ABA. See American Bar Association
Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D., 296
and due process, 333–334
and right to privacy, 333–334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 350, 352, 363–364
and substantive due process, 333–334
Abortion cases, 338–339. See also Roe v. Wade
Abortion legislation, 325–329
Abortion rights, 329–333
and war, opposition to, 211–213
Abrams v. United States, 218–221, 221–222
and clear and present danger, 221
and freedom of speech, 209–211
and seditious libel, 209, 218, 220–221, 222
Access, right of, and immigration cases, 368–369
Acheson, David C., 317
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
“An Act to Protect the Health of the City of New Orleans, and to Locate the Stock Landings and Slaughterhouses.” See Slaughterhouse Act of 1869
Adams, John Quincy, 21, 49, 50, 69
Adams, Lionel, 185
Addison, Alexander, 10
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 207, 255, 256–257
Afghanistan War, 104–105
Agricultural Adjustment Act, 252–254
Agricultural production, authority to regulate, 252–254
Al Odah v. United States, 104, 373
Alabama, civil rights struggle in, 292–297
Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 204
Altgeld, John Peter, 159, 168–169
American Bar Association (ABA), 261, 263–264, 264–265, 271, 375
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 261, 263–264, 264–265, 271, 349
American Railway Union, 164. See also Debs, In re; Pullman workers strike
Anderson, John, 77
Anti-Boycott Act of 1921, 294
Arthur, Chester A., 151
Ashmore, John, 65
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 255
Authority to abrogate private contracts, 247–248
Authority to permit monopolies, 243
Authority to regulate agricultural production, 252–254
Authority to regulate banking, 245
Authority to regulate business, 243–244
Authority to regulate coal industry, 254
Authority to regulate oil industry, 248–249
Authority to regulate work standards
and Lochner v. New York, 194, 198–199, 205, 206–207
and New Deal Cases, 242, 250, 255, 256–257
See also Protective legislation
Authority to sell off lands and byproducts, 255
Bad tendency test, 213–214, 217, 218. See also Freedom of speech
Bakeshop Act of 1895, 196, 198–199, 202
Lochner’s violation of, 199–201
violation of, and due process, 201
See also Lochner v. New York
Bakeshops, and sanitation, 194–196, 197–199, 205–206. See also Lochner v. New York
Bank Bill of 1791, 17–20
Bank charter, 17, 18–20. See also M’Culloch v. Maryland; Second Bank of the United States
Bank of the United States, 18, 19–20.
See also Second Bank of the United States
Banking, authority to regulate, 245
Bankruptcy, 254–255
Banks. See M’Culloch v. Maryland; Second Bank of the United States
Bartlett, Edward, 201
Baxley, Bill, 306
Beauharnais v. Illinois, 303
Beemis, Nathan, 65–66
Belden, Simon, 118
Betts v. Brady, 313
Biddle, Nicholas, 30
Biggs, J. Crawford, 246
Binalshibh, Ramzi, 370
Birch, Elizabeth, 364
Bishop, Gardner, 277
Black, Hugo, 305–306, 313, 338
and Flag-Salute Cases, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272
Black Codes, 176. See also Racial discrimination
Blackmun, Harry, 325, 340, 353, 355
and abortion cases, 338–339, 341
Blackstone, Sir William, 214, 351
Blair, Montgomery, 83–84
Bolling, Spottswood, Jr., 277
Bootlegging, 228, 229–231, 239. See also Olmstead v. United States
Boumediene v. Bush, 379–381
and habeas corpus, 380–381
Bowers, Michael, 349
Bowers v. Hardwick, 350, 351, 352–355, 363
Bowles, William, 95
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 356–357
Boyd v. United States, 232, 233
Bradley, Joseph, 115, 120, 124, 177, 232
and Bradwell case, 139–140, 141
Bradwell, Myra, 127–128, 128–130, 134, 142
and right to practice law, 133–136 (see also Bradwell v. Illinois)
and women’s suffrage, 130–131, 136
Bradwell v. Illinois, 127
and contracts, right to make, 136–138
and coverture, 128, 131–132, 134, 137–138
decision in, 138–141
and equal rights for women, 139–140
and privileges and immunities, 136–138, 138–139, 141
in Supreme Court, 136–138
See also Legal discrimination; Right of women to practice law; Right of women to practice a profession
Brandeis, Louis, 206–207, 225, 241, 304, 382
and Abrams case, 222
and Olmstead case, 236–238, 239, 333
and Panama case, 249
and Prohibition, 234–235
Breckinridge, John, 4–5
Brennan, William, 303–305, 306, 338, 349–350, 353
Brewer, David, 155, 172–173, 204
Breyer, Stephen, 322, 359, 361
Briggs, Harry, Jr., 277
Briggs v. Elliot, 277
Brinkema, Leonie, 370
Brockenbrough, William, 28–29
Brown, Henry Billings, 185–187, 190, 204
Brown, John R., 286
Brown v. Board of Education I, 186, 275, 280–281, 317
consolidated cases in, 276–277
decision in, 281–282
decision in, reaction to, 292–293
decision in, response to, 283–284
and equal protection clause, 280, 281–282
in Little Rock, Arkansas, 287–288
resistance to, 286–289
and separate-but-equal doctrine, 282
See also Racial segregation
Brown v. Board of Education II, 284–286
Brown v. Maryland, 43–44
Bruce, Lester, 295
Buchanan, James, 85
Buchannan, James A., 21, 30–31
Bunting v. Oregon, 207
Burger, Warren, 16, 338, 353–354
Burleson, Albert Sydney, 210, 211
Bush, George H. W., 356
Bush, George W., 365, 378, 379, 380.
