ABBREVIATION
HT = The History of al-Ṭabarī. 40 vols. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986–2007.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī, Aḥmad b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 430/1038). Dhikr Akhbār Iṣbahān. Ed. Sven Dedering. 2 vols. Leiden, 1931–1934.
———. Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’. 10 vols. Cairo, 1932–1938.
———. Dalā ’il al-Nubuwwa. Ed. Muḥammad Rawwās Qal‘ajī et al. 2 vols. Beirut, 1986.
Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-Ash‘ath al-Sijistānī al-Azdī (d. 275/888). Sunan Abī Dāwūd. 4 vols. Beirut, 1988.
Abū Yūsuf, Ya‘qūb b. Ibrahīm (d. 182/798). Kitāb al-Kharāj (in Mawsū‘at al-Kharāj). Beirut, 1979.
‘Ahd Ardashīr. Ed. I. Abbas. Beirut, 1967.
Akhbār al-‘Abbās wa-Wildihi (anonymous). Akhbār al-dawla a l-‘Abbāsiyya. Ed. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Dūrī and ‘Abd al-Jabbār al-Muṭṭalibī. Beirut, 1971.
Al-‘Askarī, Abū Hilāl al-Ḥasan b. ‘Abdallāh b. Sahl (d. ca. 395/969). al-Awā’il. Ed. M. al-Maṣrī et al. 2 vols. Damascus, 1975.
al-Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 222/837). Akhbār Makka. Ed. F. Wüstenfeld. Leipzig, 1858.
al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. ‘Alī al-Khaṭīb (d. 463/1071). Ta’rīkh Baghdād. 14 vols. Cairo, 1931.
———. al-Kifāya fī‘Ilm al-Riwāya. Ed. Ahmad ‘Umar Hāshim. Beirut, 1986.
———. Kitāb al-Faqīh wa’l-Mutafaqqih. Ed. ‘Adil b. Yusuf al-‘Azzāzī. 2 vols. Riyad, 1996.
———. Taqyīd al-‘Ilm. Ed. Yusuf al-‘Ush. Beirut, 1974.
al-Baghdādī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb (d. 246/860). Kitāb al-Muḥabbar. Ed. I. Lichtenstädter. Beirut, 1967.
al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā (d. 279/892). Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. I: Banū ‘Abd Shams. Ed. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Dūrī. Wiesbaden, 1979.
———. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. II: ‘Alī wa Banūh. Ed. W. Madelung. Wiesbaden, 2003.
———. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. III: al-‘Abbās b. ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib wa waladuhu. Ed. A. al-Dūrī. Wiesbaden, 1987.
———. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. IV. Ed. ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Dūrī and ‘Iṣām ‘Uqla. Wiesbaden, 2001.
———. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. V: Sā’ir Furū‘ Quraysh. Ed. I. ‘Abbās. Wiesbaden, 1996.
———. Futūḥ al-Buldān. Ed. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Munajjid. 2 vols. Cairo, 1956–1957.
al-Baqillānī, Abū Bakr (d. 403/1012). Manāqib al-A’imma al-Arba‘a. Ed. Samīra Farḥāt. Beirut, 2002.
al-Bayhaqī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad (d. ca. 320/932). al-Maḥāsin wa’l-Masāwi’. Beirut, n.d.
al-Bukhārī, Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad b. Ismā‘īl (d. 256/870). Ṣaḥīḥ. Ed. Muḥammad Muḥsin Khan. 9 vols. Riyad, 1997.
al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (d. 748/1348). Ta’rīkh al-Islām wa Wafayāt al-Mashāhīr wa’l-A‘lām. Ed. ‘Umar Tadmurī. 29 vols. in 26. Beirut, 1990.
———. Siyar A‘lām al-Nubalā’. Ed. S. al-Arna’ūṭ et al. 24 vols. Beirut, 1994–1998.
