¹ The Catalan double agent Joan Pujol Garcia (1912–88), known by his British codename Garbo; subsequently proprietor of a books and gifts shop in Venezuela.

² ‘Empire, Race and War in Pre-1914 Britain’.

¹ A reference to MI6.

² Authorization of the publication of Howard’s Strategic Deception in World War II (Volume 5 of British Intelligence in the Second World War) had been granted, but then withdrawn, for reasons that were not made explicit. The book was not published until 1990.

³ Major-General Sir Stewart Menzies (1890–1968), Chief (‘C’) of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6) from 1939 until 1952; Colonel Valentine Vivian (1886–1969), Vice-Chief of SIS during the Second World War; and his deputy Felix Cowgill (1903–91), who became T-R’s superior officer after the Radio Analysis Bureau was absorbed into SIS.

⁴ ‘Restored to life’.

⁵ The word ‘torturable’ is used in Greene’s novel Our Man in Havana (1958).

⁶ T-R never republished the book in his lifetime, but a new edition is forthcoming, in a volume of his collected writings on intelligence matters, edited by E. D. R. Harrison.

¹ Chapman Pincher (b. 1914), in Their Trade is Treachery (1981), claimed that Sir Roger Hollis (1905–73), Director-General of MI5 1956–65, had probably been a Russian spy since his recruitment by MI5 in 1938. This allegation, which raised a storm of publicity, was denied by Margaret Thatcher in the House of Commons on 25 March 1981.

² In an article for The Times, ‘Case for keeping a strong conventional arms capability’, responding to the proposal to deploy tactical nuclear forces in Europe, which had attracted mass protest, Howard argued that the true vulnerability of the West to Soviet attack ‘still lies in the field of conventional armaments’.

³ The sociologist Benjamin Kidd (1858–1916), author of the bestseller Social Evolution (1894), which is discussed in Howard’s essay in History and Imagination.