See also Boumediene v. Bush; Rasul v. Bush
Bush (George W.) administration, 104–105, 370
and enemy combatants, 371–373
and Guantánamo cases, 374, 375
and War on Terror Cases, 368–369, 369–370, 377, 378, 379, 381
Business, authority to regulate, 243–244
Butler, Pierce, 234, 235–236, 241, 255
Cadwalader, George, 97
Cain, Christopher, 175
Calder v. Bull, 114
Calhoun, John C., 49, 58, 87, 115, 286–287
Callender, James, 11
Campbell, John, 85, 115, 118, 119–120, 121–122, 123
Cannon, Angus, 153
Cardozo, Benjamin, 241, 249, 251, 252, 254–255, 264
Carolene Products case, 267, 268
Carpenter, Matthew Hale, 136–138, 141
Carrington, Henry, 95
Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 254
Case of Monopolies, 122
Catron, John, 85
Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 215–216, 217, 218, 221
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 268
Charter. See Bank charter
Chase, Salmon, 65, 103, 124, 141
Chase, Samuel, 1, 5, 11–13, 114
Cherokee, 58–60. See also Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; Indian removal; Indian sovereignty
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 51–52, 56
Chertoff, Michael, 370
Chester, Elisha W., 55
Chewning v. Cunningham, 313
Child labor laws, 194
Chisholm v. Georgia, 55
Civil court, v. military tribunal, 95–96, 100, 101, 102–103, 103–105. See also Merryman, Ex parte; Milligan, Ex parte; Vallandigham, Ex parte
Civil rights
in Alabama, 292–297
and Milligan case, 103
and Slaughterhouse Cases, 119–120, 123–124, 125
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 119–120
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 176–177
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 177, 275, 288–289
Civil Rights Act of 1965, 275, 288–289
Civil Rights Cases, 176, 177–178, 184–185, 186, 188, 190, 362
and military tribunal v. civil court, 95–96, 100, 101, 102–103, 103–105 (see also Merryman, Ex parte; Milligan, Ex parte; Vallandigham, Ex parte)
opposition to, 93–95 (see also Milligan, Ex parte)
racial discrimination after, 175–178
and Reconstruction policy, 100, 103
Civil War Amendments, 107
Civilian Conservation Corps, 245
Clark, Ramsey, 321
Clawson v. United States, 153
Clayton, Henry DeLamar, Jr., 212
Clear and present danger
and Abrams case, 221
and Flag-Salute Cases, 271, 272, 273
and freedom of speech, 214–215, 215–216, 217–218, 219–220, 221
and Schenck case, 214–215, 219
Clement, Paul, 371
Cleveland, Grover, 159, 167, 168–169, 245
Clifford, Nathan, 120
Clinton, Bill, 356
Coal industry, authority to regulate, 254
Coasting Act of 1793, 40, 41, 43
Codes, authority to create and enforce, 248, 250–252
Cohabitation law, 151, 152–153
Cole, Nat “King,” 293
Colson, Jesse, 315
Commerce clause
and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 36, 37, 45
and New Deal Cases, 248–249, 252, 254 (see also National Industrial Recovery Act)
and Separate Car Act, 182
Commonwealth v. Alger, 111
Commonwealth v. Aves, 63
Commonwealth v. Davis, 214
Comstock, Anthony, 328
Comstock Act of 1873, 213
Comstock Act of 1876, 213
Constitution, U.S., interpretation of, 18–19
Contract freedom
and Lochner case, 192, 193, 194, 201, 203–206, 207
and People v. Lochner, 201–202
Contracts
authority to abrogate private, 247–248
women’s right to make, 136–138
Cooley, William H., 112
Cooper, Thomas, 11
Cooper v. Aaron, 288
Corn Tassels, George, 51
Counsel, right to. See Right to counsel
Court-packing plan, 255–256, 257
Coverture, 129, 131–132, 134, 137–138. See also Legal discrimination against women
Covington, Hayden, 263
Cox v. New Hampshire, 268
Creppy, Michael J., 368
Cuban-American Treaty, 373–374
Cummings, Homer, 246
Cummings, v. Missouri, 137
Cunningham, Milton, 185
Curtis, Jenny, 166
Customs Act of 1874, 232
Dallas, Alexander J., 10
Daniel, Peter V., 85
Darcy v. Allein, 122
Dartmouth College case, 154
Davis, David, 102
Davis, Dorothy E., 276
Davis, Edward, 296
Davis, John W., 281
Davis v. Beason, 154
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia, 276
Davy, John M., 201
Day, William R., 233
Dayton, Jonathan, 39
Debs, Eugene, 162–163, 164, 166–167, 215, 218
and injunction, violating terms of, 170
and Pullman workers strike, 166, 168, 169, 170
See also Debs, In re
aftermath of, 173–174
and commerce clause, 159, 171–173
decision in, 172–173
and injunction, suppression of strikes through, 159, 171–173
Debs v. United States, 174, 215, 217, 218, 219
Defense of Marriage Act, 365
Demore v. Kim, 369
Desdunes, Daniel, 181
Dickerson v. United States, 322
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, 2
Dodd, Harrison H., 93–94
Doe v. Bolton, 339–341
Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney, 349–350, 352
Doherty, Michael J., 233
Dore, John F., 231
Douglas, Stephen, 84, 86, 88–89
Douglas, William, 303, 305–306, 333–334, 338
and Flag-Salute Cases, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272
Douglass, Frederick, 72
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 61, 73, 75
aftermath of, 87–90
in federal court, 82–83
in state courts, 77–79
in state supreme court, 81, 82
in Supreme Court, 83–85
See also Scott, Dred; Slavery
Dubovsky, Jean, 358
Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, 351
Due process
and abortion, 333–334
and Bakeshop Act, violation of, 201
and Gideon case, 312–313
and Guantánamo cases, 375, 377
and immigration cases, 369
and Milligan case, 95
and People v. Lochner, 201–202
and Plessy v. Ferguson, 184, 185, 186
and polygamy, 153–154
and Slaughterhouse Cases, 114–115, 124, 125
Dunmore, W. T., 200
Durant, Thomas, 122–123
Durden, Bea, 335
Eakin v. Raub, 9
Earl, Robert, 193
Edmunds Act of 1882, 151–152, 154
Edson, Cyrus, 199