———. al-Khulafā’ al-Rāshidūn. Ed. Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Qudsī. Beirut, 1992.
al-Dimashqī al-Ḥanafī, Ḥāmid b. ‘Alī b. Ibrāhim b. ‘Imād al-Dīn b. Muḥibb al-Dīn al-‘Imādī (d. 1171/1756). al-Durr al-Mustaṭāb fī Muwāfaqāt ‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb wa Abī Bakr wa ‘Alī Abī Turāb. Ed. Muṣṭafā ‘Uthmān Ṣumayda. Beirut, 1996.
al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad b. Dāwūd (d. 282/895). Kitāb al-Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl. Ed. V. Guirgass. Leiden, 1888.
al-Fitna wa Waq‘at al-Jamal, Riwāyat Sayf b. ‘Umar. Ed. Aḥmad Rātib ‘Armūsh. Beirut, 1972.
al-Ghazalī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad b. Muḥammad (d. 505/1111). al-Tibr al-Masbūk fī Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk. Ed. Muḥammad Aḥmad Damaj. Beirut, 1996.
al-Hindī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn al-Muttaqī b. Husām al-Dīn (d. 975/1567). Kanz al-‘Ummāl fī Sunan al-Aqwāl wa’l-Af‘āl. Ed. Ṣafwat al-Saqqā and Bakrī al-Ḥayyānī. 16 vols. Beirut, 1985.
al-Ḥuṣarī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. ‘Alī (d. 453/1061). Zahr al-Adāb wa Thamar al-Albāb. Ed. A. M. al-Bijāwī. 2 vols. Cairo, 1953.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ‘Abdallāh al-Namarī, al-Istī‘āb fī Ma‘rifat al-Aṣḥāb, Abū ‘Umar Yūsuf b. ‘Abdallāh al-Qurṭubī (d. 463/1070). Ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu‘awwaḍ et al. 4 vols. Beirut, 1995.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥakam, Abū’l-Qāsim ‘Abd al-Raḥmān b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 214/829). Futūḥ Miṣr wa Akhbāruhā. Ed. C. Torrey. New Haven, 1922.
Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi, Abū ‘Umar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (d. 328/940). Kitāb al-‘Iqd al-Farīd. Ed. A. Amīn et al. 8 vols. Cairo, 1940–1953.
Ibn Abī al-Shaykh, Abū Muḥammad ‘Abdallāh b. Muḥammad (d. 369/979). Ṭabaqāt al-Muḥaddithīn bi-Iṣbahān wa al-Wāridīn ‘alyahā. 4 vols. in 2. Beirut, 1989.
Ibn al-‘Arabī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 543/1148). al-‘Awāṣim min al-Qawāsim fī Taḥqīq Mawāqif al-Ṣaḥāba ba‘d Wafāt al-Nabī. Ed. Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb. Cairo, 1968.
Ibn ‘Asākir, Abū’l-Qāsim ‘Alī b. al-Ḥasan (d. 571/1176). Ta’rīkh Madīnat Dimashq. Ed. ‘Umar b. Gharāma al-‘Amrawī. 80 vols. Beirut, 1995–2000.
Ibn al-Athīr, ‘Izz al-Dīn ‘Alī b. Aḥmad (d. 630/1233). al-Kāmil fī’l-Ta’rīkh. 13 vols. Beirut, 1965–1967.
———. Usd al-Ghāba fī Ma‘rifat al-Ṣaḥāba. Ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu‘awwaḍ and Aḥmad ‘Abd al-Mawjūd. 7 vols. Beirut, 1994.
Ibn al-Faqīh, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (d. 365/975). Mukhtaṣar Kitāb al-Buldān. Ed. M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1885.
Ibn al-Farrā’ al-Andalusī, Abū Bakr ‘Atīq (d. 698/1298). Nuzhat al-Abṣār fī Faḍā’il al-Anṣār. Ed. ‘Abd al-Razzāq b. Muḥammad Marzūq. Riyad, 2004.
