performed to this day by the Royal Hawaiian Band on Fridays on the lawn of Iolani Palace. Eleanor Nordyce and Martha Noyes, “‘Kaulana Na Pua’: A Voice for Sovereignty,” Hawaiian Journal of History 27 (1993): 27–42.

“evil-hearted messenger”: Elbert and Māhoe, Nā Mele o Hawai‘i Nei, 64.

the song was as electrifying: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 85–86.

The garden that her mother-in-law had first planted: Description based on “The Trees and Plants of Washington Place,” Lili‘uokalani Collection, #153, 2, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

Lili‘u’s supporters expressed their opposition: Helen Geracimos Chapin, Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai‘i (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1996), 93.

they began arresting editors for libel: Chapin, 102.

It metaphorically suggested: Mellen, An Island Kingdom Passes, 298–99.

“Mahope makou o Lili‘u-lani”: Elbert and Māhoe, Nā Mele o Hawai‘i Nei, 63–64.

“delight[ed]” in orgies, as did her late brother: “Heathenism in Hawaii,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 13, 1893.

“The Queen Wanted to Behead”: “Minister Willis’s Mission,” New York Times, January 14, 1894, 13.

A cartoon from the December 2, 1893 issue of the Judge: Victor Gillam, “We Draw the Line at This,” color lithograph cartoon, Judge 25, 6331, December 2, 1893, Bishop Museum Archives, Drawer Ills. press 1–2, Negative no. CP103.862, slide no. XS 30.786.

“Lili to Grover”: Victor Gillam, “Lili to Grover: ‘You listened to my DOLE-ful tale . . . ’ ”, color lithograph cartoon, Judge 26, 644, February 17, 1894, Bishop Museum Archive, Box: Ga-Gz, Acc. no. 1991.0386.0002.

“They talk of offering me $20,000”: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1894, entry for June 16, 1894, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“At all times, day or night”: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 295.

“Thurston, I have a suggestion”: Ibid., 288.

“whether any, and if so, what irregularities”: The Morgan Report, 363, as found on morganreport.org, http://morganreport.org/.

“Hawai‘i is an American state”: Ibid., 364–67.

he decided that proceeding unilaterally: Whereas in 1874 and 1889, troops had been called into the streets of Honolulu to keep the peace, in 1893 their purpose was ambiguous and their location just a few blocks away from the palace suggests their presence was meant to intimidate the queen rather than protect American interests in the event of civil unrest. Thus, Cleveland was faced with whether to exercise his executive prerogative to command them to attack, and decided not to do so.

Congress did not take the next step: Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. III, 1874–1893, 648.

the “safety valve” that Western expansion had provided: Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (H. Holt, 1921), 280.

“It is certainly a novelty”: Tom Coffman, Nation Within: The Story of America’s Annexation of the Nation of Hawai‘i (Epicenter, 2003), 161.

feared for their safety: Dole, Memoirs, vol. 1, 157.

“The recognition and the attitude of the Congress”: Grover Cleveland to H. Widemann, J. Cummins, and S. Parker, 15 August 1894, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Collection, Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

a cent of income: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 260–61. Several years after her autobiography was published, Lili‘u filed suit against the U.S. It was unsuccessful, but she did get a minor payout. For the the last six years of her life, the territorial government paid her $12,000 per year, totaling $72,000.

“For two years I had borne”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 263–64.

“nervous prostration”—a weakness of the nervous system: Frank Savary Pearce, A Practical Treatise on Nervous Diseases for the Medical Student and General Practitioner (D. Appleton, 1904), 295–302.