Eisenhower, Dwight, 287–288, 293
Elkinson v. Deliesseline, 43
Ely, Richard, 161
Emancipation Proclamation, 93–94
Emerson, Irene (née Sanford), 76, 77, 78, 82, 89
Emerson, John, 75–77
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 72
Emmet, Thomas A., 41
Employees, and work hours. See Authority to regulate work standards
Employment Division v. Smith, 156
Enemy combatants, 367, 368, 377
and Guantánamo cases, 374–375
and War on Terror Cases, 371–373
See also Indefinite detainment
Engel v. Vitale, 317
English Bakehouse Regulation Act of 1863, 197
Equal protection clause
and Plessy case, 184, 185, 187
and school segregation, 278–279
Equal rights for women, 139–140. See also Women’s rights
Ervin, Sam, 320
Escobedo, Danny, 316
Escobedo v. Illinois, 315, 316–317, 318, 319
Espionage Act of 1917, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218. See also Frohwerk v. United States; Schenck v. United States
Eubanks, Robert Royce, 360
Evans, Richard G., 358
Everand’s Breweries v. Day, 235
Federal Reserve Act of 1913, 20
Federal Reserve System, 31
Fenner, Charles, 184
Ferguson, John Howard, 175, 183–184, 185
Field, Frank Harvey, 202, 203, 205, 206–207
Field, Roswell, 82
Finkbine, Sherri, 330–331
Flag-Salute Cases, 259
aftermath of, 273–274
and clear and present danger, 271, 272, 273
and freedom of religion, 260–261, 262–266, 270–273
and freedom of speech, 263–264, 266, 270, 271–272, 273
See also Minersville School District v. Gobitas; West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
Fletcher v. Peck, 121
Folsom, “Big Jim,” 283
Fosdick, Rev. Harry Emerson, 298
Four Horsemen. See Butler, Pierce; McReynolds, James; Sutherland, George; Van Devanter, Willis
Frankfurter, Felix, 140, 221, 285, 303
and Flag-Salute Cases, 265–266, 267, 269–270, 272–273
Franklin, Benjamin, 34
Frazier-Lemke Act, 249
Freedmen, statutes to protect, 176–177
Freedom of religion, 268–270
and Flag-Salute Cases, 260–261, 262–266, 270–273
and Reynolds case, 143, 148–150
and Abrams case, 209–211
and bad tendency test, 213–214, 217, 218
and clear and present danger, 214–215, 215–216, 217–218, 219–220, 221
and Flag-Salute Cases, 263–264, 266, 270, 271–272, 273
and Schenck case, 214–215, 219
and World War I, 209–213
See also Libel; Seditious libel
Freedom of the press, and libel, 291. See also New York Times v. Sullivan
Freeport Doctrine, 89
Friendly, Henry J., 237
Frohwerk v. United States, 215, 218, 219
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 62, 67–68, 70
constitutionality of, 64–65, 66
See also Prigg v. Pennsylvania; Slavery
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 71–73
Fugitive slaves, 62, 63–65, 67–69. See also Slavery
Full faith and credit clause, 64
Fulton, Robert
and patent rights, 35
and steamboat design, 33–34, 34–35
See also Fulton-Livingston group; Gibbons v. Ogden; Livingston v. Van Ingen; Steamboat navigation monopoly rights
Fulton-Livingston group, 38–40
and steamboat navigation monopoly rights, 35–38
Gardner, George K., 263
Garfield, James A., 100
Garland, Hugh, 83
Garner, Tyrone, 360
Garrison, William Lloyd, 69, 70
Gay Rights Cases, 347
in lower courts, 355–357
See also Bowers v. Hardwick; Hardwick v. Bowers; Lawrence v. Texas; Romer v. Evans; Sodomy, and right to privacy
Gay rights movement, 350–352
Gayle v. Browder, 294
Gebhart v. Belton, 276–277
Gellhorn, Walter, 278–279
Gender bias, and right of women to practice law, 135, 138. See also Bradwell v. Illinois
Gessell, Gerhard, 338
Geyer, Henry S., 83–84
Gibbons, Thomas, 39–40, 44, 45
Gibbons v. Ogden (1820), 40–41
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 33, 41–42
and commerce clause, 36, 37, 45
decision in, 42–43
legacy of, 43–45
See also Steamboat navigation monopoly rights
Gibson, John Bannister, 9
Gideon v. Wainwright, 312–313, 315
Giles, William F., 97
Gilmore, George R., 54
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 322, 342, 359, 361
Gobitas case. See Minersville School District v. Gobitas
Gobitas family, 259–260, 261, 273, 274
Goesart v. Cleary, 140
Goldberg, Arthur, 305–306, 315, 319, 320, 337
Goldberg, Irving, 337
Goldman, Emma, 213
Goldwater, Barry, 317
Gompers, Samuel, 163
Graham, Thomas, 48
Graves, John Temple, 287
Gray, James B., 70
Great Depression, 242–243. See also New Deal
Greeley, Horace, 87
Gregory, Stephen, 171
Grier, Robert, 85
Griswold, Estelle, 333
Griswold v. Connecticut, 239, 333–334, 349
Groth, Nicholas, 311–312
Groves v. Slaughter, 67
Guantánamo cases, 373–375, 379–381
aftermath of, 381–382
and enemy combatants, 374–375
and habeas corpus, 375, 376–377
See also Al Odah v. United States; Boumediene v. Bush; Hamdan v. Rumsfeld; Rasul v. Bush; War on Terror Cases
Guffy-Snyder Coal Conservation Act of 1935, 254
Habeas corpus, 104
and Boumediene v. Bush, 380–381
and Guantánamo cases, 375, 376–377
and Hamdan case, 378
and immigration cases, 369–370
and Merryman case, 96–98
and Milligan case, 102
and War on Terror Cases, 371
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 103
Hagel, Chuck, 379
Hall, Grovel, Jr., 297
Hall v. DeCuir, 179
Hallford, James H., 337
Hamdan, Salim Ahmed, 377–378
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 104–105, 377–379
and habeas corpus, 378
Hamdi, Yasser Esam, 368, 374–375
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 104, 376, 378
Hames, Margie, 339
Hamilton, Alexander, 9, 11, 13, 17–20
Hamilton, Andrew, 300–301
Hand, Learned, 9, 216, 217, 221
Harding, Warren, 228
Hardwick, Michael, 347–349
Hardwick v. Bowers, 349–350
Harlan, John Marshall, 177, 190, 204, 205, 316, 319
and Plessy case, 185, 187–188, 282
Harlan, John Marshall, II, 333–334, 338–339
Hay, George, 15
Haynes, E. S. P.