Ibn Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Abū’l-Faḍl Aḥmad b. Nūr al-Dīn ‘Alī (d. 852/1449). Fatḥ al-Bārī fī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. 18 vols. Beirut, 2003.
———. al-Iṣāba fī Tamyīz al-Ṣaḥāba. Ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad al-Bījāwī. 8 vols. Beirut, 1992.
Ibn Ḥamdūn, Maḥmūd b. al-Ḥasan (d. 562/1166). al-Tadhkira al-Ḥamdūnīyya. ed. Iḥsān and Bakr ‘Abbās. 10 vols. Beirut, 1996.
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad (d. 241/855). Musnad. Ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arna’ūṭ. 50 vols. Beirut, 1993–2001.
Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad ‘Alī b. Aḥmad al-Andalusī (d. 456/1064). Jamharat Ansāb al-‘Arab. Ed. A. M. Hārūn. Cairo, 1962.
Ibn Hishām, ‘Abd al-Malik (d. 218/834). al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. Ed. ‘Umar Tadmurī. 4 vols. Beirut, 1993.
Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū’l Faraj ‘Abd al-Raḥmān b. ‘Alī (d. 597/1201). al-Miṣbāḥ al-Muḍī’ fī Khilāfat al-Mustaḍī’. Ed. Nājiya ‘Abdallāh Ibrāhīm. 2 vols. Baghdad, 1976–1977.
———. al-Muntaẓam fī Ta’rīkh al-Mulūk wa’l-Umam. Ed. M. A. ‘Aṭā. 18 vols. in 16. Beirut, 1992.
———. Kittāb al-Quṣṣāṣ wa’l-Mudhakkirīn. Ed. M. Schwartz. Beirut, 1971.
———. Ṣifat al-Ṣafwa. Ed. Ibrahīm Ramaḍān et al. 2 vols. Beirut, 1989.
———. Talqīḥ Fuhūm Ahl al-Athar fī ‘Uyūn al-Ta’rīkh wa’l-Siyar. Cairo, n.d.
———. Ta’rīkh ‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. Beirut, 1985.
Ibn Kathīr, ‘Imād al-Dīn Ismā‘īl b. ‘Umar (d. 774/1373). al-Bidāya wa’l-Nihāya.14 parts in 8 vols. Beirut, 1985.
———. al-Nihāya fī’l-Fitan wa’l-Malāḥim. Ed. Ahmad ‘Abd al-Shāfī. Beirut, 1988.
———. Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’. Ed. al-Sayyid al-Jamīlī. Beirut, 1985.
Ibn Khallikān, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (d. 681/1282). Wafayāt al-A‘yān wa Anbā’ Abnā’ al-Zamān. Ed. I. ‘Abbās. 8 vols. Beirut, 1968–1972.
Ibn Khayyāṭ, Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ (d. 240/854). Ta’rīkh. Ed. A. al-‘Umarī. al-Najaf, 1967.
Ibn Māja, Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad b. Yazīd (d. 273/887). Sunan. Ed. Muḥammad Fu’ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī. 2 vols. Beirut, 1980.
Ibn Miskawayh, Abū ‘Alī Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Miskawayh al-Rāzī (d. 421/1030). Tajārib al-Umam. Ed. M. J. De Goeje. Leiden, 1871.
———. Tajārib al-Umam. Ed. Abū’l-Qāsim Emāmī. 2 vols. Tehran, 1987.
Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (d. 139/756). Āthār ibn al-Muqaffa‘. Ed. Umar Abū’l-Naṣr. Beirut, 1966.
Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū’l-Faraj Muḥammad b. Abī Ya‘qūb Isḥāq al-Warrāq (d. 380/990). Kitāb al-Fihrist. Ed. G. Flügel. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1871–1872. Repr. Beirut, 1966.
Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn ‘Abdallāh (d. 620/1223). al-Istibṣār fī Nasab al-Ṣaḥāba min al-Anṣār. Ed. ‘Alī Nuwayhiḍ. Beirut, 1972.
Ibn Qutayba, Abū Muḥammad ‘Abdallāh b. Muslim (d. 276/889). Kitāb al-Ma‘ārif. Ed. T. ‘Ukāsha. Cairo, 1969.
———. Kitāb ‘ Uyūn al-Akhbār. Ed. Mufīd Muḥammad Qumayḥa. 4 parts in 2 vols. Beirut, n.d.
Ibn Sa‘d, Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad b. Sa‘d (d. 230/845). al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā. 9 vols. Beirut, 1957–1968.
Ibn Sallām, Abū ‘Ubayd al-Qāsim (d. 224/838). Kitāb al-Amwāl. Beirut, 1981.
Ibn Shabba, Abū Zayd ‘Umar b. Shabba al-Numayrī al-Baṣrī (d. 262/876). Kitāb Ta’rīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara (Akhbār al-Madīna al-Nabawiyya). Ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Dandal. 2 vols. Beirut, 1996.
Ibn Taghrībirdī, Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf al-Atābikī (d. 874/1470). al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa’l-Qāhira. 16 vols. Cairo, 1963–1972.
Ibn al-Ṭiqṭiqā, Muḥammad b. ‘Alī b. Ṭabāṭabā (d. 709/1309). Kitāb al-Fakhrī. Beirut, 1966.
Ibn Zanjawayh, Aḥmad (d. 251/865). Kitāb al-Amwāl. Ed. Shākir Dīb Fayyāḍ. 3 vols. Riyad, 1986.
al-‘Iṣāmī al-Makkī, ‘Abd al-Malik b. Ḥusayn (d. 1111/1700). Simṭ al-Nujūm al-‘Awālī fī Anbā’ al-Awā’il wa’l-Tawālī. 4 vols. Cairo, 1961.
al-Iṣfahānī, Abū’l-Faraj ‘Alī b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 356/967). Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn. Ed. M. Ṣaqr. Beirut, 1987.
al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥamza b. al-Ḥasan. Ta’rīkh Sinī Mulūk al-Arḍ. Beirut, n.d.
al-Jāḥiẓ, ‘Amr b. Baḥr (d. 255/869). al-Bayān wa’l-Tabyīn. Ed. ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. 4 vols. Cairo, 1948.
———. Rasā’il al-Jāḥiẓ. Ed. A. M. Hārūn, Cairo, 1963–1965.
———. al-‘Uthmāniyya. Ed. A. M. Hārūn. Cairo, 1955.
———. Kitāb al-Tāj (attrib.). Ed. A. Zakī. Cairo, 1914.
al-Juwaynī, Abū’l-Ma‘ālī ‘Abd al-Malik b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 478/1085). Kitāb al-Irshād. Ed. Muḥammad Yūsuf Mūsā and ‘Alī ‘Abd al-Mun‘im ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo, 2002.
al-Kindī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf (d. 350/961). Kitāb al-Wulāt wa’l-Quḍāt. Ed. R. Guest. London, 1912.
———. Wulāt miṣr. Ed. H. Naṣṣār. Beirut, 1959.
al-Kutubī, Muḥammad b. Shākir (d. 764/1363). Fawāt al-Wafayāt. Ed. I. ‘Abbās. Beirut, 1974.
Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795). Kitāb al-Muwaṭṭa. Ed. M. F. ‘Abd al-Bāqī. Cairo, 1951. Repr. Beirut, 1988.
al-Māliqī, Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr Yaḥyā al-Ash‘arī al-Andalusī (d. 741/1340). al-Tamhīd wa’l-Bayān fī Maqtal al-Shahīd ‘Uthmān. Ed. Maḥmūd Yūsuf Zāyed. Beirut, 1964.
al-Marwazī, Nu‘aym b. Ḥammād (d. 229/844). al-Fitan. Ed. Suhayl Zakkār. Beirut, 1993.
al-Mas‘ūdī, ‘Alī b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 345/956). Murūj al-Dhahab. Ed. C. Pellat. Beirut, 1973.