“contractions” followed by a “delicious slumber”: Pearce, 102–03.

these increasingly popular pleasure-producing devices: One such model, the Butler Electro-massage Machine of 1888, consisted of a box attached by cords to a roller massage tool shaped like a horseshoe that delivered a mild electrical shock. Indications were to use it “over the lower abdomen, from 10 to 15 minutes. Change the treatment every other day, using the vaginal sponge-electrode, and applying roller over lower abdomen ten minutes, and lower spine five minutes.” The device could be used by patients at home “after a lesson or two.” Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria, ” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 85.

she signed eleven commissions: Diary of Lili‘uokalani, 1894, entry for December 29, 1894, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

they hid about 300 rifles: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 124–69. Although the author of this narrative account of the counterrevolution did not provide endnotes to source her materials, this book was the result of many years of careful research by the author and her use of an extensive collection of papers and notes of N. B. Emerson, who interviewed the participants in the 1895 counterrevolutionary attempt. The Emerson Collection is now in the Huntington Library and For Whom Are the Stars? is the most detailed account in print of the counterrevolution and highly reliable.

he said from Rudolph Spreckels: Trial of a Queen: 1895 Military Tribunal (Honolulu: Judiciary History Center, 1996), 21.

The plan was for the Hawaiians to gather: Mellen, An Island Kingdom Passes, 304.

who later received a “gift”: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 147.

“Overthrow to take place tonight”: Ibid., 114.

By Wednesday, the government had imprisoned: Ibid., 170–171.

“Sugar mills grinding”: Ibid., 169.

protected by her normal guard: Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, February 16, 1895, 148, seventeenth day, testimony of Lili‘uokalani, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“All right; I will go”: Hawaiian Star, January 16,1895.

“Were they crocodile tears?”: Lili‘uokalani, private memorandum, March 4, 1895, MS KC 3/6, Bishop Museum Archives.

she glanced at a stately, life-sized oil portrait: Rhoda E. A. Hackler and Michael D. Horikawa, ‘Iolani Palace (Friends of ‘Iolani Palace, 1995), 23. This portrait was painted by William Cogswell in 1891.

“Iolani Palace. Jan 16th 1895”: Lili‘uokalani, private memorandum, January 16, 1895, MS MC 2.9 1985.415, Bishop Museum Archives.

“The sound of their never-ceasing footsteps”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 270.

Chapter 14: Kingdom Come

they found a rusty but usable cache: “Deadly Dynamite Unearthed,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 17, 1895, 1.

“Course to pursue”: The State Archives of Hawai‘i has a guide to its very large Lili‘uokalani Collection (M-93) including a subgroup referred to as “seized documents.” These papers were “seized” by Judd on January 16, 1895, after Lili‘u was arrested. Judd inventoried and numbered the documents.

He also confiscated: Diary of A. F. Judd, January 17, 1895, Bishop Museum Archives.

Judd swept up her personal and official documents: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 183.

Lili‘u faced her first full day: The bedroom where Lili‘u was imprisoned had been, until a few days earlier, the office of the republic’s auditor general. Hawaiian Star, January 16, 1895.

a 21-gun salute at noon: Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, February 17, 1895, 148, testimony of Robert Parker, State Archives of Hawai‘i, 5, 19–23; also “Our Second Anniversary,” Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 17, 1895, 7.

the woman’s husband was imprisoned: Lili‘uokalani, private memorandum, March 4, 1895, MS KC 3/6, Bishop Museum Archives.

her “particular personal friend”: Blount Report, 556.

guards even searched the bundles: Lili‘uokalani, private memorandum, March 4,1895, MS KC 3/6, Bishop Museum Archives.

he was “stripped of all his clothing”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 270–271.

gowns from fabric of dark blue and white stripes: Irwin, I Knew Queen Liliuokalani, 53.

“The wailing and crying”: Trial of a Queen, 11.

“I was very weak”: Lili‘uokalani, private memorandum, March 4,1895, MS KC 3/6, Bishop Museum Archives.

“after free and full consultation”: Lili‘uokalani to Dole, Documents of Abdication, 24 January1895, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“For myself, I would have chosen death”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 274.

As spare as a New England church: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 187. This nicely turned description comes from Ms. Loomis.

