1. Introduction to the Karmic Faiths
1Patrick Olivelle (ed.), Dharma: Studies in Its Semantic, Cultural and Religious History (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2004).
2Muthuswami Dikshitar was a south Indian poet and composer and is one of the Musical Trinity of Carnatic music. He wrote the Navagraha Kirtis, in which he described the nine planets and identified Mercury as napunsaka (queer), as he was cursed to be so by the planet Jupiter.
3Gayatri Reddy, Colonialism and Criminal Castes with Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 26-27.
4Tissy Mariam Thomas, The Clan Culture of the Hijras: An Exploration into the Gender identity and Status of Hijras Inside and Outside Gharanas (Bangalore: Centre for Research Projects, Christ University, 2013).
5Sumit Guha, Beyond Caste: Identity and Power in South Asia, Past and Present (New Delhi: Permanent Black in association with Ashoka University, 2016).
6The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Government of India, archived from the original on 14 Januuary 2012.
7‘Tribal Religions in India’, http://factsanddetails.com/india/Religion_Caste_Folk_Beliefs_Death/sub7_2g/entry-4148.html, retrieved in September 2016.
8‘What are India’s views regarding homosexuality?’, https://www.quora.com/ What-are-Indias-views-regarding-homosexualitytrieved in September 2016.
9John Powers, A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex and the Body in Indian Buddhism (London: Harvard University Press, 2009).
10Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (eds.), Same-sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000).
11Kumar Uttam, ‘Modi asks BJP MPs to reach out to transgenders, seeks their 2-year report card’, Hindustan Times, 10 August 2016, http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-asks-bjp-mpsto-reach-out-to-transgenders-seeks-their-2-year-report-card/story2CTEOmBYs1qAlPXdCilNgK.html.
2. Buddhism: Towards Liberation
1‘Cula-Malunkyovada Sutta: The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya (MN 63)’, Access to Insight, accessed on 10 September 2016.
2Pratapaditya Pal (ed.), Buddhist Art, Form and Meaning (New Delhi: Marg, 2007).
3Mallar Ghosh, Development of Buddhist Iconography in Eastern India (Munshiram Manoharlal: 1980), p. 17.
4Based on: Buswell Jr, Robert and Lopez Jr, Donald (eds.). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014.
5Kama Sutta, Sutta Nipata 4.1.
6Vinaya Pitaka as quoted in http://www.fairobserver.com/region/asia_pacific/the-problem-with-sex-according-to-buddhism-10289/.
7Ruth Vanita and Salim Kidwai (eds.), Same Sex Love in India: A Literary History (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2008), p. 19.
8John Powers, A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex and the Body in Indian Buddhism (London: Harvard University Press, 2009).
9‘Gender Equality in Buddhism: How the Lotus Sutra Views the Enlightenment of Women’, Soka Gakkai International: Buddhism in Action for Peace, http://www.sgi.org/about-us/president-ikedas-writings/a-grand-declaration-ofgender-equality.html.
10 Ruth Vanita and Salim Kidwai (eds.), Same Sex Love in India: A Literary History (New Delhi: Penguin India, 2008).
11The Collected Works (Gsun ‘bum) of Yandgon-pa Rgyal-mtshan-dpal, Volume 2 (Thimphu: Kunsang Topgey, 1976), pp. 454-57 (cited in Gyatso 2003).
12Paisarn Likhitpreechakul, ‘Homophobic law has no basis in Buddhism’, The Nation, 3 April 2015, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Homophobic-law-has-NO-BASIS-in-Buddhism-30257329.html.
13‘Buddhism and sexual orientation’, Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation.
14Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (eds.), Same-sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000).
15John Powers, A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex and the Body in Indian Buddhism (London: Harvard University Press, 2009).
16‘Buddhism and sexual orientation’, Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation
17Paisarn Likhitpreechakul, ‘Homophobic law has no basis in Buddhism’, The Nation, 3 April 2015, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Homophobic-law-has-NO-BASIS-in-Buddhism-30257329.html.
18Donald S. Lopez Jr (ed.), Critical Terms for the Study of Buddhism (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005).
19‘On Homosexuality and Sex in General’, World Tibet Network News, 27 August 1997, http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1997&m=8&p=27-2_5.
20Gary Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (California: University of California Press, 1997), p. 31.
21P.D. Numrich, ‘The Problem with Sex According to Buddhism’, Dialog, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2009): pp. 62–73. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6385.2009.00431.x.
22Dharmachari J’anavira, ‘Homsexuality in the Japanese Buddhist Tradition’, Western Buddhist Review, http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol3/homosexuality.html#_ednref12.
23Ibid.
24Quoted directly from Jonathan Higbee, ‘The Dalai Lama Approves Same-Sex Marriage, Says Bullying and Homophobia Is What’s Wrong’, Instinct Magazine, 27 February 2014, http://instinctmagazine.com/post/dalai-lama-approvessame-sex-marriage-says-bullying-and-homophobia-whats-wrong.
25‘Buddhism and sexual orientation’, Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexual_orientation#cite_ref-58.
26Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (eds.), Same-sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000).
27Jeff Wilson, ‘A Big Gay History of Same-sex Marriage in the Sangha’, Tricycle. org, 27 June 2015, http://tricycle.org/trikedaily/big-gay-history-same-sexmarriage-sangha/.