———. al-Tanbīh wa’l-Ishrāf. Ed. M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1894.
al-Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir (d. 355/965). al-Bad ’ wa’l-Ta’rīkh. Ed. C. Huart. 6 vols. Paris, 1899.
al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Alī (d. 854/1442). Kitāb al-Nizā‘ wa’l-Takhāṣum fī-mā bayn Banī Umayya wa Banī Hāshim. Ed. Ḥusayn Mu’nis. Cairo, 1988.
al-Māwardī, Abū’l-Ḥasan ‘Alī b. Muḥammad (d. 450/1058). al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya. Beirut, 1985.
al-Minqarī, Naṣr b. Muzāḥim (d. 212/827). Waq‘at Ṣiffīn. Ed. ‘Abd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo, 1962.
al-Mubarrad, Abū’l-‘Abbās Muḥammad b. Yazīd (d. 285/898). al-Kāmil. Ed. Muḥammad Abū’l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm and al-Sayyid Shaḥāta. 4 vols. Cairo, n.d.
Muslim b. al-Ḥajjāj al-Qurashī al-Nīsābūrī (d. 261/875). Ṣaḥīḥ. Ed. M. M. ‘Abd al-Laṭīf. 18 vols. in 9. Repr. Beirut.
al-Nasā’ī, Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥman Aḥmad b. al-Ash‘ath (d. 303/915). Sunan. Ed. Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. 3 vols. Riyad, 1988.
al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb (d. 733/1331). Nihāyat al-’Arab fī Funūn al-Adab. Ed. Muḥammad Rif‘at Fatḥallāh. 31 vols. Cairo, 1923–1955.
al-Qazwīnī, ‘Abd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Rāfi‘ī (d. 622/1225). al-Tadwīn fī Akhbār Qazwīn. Ed. ‘Azīz allāh al-‘Uṭāridī. 4 vols. Beirut, 1987.
al-Qazwīnī, Abū ‘Abdallāh Zakariyya b. Muḥammad (d. 682/1283). Āthār al-Bilād wa Akhbār al-‘I bād. Beirut, 1960.
al-Qurtubī, Abū ‘Abdallāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Anṣārī (d. 671/1272). Jāmi‘ al-Bayān li-Aḥkām al-Qur’ān. 20 parts in 10 vols. Beirut, 1993.
al-Sahmī, Abū al-Qāsim Ḥamza (d. 427/1035). Ta’rīkh Jurjān. Beirut, 1987.
Sayf b. ‘Umar al-Tamīmī (d. 194/810). Kitāb al-Ridda wa al-Futūḥ and Kitāb al-Jamal wa Masīr ‘Āisha wa ‘ Alī. Ed. Qāsim al-Sāmarrā’ī. Leiden, 1995.
Ṣibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Yūsuf b. Qizgalū (d. 654/1256). al-Jalīs al-Ṣālīḥ wa’l-Anīs al-Nāṣiḥ. Ed. Fawwāz Fawwāz. London, 1989.
al-Sijistānī, Abū Bakr ‘Abdallāh b. Abī Dāwūd Sulaymān (d. 316/928). Kitāb al-Maṣāḥif. Cairo, 1936.
al-Suyūṭī, Abū al-Faḍl ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (d. 911/1505). Ta’rīkh al-Khulafā ’. Cairo, 1964.
———. al-Khaṣā’iṣ al-Kubrā aw Kifāyat al-Ṭālib al-Labīb fī Khaṣā’iṣ al-Ḥabīb. Ed. Muḥammad Khalīl Harrās. 3 vols. Cairo, 1967.