“misled into rebellion”: Ibid., 191.

“The planning of a new government”: Ibid., 195–201.

“The question of fixing the punishment”: Sanford B. Dole to George Dole, 30 January 1895, Kahn Collection 35/50, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“This country must be purified”: Mrs. H.A.P. Carter to Sanford B. Dole, 10 January 1895, Foreign Office and Executive Branch, 1895, Miscellaneous Local (Letters to President) Jan.–June, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“The execution of the ex-queen”: Rev. Orramel H. Gulick to Sanford B. Dole, 11 January1895, Foreign Office and Executive Branch, 1895, Miscellaneous Local (Letters to President) Jan.–June, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

She wore an all-black gown: Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 207.

“I decline to plead”: Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, February 16, 1895, 148, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“hold Washington Place”: Testimony of Lili‘uokalani, Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, February 16, 1895, 148, sixteenth day, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

The guard said she’d hoped: Testimony of Joseph Kaauwau, Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, Feburary 16, 1895, 148, sixteenth day, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

More damaging was the evidence: Testimony of William Kaae, Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, Februaary 16, 1895, 148, sixteenth day, State Archives of Hawai‘i, 19–23.

burned it in the back yard: Ibid.

“L. looks pale & angry”: Diary of A. F. Judd, February 6,1895, Bishop Museum Archives.

“A minority of the foreign population”: Translation of Statement of Liliuokalani Dominis, Febuary 7, 1895, Exhibit K, Transcript of the Proceedings of the Military Commission, 148, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

An interpreter for the tribunal: Lili‘uokalani, Attorney General’s File 506-4-15, Insurrection of 1895, State Archives of Hawai‘i. The original shows markings that appear to be where the government struck out sections of her statement. It is highly likely her attorney Paul Neumann wrote this document on behalf of his client.

“I have no right to disclose”: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 263.

the maximum sentence: Attorney General, 146 Court Martial Case Files, Court Martial Orders No. 60, February 27, 1895, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“a beautiful day”: Diary of A. F. Judd, February 27, 1895, Bishop Museum Archives.

The California poet Joaquin Miller: Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 287.

“There are hundreds of good men”: New York Times, March 29, 1895.

“each carrying a hookupu for his chief”: Ethel M. Damon, Sanford Ballard Dole and His Hawaii: With an Analysis of Justice Dole’s Legal Opinions (Palo Alto, Calif.: Pacific Books, for the Hawaiian Historical Society, 1957), 308, citing a story related by Sereno Bishop to Consul General Gorham D. Gilman.

“All was in great good fun”: Ibid.

She passed the time quietly: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 31 July 1895, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“Imprisoned at Iolani Palace”: Rhoda E. A. Hackler, Loretta G. H. ­Woodard, and Friends of ‘Iolani Palace, The Queen’s Quilt (Honolulu: The Friends of ‘Iolani Palace, n.d.), 7.

“after breakfast and for the rest of the day”: Ibid., citing Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 31 July 1895.

“Ko‘u noho mihi ‘ana”: Lyrics from http://www.huapala.org/Q/Queens_Prayer.html.

they express a fiery anger: In one song, for example, the writer angrily criticized the head of the military tribunal that convicted her, describing him as:

The hot-tempered haole of Waialae,

His act was to lie to his people,

“Tell all so that you will live,”

Do not be deceived by his cajolery,

Say that there is life through Her Majesty,

Who sacrifices her life for the lahui, [nation, race]

So that you patriot[s] may live.