Henderson, Joseph, 262
Henderson v. United States, 278
Hepp, William, 108–109
Hirabayashi v. United States, 103–104
Holden v. Hardy, 186, 202–203, 204
Holder, Eric, 365
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 193, 233, 234, 280, 304
and Abrams case, 219–221, 221–222
and freedom of speech, 214, 215–218
and Lochner case, 205–206
and New Deal Cases, 257
and Olmstead case, 235–236, 238
and Schenck case, 215
Holston Treaty, 51
Home Building and Loan v. Blaisdell, 243–244, 251
Hoover, Herbert, 229, 242–243, 245, 255. See also Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Hopewell Treaty, 51
Hopkins, John P., 168
Hopkinson, Joseph, 23–24
Hornblower, Joseph C., 65
Horsey, Stephen, 95
Hoyt v. Florida, 140–141
Hubbard, Alfred M., 230
Hughes, Charles Evans, 75, 241, 249, 254–255, 259, 278
and New Deal Cases, 247–248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 257
Hughes, Sarah, 336
Hulett, Alta, 141
Humphreys, Andrew, 95
Hunt, Randell, 118–119
Hunt, Ward, 120
Hunt, William, 119–120
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, 356, 357
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996, 369
Immigration Act of 1917, 210
Immigration Act of 1918, 210
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 369
and due process, 369
and habeas corpus, 369–370
and indefinite detainment, 369–370
and right of access, 368–369
See also War on Terror Cases
Indefinite detainment, 369–370, 372–373, 375, 376, 377. See also Enemy combatants; Habeas corpus
Indian removal, 47–48, 48–51, 53–54, 58, 59. See also Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; Worcester v. Georgia
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 49, 54
Indian sovereignty, 52, 53–54, 55. See also Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; Worcester v. Georgia
Injunction, suppression of strikes through. See Debs, In re
Interstate Commerce Act, 168
Iraq War, 104–105
and Indian removal, 48–49, 51, 53–54, 58, 59
Jackson, Robert H., 271–272
James, John, 22
Jefferson, Thomas, 1, 9, 12, 13–15, 28, 34, 79, 132
and Bank Bill of 1791, 18–20, 20n
and Constitution, U.S., interpretation of, 18–19
and freedom of religion, 149, 150
and Indian removal, 48
and judges, removal of, 10–11, 13
and Judiciary Act of 1801, 2, 3, 4–5
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 259. See also Flag-Salute Cases
Jim Crow laws, 178–179, 189, 277–278.
See also Racial segregation
Johns, Barbara Rose, 276
Johnson, Frank, 286
Johnson, Frank M., 350
Johnson, Joshua, 48
Johnson, Lyndon, 288–289
Johnson, Reverdy, 83–84
Johnson, Thomas, 48
Johnson, v. Eisentrager, 375
Johnson and Graham’s Lessee v. M’Intosh, 47–48
Jones, T. Rawles, Jr., 371
Jones, Walter, 24
Jones, Walter Burwyn, 294
Jones v. Opelika, 268–269, 270
Judges, removal/impeachment of, 10–11, 11–13
Judicial power, 8–9. See also Marbury v. Madison
Judicial review, 8–9. See also Marbury v. Madison
Judiciary, 1. See also Judges; Marbury v. Madison
Judiciary Act of 1789, 3, 7, 82
Judiciary Act of 1801, 2, 3–5, 12
Judiciary Act of 1802, 5
Julian, George W., 72
Kaiser, John, 109
Keith, Damon, J., 369
and Gay Rights Cases, 358, 359–360, 361, 362–363
Kent, James, 36, 37–38, 40–41, 114
Kepley, Ada, 141
Kimball, Heber, 144–145
King, David, 337
King, Marsha, 337
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 291, 293–294, 296, 298, 302
Klose, Erwin, 274
Knowlton, Charles, 327
Koch, Robert, 197
Korematsu v. United States, 103–104
Kurland, Philip B., 359
Kyllo v. United States, 239
Labor, and protective legislation, 191–192. See also Lochner v. New York
and injunction, suppression of strikes through, 159, 171–173 (see also Debs, In re)
Lachowsky, Hyman, 211–213, 222, 223
Lamar, Lucius Q. C., 155
Landon, Alf, 255
Lands, authority to sell off, 255
Lansing, John, Jr., 36
LaRue, Jan, 364–365
Laski, Harold, 217
The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States, 154–155
Latimer, George, 70
Latimer Law, 70
Lawrence, John Geddes, 360–361
Lawrence, Matilda, 65
Lawrence v. Texas, 356
aftermath of, 364–365
in lower courts, 360–361
in Supreme Court, 361–364
Lawton v. Steele, 186
LDF. See Legal Defense Fund LeBeaume, Charles Edmund, 82
Lee, Charles, 6
Lee, Rev. George, 293
Leffingwell, Russell, 247
Legal Defense Fund (LDF), 276, 277, 278–279, 279–280
Legal discrimination against women, 127, 129, 131–132, 140. See also Coverture; Bradwell v. Illinois
Lewis, E. S., 108
Libel, 299–301. See also Freedom of speech; New York Times v. Sullivan; Seditious libel
Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 88–89, 93–94, 95, 245, 246
and Merryman case, 96–98
and Milligan case, 103
and Vallandigham case, 98–99
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 88–89
Lipman, Samuel, 211–213, 222, 223
Livingston, Henry Brockholst, 36
Livingston, Robert, 33–34, 35, 40. See also Fulton-Livingston group; Gibbons v. Ogden; Livingston v. Van Ingen; Steamboat navigation monopoly rights
Livingston v. Van Ingen, 36–38, 44
Lochner, Joseph, 195
and Bakeshop Act, violation of, 199–201
Lochner v. New York, 191, 202–206
aftermath of, 206–207