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Ja‘far Muḥammad b. Jarīr (d. 310/923). Ta’rīkh al-Rusul wa’l-Mulūk. Ed. M. J. De Goeje. 3rd ser. Leiden, 1879–1901.
———. Ta’rīkh al-Rusul wa’l-Mulūk. Ed. M. Abū’l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. 10 vols. Cairo, 1960–1969.
———. Jāmi‘ al-Bayān fī Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’ān. 12 vols. Beirut, 1992.
al-Ṭabarī, Muḥibb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Abdallāh (d. 694/1295). al-Riyāḍal-Naḍira fī Manāqib al-‘Ashara. 2 vols. in 1. Cairo, 1953.
———. Dhakhā’ir al-‘Uqbā fī Manāqib Dhawī al-Qurbā. Beirut, n.d.
al-Tamīmī, Abū’l-‘Arab Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (d. 333/944). Kitāb al-Miḥan. Ed. Y. al-Jubūrī. Beirut, 1983.
al-Tanūkhī, Abū ‘Alī al-Muḥassin b. ‘Alī (d. 384/994). al-Faraj ba‘d al-Shidda. Ed. A. al-Shāljī. 5 vols. Beirut, 1978.
al-Tha‘ālibī, Abū Manṣūr ‘Abd al-Malik b. Muḥammad (d. 429/1038). Ghurar Akhbār Mulūk al-Furs. Ed. and trans. H. Zotenberg, Histoire des rois Perses. Repr. Tehran, 1963.
———. Laṭā’if al-Ma‘ārif. Ed. P. de Jong. Leiden, 1867.
al-Tha‘labī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad (d. 427/1035). Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’, known as ‘Arā’is al-Majālis. Beirut, n.d.
al-Thaqafī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhim b. Muḥammad (d. 283/896). al-Ghārāt. Beirut, 1987.
Tirmidhī, Abū ‘Isā Muḥammad b. ‘Isā (d. 279/892). al-Jāmi‘ al-Ṣaḥīḥ wa huwa al-Sunan. Ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir. 5 vols. Beirut, 1987.
al-Ṭurṭūshī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. al-Walīd (d. 520/1126). Kitāb al-Ḥawādith wa’l-Bida‘. Ed. A. M. Turkī. Beirut, 1990.
———. Sirāj al-Mulūk. Ed. Ja‘far al-Bayyātī. London, 1990.
———. al-‘Uyūn wa’l-Ḥadā’iq fī Akhbār al-Ḥaqā’iq. Ed. M. de Goeje. Leiden, 1869.
al-Wāḥidī, Abū’l-Ḥasan ‘Alī b. Aḥmad (d. 468/1076). Asbāb al-Nuzūl. Ed. Kamāl Basyūnī Zaghlūl. Beirut, 1990.
al-Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ‘Umar (d. 207/823). Kitāb al-Maghāzī. Ed. Marsden Jones. Oxford, 1966.
Wakī‘, Muḥammad b. Khalaf b. Ḥayyān (d. 306/918). Akhbār al-Quḍāt. Ed. A. M. al-Murāghī. 3 vols. Cairo, 1950.
al-Yāfi‘ī, Abū Muḥammad ‘Abdallāh b. As‘ad (d. 768/1367). Mir’āt al-Janān wa ‘Ibrat al-Yaqẓān fī mā Yu‘tabar min Ḥawādith al-Zamān. 4 vols. Beirut, 1970.
al-Ya‘qūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Ya‘qūb b. Wāḍiḥ (d. 284/897). Kitāb al-Buldān. Ed. M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1892.
———. Ta’rīkh. 2 vols. Beirut, 1960.
———. Mushākalat al-Nās li-Zamānihim. Ed. W. Millward. Beirut, 1962.