Still another song Lili‘u composed mentioned the garden of Uluhaimalama, a symbol of resistance for Hawaiians, as well as her Waikīkī estate known as Paoakalani, which was a mile or so from where the rebellion had begun. Flowers are common stand-ins in Hawaiian songs for people, and in the stone-eating song they represent the rebellious members of the Royal Hawaiiian Band. By linking the flowers of her two gardens, Lili‘u may have been sending praise to the men who’d fought to try to restore the monarchy following their humiliating defeat. The song’s refrain is:

I’ve often seen those beauteous flowers

That grew at Uluhaimalama

But none of those could be compared

To my flower that blooms in the fields of

Paoakalani

“The mele acted like conversations”: Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 187-91. Silva writes that at the the end of the year the four songs (under the pseudonym “Ha‘imoeipo”) were included in F. J. Testa’s collection Buke Mele Lahui, and two years later the queen included them in her own (unpublished) songbook “He Buke Mele Hawaii.”

the heaviest rain storm of the year: Diary of A. F. Judd, September 5, 1895, Bishop Museum Archives.

Chapter 15: Born Under an Unlucky Star

Dole’s decision to try civilians: Trial of a Queen, 7.

“My dear Kaiulani”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 19 March 1896, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“Speak for me on my behalf”: Sheldon, “The Biography of Joseph K. Nawahi,” 229.

“It gives me very great pleasure”: New York Times, November 26, 1896, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

why Americans seemed intent: She wrote, “And yet this great and powerful nation must go across two thousand miles of sea, and take from the poor Hawaiians their little spots in the broad Pacific, must covet our islands of Hawai‘i Nei, and extinguish the nationality of my poor people, many of whom have now not a foot of land which can be called their own. And for what?” Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 310.

“We cannot therefore be too cautious”: Cleghorn to Lili‘uokalani, 16 December 1896, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

they were campaigning: Soon after the new year she wrote to her business agent that Cleghorn “. . . begs of Mr. Palmer to write up the cause of his daughter, if not, to go in person to Hawaii, that he could do more good than to write. I was astonished.” Lili‘uokalani to J. O. Carter, 2 Janaury 1897, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“Fifteen minutes of pleasant conversation”: Lili‘uokalani to J. O. Carter, 27 January 1897, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

dictating it to him in the morning: Forbes, Bibliography, vol. 4, 707. She also began translating the Kumulipo, an ancient Hawaiian creation chant, passed along by memory among her family and said to have been sung to Captain Cook, as well as writing a comic opera under the pseudonym “Madame Aorena” based on her short and tumultuous reign. “Every morning there are callers and some spend the evening in my parlors singing Hawaiian Airs—ladies as well as gentlemen and I am always willing to sing when asked,” Lili‘u wrote to one of her longtime courtiers in Honolulu. “It astonishes them to see how well I speak English as well as sing and play on the autoharp, which proved to them I am just the opposite of what has been described of me.” Lili‘uokalani to James W. Robertson, 22 March 1897, David W. Forbes Collection, Lili‘uokalani Letters Part III, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“I want to get this work out in good shape”: Lili‘uokalani, Gillett, and Smith, The Queen’s Songbook,, xii..

a heartfelt correspondence with Emma Nāwahī: Lili‘u’s letters to Emma Nāwahī have not survived, but Nāwahī’s letters to Lili‘u have. In them, Nāwahī refers extensively to what Lili‘u wrote to her, including the dates she wrote, and also to her belief that their letters were being opened and read by their enemies.

“I saw your greeting”: Emma Nāwahī to Lili‘uokalani, 31 March 1897, Lili‘uokalani Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the confiscation of 1.8 million acres: Van Dyke, Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai‘i?, 170, citing the 1993 Apology Resolution.

“injudicious as they stood”: Letter forwarded from a W.N.M. via William Lee to Lili‘uokalani, 25 September 1897, Lili‘uokalani Collection, Box 3m Folder 21, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

the “evil genius” of the missionary party: Original manuscript of Hawaii’s Story with Lili‘u’s edits in pencil, Lili‘uokalani Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

a charge that Thurston would make: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 108.

“it does cast a serious shadow”: Philadelphia Inquirer, February 14, 1898.

“a character remarkable for probity”: The Watchman, February 10, 1898, 14.