and contract freedom, 192, 193, 194, 201, 203–206, 207
decision in, 204–205
and due process, 204
See also Authority to regulate work standards; Bakeshop Act; People v. Lochner; Police power; Protective legislation; Public health
Louisiana ex rel. Abbott v. Hicks, 182
Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway v. Mississippi, 179
Loving v. Virginia, 353
Lowery, Rev. Joseph, 307
Lucas, Roy, 334
Lucy, Authorine, 293
Ludeling, John, 119
Lumpkin, Wilson, 58
Madison, James, 3, 7, 18, 19–20
Marbury, William, 1, 2–3, 6–7, 15–16
Marbury v. Madison, 5, 6–8, 247
aftermath of, 15–16
decision in, 8–9
and judicial review, 8–9
Maris, Albert B., 260
Married women’s property acts, 132
Marshall, Edward, 197–198
Marshall, James, 2
Marshall, John, 1, 14–15, 28, 37–38, 66, 237, 288
and Brown v. Maryland, 44
and Cherokee Nation case, 51–52, 56
and Fletcher case, 121
and Gibbons case (1824), 33, 42–43
and Johnson case, 48
and Judiciary Act of 1801, 2, 3, 4, 5
and Marbury case, 6–8, 8–9, 16
and M’Culloch case, 17, 25–27, 29–30, 64
and Osborne case, 27
and Worcester case, 56–57
Marshall, Thurgood, 278, 279, 338, 349–350
Marshall, Wilson, 44
Martial law, 96, 102, 103. See also Merryman, Ex parte; Milligan, Ex parte; Vallandigham, Ex parte
Martin, Luther, 24
Martinet, Louis A., 180–181, 183–184
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, 216
Massiah, Winston, 315
Massiah v. United States, 314–315, 318
Mayer, Julius M., 204
McCain, John, 379
McCarthy, Joseph, 314
McClur, Lucy, 270
McCluskey, Henry, 336
McCorvey, Norma, 335–336, 343–344
McCorvey v. Hill, 344
McCulloh, James (aka McCulloch; M’Culloch), 17, 20–22, 30–31. See also M’Culloch v. Maryland
McDonald, Joseph Ewing, 100, 101
McFate, Yale, 312
McHenry, Jerry, 72
McKenna, Joseph, 204
McLaurin, George, 279
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 279
McNamara, Edmund, 320
McReynolds, James, 233, 234, 241, 244, 248, 254
M’Culloch v. Maryland, 22–25, 64, 118
decision in, 25–27
decision in, defense of, 29–30
impact of, 27
and necessary and proper clause, 18–19, 64
and states’ rights, 28–29
See also Bank charter; McCulloh, James; Second Bank of the United States
Merhige, Robert, Jr., 349
Merryman, Ex parte, 96–98, 100
Michaels, George, 332
Midnight Judges, 2. See also Judiciary Act of 1801
Military Justice Act, 104–105, 378
Military tribunal, v. civil court, 95–96, 100, 101, 102–103, 103–105. See also Merryman, Ex parte; Milligan, Ex parte; Vallandigham, Ex parte Miller, Samuel, 115, 123–124, 138–140, 141
Miller, W. H. H., 142
Miller, Zell, 59–60
Milligan, Ex parte, 98, 100–101
aftermath of, 105
decision in, 102–103
legacy of, 103–105
Milligan, Lambdin, 91–93, 95–96, 98, 99, 105
as antiwar agitator, 93–95
Minersville School District v. Gobitas, 269–270, 270–273
aftermath of, 273–274
decision in, 267–268
in federal courts, 260–262
in Supreme Court, 262–267
Minimum wage law, 207. See also Authority to regulate work standards
Minnery, Tom, 364
Minor v. Happensett, 136
M’Intosh, William, 48
Miranda, Ernesto, 310–312, 314, 322–323
Miranda v. Arizona, 317, 318–320
aftermath of, 321–322
and right against self-incrimination, 311
success of, 320–321
Miranda warnings, 318–320, 321–322. See also Right to counsel; Right against self-incrimination
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 61, 63, 76, 80, 82, 83–84, 85, 86. See also Slavery
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 278
and slaughterhouses (see Slaughterhouse Cases)
and steamboat navigation (see Steamboat navigation monopoly rights)
Monroe, James, 5
Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott, 293
Moore, Alvin, 311–312
Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, 255, 257
Morgan, Juliette, 294
Morgan v. Virginia, 278
Mormonism, 143–145, 145–146. See also Polygamy
Morrill, Justin, 145
Morrill Anti-Polygamy Act of 1862, 145–146, 151, 154
Mortgage moratorium law, 243–244
Morton, Levi P., 199
Mosman, Michael, 353–354
Moussaoui, Zacarias, 370–371
Mukasey, Michael B., 371
Muller v. Oregon, 203, 206–207
Munaf, Mohammad, 381
Munaf v. Geren, 381
Municipal Bankruptcy Act of 1934, 254
Munn v. Illinois, 177–178
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 269, 271
Murphy, Frank, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272
Murphy, Michael J., 317
Murphy v. Ramsey, 153–154
Murray, John, 298
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nachman, Merton, 291–292, 299, 301–302
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 276, 278–279, 280–281, 285, 294
National Industrial Recovery Act, 245–246, 248–249, 254
challenge to (see Schechter v. United States)
Native Americans. See Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; Cherokee; Worcester v. Georgia
Near v. Minnesota, 303
Nebbia, Leo, 244
Nebbia v. New York, 244
Necessary and proper clause, 18–19, 64
Nelson, Samuel, 85
continuing attack on, 254–255
and court-packing plan, 255–256, 257
and Great Depression, 242–243
and authority to abrogate private contracts, 247–248
and authority to create and enforce codes, 248, 250–252