Yāqūt b. ‘Abdallāh al-Ḥamawī (d. 626/1229). Mu‘jam al-Buldān. 5 vols. Beirut, 1957.
al-Zamakhsharī, Abū’l-Qāsim Maḥmūd b. ‘Umar (d. 538/1144). Rabī‘ al-Abrār wa Fuṣūṣ al-Akhbār. Ed. ‘Abd al-Majīd Diyāb. Cairo, 1992.
al-Zubayr b. Bakkār (d. 256/870). al-Akhbār al-Muwaffaqiyyāt. Ed. S. M. al-‘Ānī. Baghdad, 1972.
al-Zuhrī, Muḥammad b. Muslim b. ‘Ubaydallāh b. Shihāb (d. 124/742). al-Maghāzī al-Nabawiyya. Ed. Suhayl Zakkār. Damascus, 1980.
SECONDARY WORKS
Abbott, Nabia. ‘Aisha, the Beloved of Mohammed. Chicago, 1942.
———. Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri I : Historical Texts. University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications 75. Chicago, 1957.
———. Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri II: Qur’ānic Commentary and Tradition. University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications 76. Chicago, 1976.
Afsaruddin, Asma. Excellence and Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate Leadership. Leiden, 2002.
———. “In Praise of the Caliphs: Recreating History from the Manāqib Literature.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 31 (1999): 329–350.
Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York, 1981.
Āl ‘Ukla, Ṭāhir. al-Anṣār, Ramz al-Īthār wa Ḍaḥiyyat al-Athra. Beirut, 2001.
Ankersmit, F. R., and H. Kellner. A New Philosophy of History. Chicago, 1995.
Arberry, A. J. The Koran Interpreted. 2 vols. London, 1955.
al-‘Askarī, Murtaḍā. ‘Abdallāh ibn Saba’ wa Asāṭīr Ukhrā. 2 vols. in 1. Baghdad, n.d.
———. Khamsūn wa Mi’at Ṣaḥābiyy Mukhtalaq. Baghdad, 1969. Repr. Beirut, 1991.
‘Athamina, Khalil. “Al-Qaṣaṣ: Its Emergence, Religious Origin, and Socio-Political Impact on Early Muslim Society.” Studia Islamica 76 (1992): 53–74.
———. “The Sources of al-Balādhurī’s Ansāb al-Ashrāf.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 5 (1984): 237–262.
———. “The Tribal Kings in Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Study of the Epithet malik or dhū al-tāj in Early Arabic Traditions.” Qantara 19 (1998): 19–37.
‘Aṭwān, Husayn. Al-Riwāya al-Ta’rīkhiyya fī Bilād al-Shām fī al-‘Aṣr al-Umawī. Beirut, 1986.
al-Bakay, Latifa. Ḥarakāt al-Khawārij, Nash’atuhā wa taṭawwuruhā ilā nihāyat al-‘ahd al-Umawī, 37–132 A.H. Beirut, 2001.
Bashear, Suliman. Muqaddima fī al-Tārīkh al-Ākhar: Naḥwa Qirā’a Jadīda li’l-Riwāya al-Islāmiyya. Jerusalem, 1984.
———. “The Title ‘Fārūq’ and Its Association with ‘Umar I.” Studia Islamica 72 (1990): 47–70.
———. Arabs and Others in Early Islam. Princeton, 1997.
Berg, Herbert. “Competing Paradigms in the Study of Islamic Origins: Qur’ān 15:89–91 and the Value of Isnāds.” In Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins, ed. H. Berg (Leiden, 2003), 259–290.
———. The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period. London, 2000.
———. “The Implications of, and Opposition to, the Methods and Theories of John Wansbrough.” Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 9.1 (1997): 3–22.
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XI: The Challenge to Empires. Albany, 1993.
Brinner, William, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, III: The Children of Israel. Albany, 1991.
Brockett, Adrian, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XVI: The Community Divided. Albany, 1997.
Brooks, Peter. Reading for the Plot, Design, and Intention in Narrative. Cambridge, Mass., 1984.