“I must have been born”: Ka‘iulani to Nevinson William de Courcy, 1897, General Letters file box, Ka‘iulani, Bishop Museum Archives.

“It made me feel so sad”: Ka‘iulani to Lili‘uokalani, 17 November 1897, David W. Forbes Collection, Cleghorn Letters Part II, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

“It has been made known to me”: Lili‘uokalani to Ka‘iulani, 26 October 1897, Cleghorn Collection, State Archives of Hawai‘i.

A nation controlling Hawai‘i: Thurston, Memoirs, vol. 2, 350.

A women’s committee prepared the food: Albertine Loomis, “Summer of 1898,” Hawaiian Journal of History 13 (1979): 95, citing Pacific Commercial Advertiser, June 3, 1898.

“We have been abused, conquered and finally annexed”: Mehmed Ali, “Ho‘ohui‘aina Palaka Mai‘a: Remembering Annexation One Hundred Years Ago,” Hawaiian Journal of History 32 (1998): 141–54.

the fulfillment of American destiny: Devine, “John W. Foster and the Struggle for the Annexation of Hawaii,” 49.

the first significant example: The first overseas acquisition of the United States was not Hawai‘i but the small Pacific island of Midway, which it claimed under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. “Famous are the Flowers: Hawaiian Resistance Then—and Now,” Elinor Langer, Nation, April 28, 2008, vol. 286, no. 16.

Britain stood aside: Walter Lafeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898, 35th ed. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), 363–64.

“H.M. Government recognize the annexation”: Ernest Andrade Jr., “Great Britain and the Hawaiian Revolution,” Hawaiian Journal of History 24 (1990): 91–116.

a strongly worded protest: Lafeber, 364.

$75,000 to settle the dispute: Daws, Shoal of Time, 290–91.

“Instantly, a storm of alohas”: Mabel Clare Craft, Hawai‘i Nei (San Francisco: William Doxey at the Sign of the Lark, 1899), 93.

“We went to see the ali‘i”: Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 200, translation of Ke Aloha Aina account of Lili‘u’s return by Professor Silva.

the fluttering of a wounded bird”: Loomis, “Summer of 1898,” 97.

“caught the breath of a passing breeze”: Craft, Hawai‘i Nei, 84–88.

Lili‘u’s invitation: Ibid., 64.

Epilogue

The shy Hawaiian o‘o: Craft, Hawai‘i Nei, 64.

the Hawai‘i state library: Hawai‘i State Librarian’s Report, February 18, 2010.

Nearby Thomas Square: “Thomas Square to be Closed for Cleanup; Homeless to be Pushed Out,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 1, 2007.

supporters heaped her statue: Onipa‘a, 138, photograph by Elizabeth Pa Martin.

the bulk of her estate: Samuel P. King, Walter M. Heen, and Randall W. Roth, “The Queen’s Estate,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, May 17, 2009.

6,400 acres of lands: See http://www.onipaa.org/7.html, which contains a brief description of the trust’s assets.

Its mission is to help: Annual report, Lili‘uokalani Trust, 2007, 4.

the new Hawaiian government: “House Gives Boost to Native Hawaiian Government” by Kevin Freking, Associated Press, February 23, 2010.

an annual festival: See www.hawaiiforgivenessproject.org.

A Note on Language and Sources

she called herself Lili‘u: At her birth, Lili‘u was named Lydia Lili‘u Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamaka‘eha. In her youth she was called “Lydia” or “Lili‘u” and then “Lili‘uokalani” when she became heir apparent, according to the Lili‘uokalani Trust (www.qlcc.org/queen.htm).

The word pau: Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert, “Hawaiian Dictionary at Ulukau,” http://ulukau.org.

a “told to” book: Forbes, Bibliography, 707.

Acknowledgments

the Pacific Golden Plover: Pukui and Elbert, “Hawaiian Dictionary at Ulukau,” http://ulukau.org.