and authority to permit monopolies, 243
and authority to regulate agricultural production, 252–254
and authority to regulate banking, 245
and authority to regulate business, 243–244
and authority to regulate coal industry, 254
and authority to regulate oil industry, 248–249
and authority to regulate work standards, 242, 248, 250, 255, 256–257
and authority to sell off lands and byproducts, 255
and bankruptcy, 254–255
and commerce clause, 248–249, 252, 254 (see also National Industrial Recovery Act)
and gold standard, 245, 247–248
and union rights, 248
See also Schechter v. United States; West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 243
New York Times, libel suit against. See New York Times v. Sullivan
New York Times v. Sullivan, 292, 297–299
aftermath of, 306–307
decision in, 303–306
and freedom of the press, 291, 292, 303, 304, 306
in lower court, 301–302
in Supreme Court, 303
New York v. Quarles, 321–322
Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 193
Noonan, John, 342
Norman v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 247
Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1931, 173
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 76
Oakley, Thomas J., 41
Obama, Barack, 381
Obama administration, 365
O’Brien, Denis, 201
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 104, 342, 353, 361, 363, 376
Ogden, Aaron, 38–40, 44. See also Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Oil industry, authority to regulate, 248–249
Olmstead v. United States, 33, 355, 382
decision in, 233–235, 237, 238–239
dissent in, 235–239
and Olmstead bootlegging ring, 229–231
and right against self-incrimination, 231, 232, 236–237
and right to privacy, 225, 232, 236, 238
and search and seizure, 225, 231–233, 234, 235, 236, 238
and search warrants, 230–231, 231–233, 235, 237, 238, 239
in Supreme Court, 232–233
and wiretapping, 225, 230–231, 233–234, 235–236, 237, 238–239
Olsen, Theodore, 374
Omar, Shawqi Ahmad, 381
Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1968, 322
Organic Act of 1801, 2
Osborne v. Bank of the United States, 27
Padilla, José, 368, 371, 374–375, 376. See also Enemy combatants
Palko v. Connecticut, 264
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 248–249, 251
Panic of 1818, 27
Parker, Alton B., 201
Parker, John J., 270–271
Parker, Luceba, 327
Parks, Rosa, 293
Parrish, Elsie, 242
Parrish v. West Coast Hotel Co., 242
Paterson, William, 5
Patterson, Thomas, 214
Patterson v. Colorado, 214
Peace Democrats, 92–93
People ex rel. Rodgers v. Coler, 201
and contract freedom, 201–202
and due process, 201–202
See also Bakeshop Act
Perry v. United States, 247–248
Personal liberty laws, 63–64, 67. See also Slavery
Persons, Gordon, 295
Peters, Richard, 12
Pettibone v. United States, 172
Pickering, John, 10–11
Pierce, Franklin, 115
Pinkney, William, 24–25
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 342, 363–364
Plessy, Ex parte, 183–184
Plessy, Homer, 175, 182–183, 189–190
Plessy v. Ferguson, 275, 277, 281–282
aftermath of, 188–189
and dissent in, 187–188
and due process, 184, 185, 186
and equal protection, 184, 185, 187
and privileges and immunities, 185
in Supreme court, 184–187
See also Racial segregation
Pochelu, Raymond, 108
Poe v. Ullman, 33
Police power, 201, 203–205, 207
v. substantive due process, 192–194
See also Lochner v. New York
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co., 173
Polygamy (in Mormonism), 144–145, 156
after Reynolds case, 151–154
and cohabitation law, 151, 152–153
and due process, 153–154
end of, 154–156
legislation against, 145–146, 151–152
test case against, 147–148
See also Reynolds v. United States
Postal service, and commerce clause, 159, 171–173. See also Debs, In re
Powderly, Terence V., 163
Press. See Freedom of the press
Prigg, Edward, 65–66
aftermath of, 70–71
decision in, 66–69
See also Slavery
Privacy. See Right to privacy
Privileges and immunities
and Bradwell case, 136–138, 138–139, 141
and Plessy v. Ferguson, 185
and Slaughterhouse Cases, 116, 120, 123–124, 138, 139, 141
Probable cause, and search warrants, 231–232, 238
Prober, Gabriel, 212
Prohibition, 225–229, 234–235, 239. See also Olmstead v. United States
Property rights. See The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Protective legislation, 191–192, 192–194, 197, 200, 202–203, 204, 206
and contract freedom, 192, 193, 194, 201, 203–206, 207
and substantive due process, 192–193, 194
See also Lochner v. New York
and bakeshops, 193, 196, 197–198, 199, 201, 203–206, 206–207 (see also Lochner v. New York)
and slaughterhouses, 108–110, 111, 117–119, 120–122, 124, 125 (see also Slaughterhouse Cases)
Public works programs, 245
Pullman, George, 159–162, 165–166, 166–167, 173–174
Pullman Palace Car Company, 159–161
Pullman workers strike, 159, 162, 165–166
injunction against, 168–169, 170
and railroad boycott, 166–170
and violence, 167–168, 169–170
Quinn, Joseph, 360
Quirin, Ex parte, 372
Rabban, David, 213
Racial discrimination, post-Civil War, 175–178. See also Slavery
Racial segregation, 275, 276, 277–279.