28Jeff Wilson, ‘Jodo Shinshu Buddhism and Same-Sex Marriage in the United States’, Journal of Global Buddhism, Vol. 13 (2012): pp. 31-59.
29Barbara O’Brien, ‘Did the Dalai Lama Endorse Gay Marriage?’, Thoughtco. com, 26 June 2015, http://buddhism.about.com/od/Living-A-Buddhist-Life/fl/Same-Sex-Marriage-and-Buddhism.htm.
30William Edelglass, ‘Thich Nhat Hanh’s Interbeing: Fourteen Guidelines for Engaged Buddhism’ in William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfeild (eds.), Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 420, 424.
31‘Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Buddha’s Words on Loving-Kindness’ (Sn 1.8), translated from the Pali by The Amaravati Sangha. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 2 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.amar.html.
3. Jainism: A Quest for Non-violence
1‘Tirthankara’, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirthankara, retrieved in September 2016.
2Kaliprasada Simha, The Philosophy of Jainism (Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1990).
4. Sikhism: A Paradigm of Equality
1‘Mool Mantar’, Sikhi Wiki: Encyclomedia of the Sikhs, retrieved in August 2016 http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Mool_Mantar.
2Surinder Singh Johar, Guru Nanak: A Biography (California: New Book Company, 1969).
3‘The Hindu Sacred Thread, Janeu’, Sikhi Wiki: Encyclomedia of the Sikhs, http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/The_Hindu_Sacred_Thread,_Janeu, retrieved in September 2016.
4‘There is no Hindu and no Musalman’, Sikhi Wiki: Encyclomedia of the Sikhs, http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/There_is_no_Hindu_and_no_Musalman, retrieved in September 2016.
5J. Singh, ‘Guru Nanak and the B40 Janamsakhi: The Meeting with Sheikh Sharaf’, Sarbat.net, 9 February 2009, http://www.sarbat.net/nanakb40janamsakhi.htm, retrieved in August 2016.
6Sukhmandir Khalsa, ‘The Four Laava: The Sikh Wedding Hymns’, Thoughtco. com, 18 September 2017, http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhweddinghymns/a/Lavan.htm.
7Sukhdeep Singh, ‘Religious Leaders Release Joint Statement Welcoming Supreme Court Verdict on Sec 377’, Gaylaxymag.com, 20 December 2013, http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/religious-leaders-release-jointstatement-welcoming-supreme-court-verdict-on-sec-377/.
8‘Sikh Head Priest Opposes Canada’s Same-Sex Marriage Bill, Community Opinion Split’, UCANews.com, 3 February 2005, http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2005/02/03/sikh-head-priest-opposes-canadassamesex-marriage-bill-community-opinion-split&post_id=25359.
9Vivek Gupta and Aseem Bassi, ‘Pro-gay Canadian leader runs into an ethical wall in Punjab’, Hindustan Times, 30 January 2016, http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sgpc-not-to-offer-siropa-to-lesbian-canadapremier-at-golden-temple/story-nrz0hEBC699VnjxSLJHGpO.html.
10Pat Johnson, ‘Sikh Pride marshal reflects on difficulty coming out’, Vancouver Courier, 27 July 2016, http://www.vancourier.com/community/sikh-pridemarshal-reflects-on-difficulty-coming-out-1.2311634.
5. Hinduism: The Wise See Diversity
1Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 7, verse 6.
2Devdutt Pattanaik, Shikhandi and Other Queer Tales They Don’t Tell You (New Delhi: Zubaan, 2014), p. 31.
3Ibid.
4Ibid, p. 121.
5Devdutt Pattanaik, ‘How a new akhara of transgendered people stole the spotlight at the Ujjain Kumbh’, Scroll.in, 29 June 2016, https://scroll.in/article/809995/how-a-new-akhara-of-transgendered-people-stole-the-spotlightat-the-ujjain-kumbh.
6Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (New Delhi: Penguin, 2009), p. 596.
7Manusmriti (XI:175).
8Louis-Georges Tin (ed.), The Dictionary of Homophobia: A Global History of Gay & Lesbian Experience (Vancouver: Arsenal, 2003).
9Abhilash Rajendran, ‘Adi Shankaracharya’s Parakaya Pravesha to Learn Kamashastra’, Hindu-blog.com, 12 July 2012, https://www.hindu-blog.com/2012/07/adi-shankaracharyas-parakaya-pravesha.html, retrieved in September 2016.
10Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association: Information & Support for LGBTI Vaishnavas and Hindus, http://www.galva108.org/summary-of-vedicreferences, retrieved in September 2016.
11Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association: Information & Support for LGBTI Vaishnavas and Hindus, http://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/11/Vedic-ThirdGender-Types-and-Terms.
12James C. Harle, The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 161.
13Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association: Information & Support for LGBTI Vaishnavas and Hindus, http://www.galva108.org/single-post/2014/05/11/Vedic-ThirdGender-Types-and-Terms.
14Devdutt Pattanaik, My Gita (New Delhi: Penguin Random House, 2015).
15‘Homosexuality not a crime in Hinduism, says Sri Sri Ravi Shankar’, FirstPost. com, 12 December 2013, http://www.firstpost.com/india/homosexuality-nota-crime-in-hinduism-says-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-1283843.html.