See also Brown v. Board of Education;
Jim Crow laws; Plessy v. Ferguson
Randolph, A. Phillip, 298
Randolph, Edmund, 18
Reagan, Ronald, 356
Reconstruction, 100, 103, 121. See also Civil War
Reconstruction Act of 1867, 110
Reconstruction Amendments, 107, 121
Reed, Stanley, 271
Reed v. Reed, 141
Rehnquist, William, 322, 340, 341, 371, 375
and Gay Rights Cases, 353, 356–357, 359–360, 361
Religion. See Freedom of religion Religious belief v. action, 149–150
Reynolds, Amelia, 148
Reynolds, George, 143, 146–147, 147–148, 264
incarceration of, 150, 151, 156–157
Reynolds v. United States, 264
aftermath of, 151–154
decision in, 149–150
decision in, reaction to, 150–151
and freedom of religion, 143, 148–150
and religious belief v. action, 149–150
See also Polygamy
Right against self-incrimination, 311, 312, 313–314, 314–315, 316–317, 318–320
and wiretapping (see Olmstead v. United States)
See also Miranda warnings
Right of access, and immigration cases, 368–369
Right of women to practice a profession, 136–137, 141–142. See also Bradwell v. Illinois
Right of women to practice law, 133–136, 138–140, 141–142
and coverture, 128, 131–132, 134, 137–138
and state supreme court, 134–136
See also Bradwell v. Illinois
Right to counsel, 312–313, 314–315, 316. See also Miranda warnings
and abortion, 333–334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 350, 352, 363–364 (see also Roe v. Wade)
and sodomy, 348–349, 349–350, 351–352, 352–355, 361–364 (see also Gay Rights Cases)
and wiretapping, 225, 230–231, 233–234, 235–236, 237, 238–239 (see also Olmstead v. United States)
Riis, Jacob, 198
Rives, Richard, 286
Roberts, Owen, 241, 244, 253, 255, 257, 272
Roberts v. Boston, 63
Robertson, James, 378–379
Robinson, Harriet. See Scott, Harriet
Rochereau, Albin, 108–109
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 332
Roe v. Wade, 325, 335, 339–340, 350, 352, 363–364
aftermath of, 343–344
decision in, 341–343
in lower court, 336–338
See also Abortion
Romer, Roy, 358
Romer v. Evans, 357–360
Roosevelt, Franklin, 239
and court-packing plan, 255–256, 257
and New Deal, 241, 242–243, 245–246, 255
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 34
Rosnansky, Hyman, 212
Roundabush, Charles, 260
Rumsey, James, 34
Rumsfeld, Donald, 373. See also Hamdan v. Rumsfeld; Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Runaway slaves. See Fugitive slaves
Russell, Charles Taze, 261
Rustin, Bayard, 298
Rutherford, Joseph, 259–260, 261, 263
Same-sex marriage, 365
Sanford, Eliza Irene. See Emerson, Irene
Sanford, John F. A., 78, 82–83
Sanger, Margaret, 213
Sanitation
in bakeshops, 194–196, 197–199, 205–206 (see also Lochner v. New York)
in slaughterhouses, 108, 113 (see also Slaughterhouse Cases)
Scalia, Antonin, 104, 156, 239, 376, 380–381
and Gay Rights Cases, 359–360, 361, 363–364
Schechter v. United States, 249–252, 254
Schenck v. United States, 217
and clear and present danger, 214–215, 219
and freedom of speech, 214–215, 219
Schmitter, Aman, 200
Schofield, Amelia Jane, 146–147
School segregation, 63, 275–277
and separate but equal doctrine, 277, 278–279, 279–280
See also Brown v. Board of Education
School segregation cases, 278–280
Schroeder, Theodore, 213
Scott, Dred, 75–77, 87, 89–90. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford
Scott, Harriet (née Robinson), 76, 77, 89–90
Scott, William, 81
Scott v. Emerson, 81
Scottsboro case, 264
Search and seizure. See under Olmstead v. United States
Search warrants, 228
and probable cause, 231–232, 238
See also under Olmstead v. United States
Second Bank of the United States
conspiracy to defraud, 20–22, 30–31
constitutionality of, 22
See also Bank of the United States; M’Culloch v. Maryland
Sedition Act of 1917, 209
Sedition Act of 1918, 210, 212–213, 218. See also Abrams v. United States
Seditious libel, 209, 218, 220–221, 222, 300, 305. See also Abrams v. United States; Freedom of Speech; Libel
Selective Service Act, 210
Self-incrimination, right against. See Right against self-incrimination
Separate Car Act, 179–182, 183–184
Separate-but-equal doctrine, 187
and Brown I, 282
and racial segregation, 276
and school segregation, 277, 278–279, 279–280
See also Brown v. Board of Education; Plessy v. Ferguson
Seward, William H., 72
Shaw, Lemuel, 63, 70, 111, 327
Sherbert v. Verner, 156, 273–274
Sherman Antitrust Act, 168, 171, 173
Shrader, Ex parte, 111
Silverthorne Lumber Company v. United States, 233
Sipuel, Ada, 278
Sit-in movement, in Alabama, 296–297
Slaughterhouse Act of 1869, 121–123
butchers’ challenge to, 113–116
butchers’ protest against, 110–113
Slaughterhouse Cases, 108
aftermath of, 125–126
and civil rights, 123–124, 125
decision in, 123–125
and due process, 114–115, 124, 125
in federal court, 119–120
and privileges and immunities, 116, 120, 123–124, 138, 139, 141
in the state courts, 116–119
in state supreme court, 118–119
in the Supreme Court, 120–123
and monopolies, 108, 117–119, 120, 122, 123, 125
and public health, 108–110, 111, 117–119, 120, 122, 124, 125
See also Slaughterhouse Cases
Slavery, 61, 62, 75, 79–80, 89, 102
and Emancipation Proclamation, 93–94
in the Northern states, 63
See also Compromise of 1850; Dred Scott v. Sandford; Fugitive Slave acts; Missouri Compromise; Personal liberty laws; Prigg v. Pennsylvania; Scott v. Emerson; Scott, Dred
Smith, David, 364
Smith, Joseph, Jr., 143–144
Smith, Judy, 335
Snow, In re, 153
Snow, Lorenzo, 153
Snowe, Olympia, 379
Snyder v. Rosales-Garcia, 369–370
Social Security program, 242, 255, 257
Sodomy, and right to privacy, 348–349, 349–350, 351–352, 352–355, 361–364. See also Gay Rights Cases
Somerset v. Stewart, 78
Sotomayor, Sonia, 322
Specter, Arlen, 379
Speech. See Freedom of speech Speed, James, 100
Stanbery, Henry, 100
Stanley, Thomas, 283–284
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 130
States’ rights, 28–29
Steamboat navigation monopoly rights, 35–38
lower court challenge to, 36–38
See also Gibbons v. Ogden (1824); Livingston v. Van Ingen
Stettler v. O’Hara, 257
Stevens, John, 34
Stevens, John Paul, 105, 322, 350, 376, 378
and Gay Rights Cases, 359, 361–362
Stewart, Potter, 239, 316, 319, 338, 339
Stidger, Felix, 95
Stoddard, Thomas, 355
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 234, 235, 241, 253–254, 254–255, 372
and Flag-Salute Cases, 259, 267, 268, 271
Story, Joseph, 22, 52, 56–57, 114
Stuart v. Laird, 5
Stull, Paul, 270
Substantive due process, 207
and abortion, 333–334
v. police power, 192–194
Sullivan, Kathleen M., 359
Sullivan, L. B., 291, 292, 295–296, 302, 306–307
and sit-in movement, in Alabama, 296–297
Sumner, Charles, 89
Sumrall, Clint, 349
Sutherland, George, 207, 233, 234, 241, 254
Swayne, Noah H., 124
Sweatt, Heman Marion, 279
Sweatt v. Painter, 279
Taft, William Howard
and New Deal Cases, 257
and Olmstead case, 233–235, 237, 238–239
Taliaferro, Lawrence, 76
Tallmadge, James, Jr., 79
Tallmadge amendment, 79
Talmadge, Herman, 293
Taney, Roger Brooks, 24, 73, 75, 83, 85, 89, 121
and Dred Scott case, 85–87, 114, 149
and Merryman case, 97
Taylor, William, 336–337
Taylor, Zachary, 80
Telephone, and right to privacy. See Wiretapping
Tennessee Valley Authority, 242, 255. See also Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
Thomas, Clarence, 359–360, 361, 364
Three-fifths compromise, 62, 79
Timanus, George, 329
Toombs, Robert, 88
Torick, K. R., 347–349
Torture, 379, 381. See also War on Terror Cases
Tourgée, Albion W., 180–181, 183–184
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, 210, 245
Truman, Harry, 280
Trumbull, Lyman, 171
Tuddenham, Mary Ann, 146
Tuttle, Elbert, 286
Tymkovich, Timothy, 358
United States v. Belcher, 250
United States v. Butler, 253
United States v. Cannon, 153
United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 173
United States v. Lopez, 45
United States v. Morrison, 45
United States v. Vuitch, 338–339
Vallandigham, Clement, 98–99
Vallandigham, Ex Parte, 98–99, 100
Van Devanter, Willis, 233, 234, 241
Van Ingen, James, 36–38
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 45
Vandiver, Ernest, 286
Vann, Irving G., 203
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 275, 288–289
Vuitch, Milan, 338
Wade, Henry, 336
Wagner Labor Relations Act, 257
Walker, Edwin, 171
Walker, James, 180, 181, 183–184
Walker, John C., 93
aftermath of, 381–382
and enemy combatants, 367, 368, 371–373
and habeas corpus, 371
and Moussaoui, Zacarias, 370–371
and presidential authority, 378, 379, 380
and wiretapping, 378–379
See also Immigration cases; Guantánamo cases
Warmoth, Henry C., 111–112, 113
and Brown I, 280, 281–282, 284
and Brown II, 285
and Miranda case, 318–319, 319–320
War-Time Prohibition Act, 235
Washington, George, 11, 18, 19, 101
Washington Treaty, 49
Wasliewski, Edmund, 260
Watson, Tom, 178
Wayne, James, 85
Wayne, James Moore, 99
Webster, Daniel, 22–23, 40, 41–42, 281
Wechsler, Herbert, 303
Weddington, Sarah, 334–336, 339
Weeks v. United States, 232–233
Weinberger, Harry, 212
Weismann, Henry, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206–207
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 69
Wells, Robert W., 83
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 207, 256–257
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
in lower courts, 270–271
in Supreme Court, 271–273
Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, 101
White, Byron, 319, 338, 341, 353
and Escobedo case, 316–317
Whitney, Edward, 171
Whitney v. California, 222, 304
Wigmore, John H., 221–222
Wilde, Kathy, 349
Wilkinson, J. Harvey, 275
Wilkinson, James, 14
Williams, George, 21–22, 30–31
Williamson, Mac, 279
Willson v. Black Bird Creek Marsh Co., 44
Wilner, Thomas, 375
Wilson-Gorman Act of 1894, 173
Winny v. Whitesides, 77, 78, 81
and Olmstead v. United States, 225, 230–231, 233–234, 235–236, 237, 238–239
and War on Terror Cases, 378–379
Wirt, William, 24, 40, 41–42, 54–55, 56
Wisconsin Enabling Act, 76
Wisdom, John Minor, 286
Women’s rights, 139–140
and coverture, 128, 131–132, 134, 137–138
and legal discrimination, 127, 129, 131–132, 140 (see also Bradwell v. Illinois)
and married women’s property acts, 132
and right to practice a profession, 136–137, 141–142 (see also Bradwell v. Illinois)
and right to practice law, 133–136, 138–140, 141–142 (see also Bradwell v. Illinois)
Women’s suffrage, 130–131, 132, 136, 140
and polygamy, 152
Woodruff, George, 150–151
Worcester, Samuel, 52–54, 56–57, 58, 59–60
Worcester v. Georgia, 54–56
decision in, 56–57
decision in, enforcement of, 57–58
and Indian removal, 47–48, 48–51, 53–54, 58, 59
and Indian sovereignty, 52, 53–54, 55
Work hours. See Authority to regulate work standards
Work standards. See Authority to regulate work standards
World War I, and freedom of speech, 209–213
Wright, J. Skelley, 286
Writs of mandamus, 3
Wynehamer v. People, 114
Yates, Joseph, 37
Yoo, John, 373
Yorty, Sam, 320
Zadvydas v. Davis, 369
Zenger, John Peter, 300–301
Zenger case, 300–301