Browne, E. G. “Some Account of the Arabic Work Entitled ‘Niháyatu’l-irab fīakhbári’l-Furs wa’l-‘Arab.’” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1900): 195–259.
Brunschvig, Robert. “Ibn ‘Abdalḥakam et la conquête de l’Afrique du Nord par les Arabes.” Annales de l’Institut des Études Orientales de l’Université d’Alger (1942–1947).
Bulliet, Richard. Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History. Cambridge, Mass., 1979.
Burton, John. An Introduction to Hadith. Edinburgh, 1994.
Caetani, L. Annali dell’Islam. 10 vols. Milan, 1905–1926. Repr. Hildesheim, 1972.
Cameron, Averil. Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire. Berkeley, 1991.
Christensen, A. L’Iran sous les Sassanides. Copenhagen, 1936.
Cohen, Mark. Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton, 1994.
Conrad, Lawrence. “Seven and the Tasbī‘: On the Implications of Numerical Symbolism for the Study of Medieval Islamic History.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (1988): 42–73.
———. “The Conquest of Arwād: A Source-Critical Study in the Historiography of the Medieval Near East.” In The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, I: Problems in the Literary Source Material, ed. Averil Cameron and Lawrence Conrad (Princeton, 1992), 317–401.
Cook, Michael. “The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam.” Arabica 44 (1997): 437–530.
Coulson, N. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh, 1964.
Cox-Miller, Patricia. Dreams in Late Antiquity. Princeton, 1996.
Crone, Patricia, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton, 1987.
———. Roman, Provincial, and Islamic Law. Cambridge, 1987.
———. “Shūrā as an Elective Institution.” Quaderni di Studi Arabi 19 (2001): 3–39.
———. Slaves on Horses. Cambridge, 1980.
Crone, Patricia, and Michael Cook. Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. Cambridge, 1977.
Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge, 1986.
Davis, D. Epic and Sedition: The Case of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Fayetteville, 1992.
Dentan, R. ed. The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East. New Haven, 1955.
Djaït, Hichem. Al-Kufa: Naissance de la ville islamique. Paris, 1986.
———. La Grande Discorde: Religion et politique dans l’Islam des origines. Paris, 1989.
Donner, Fred, trans. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton, 1981.
———. “The Formation of the Islamic State.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1986): 283–296.
———, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, X: The Conquest of Arabia. Albany, 1993.
———. Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing. Princeton, 1998.
———. “Uthmān and the Rāshidūn Caliphs in Ibn ‘Asākir’s Ta’rīkh madīnat Dimashq: A Study in Strategies of Compilation.” In Ibn ‘Asākir and Early Islamic History, ed. J. Lindsay (Princeton, 2001), 44–62.
Duri, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz. Baḥth fī Nash’at ‘ilm al-Ta’rīkh ‘inda al-‘Arab. Beirut, 1960.
———. The Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arabs. Trans. L. Conrad. Princeton, 1983.
———. “Al-Zuhrī: A Study of the Beginnings of History Writing in Islam.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 19 (1957): 1–12.
Eagleton, T. Literary Theory. Minneapolis, 1983.
El-Hibri, Tayeb. “The Redemption of Umayyad Memory by the ‘Abbāsids.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61 (2002): 241–265.
———. Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the Narrative of the ‘Abbāsid Caliphate. Cambridge, 1999.
Eliade, M. Myth and Reality. New York, 1963.
———. Images and Symbols. Princeton, 1991.
Fahd, Toufic. La divination arabe: Études religieuses, sociologiques et folkloriques sur le milieu natif de l’Islam. Leiden, 1966.
Faizer, Rizwi. “Muhammad and the Medinan Jews: A Comparison of the Texts of Ibn Ishaq’s Kitab Sirat Rasul Allah with al-Waqidi’s Kitab al-Maghazi.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 78 (1996): 463–489.
Forand, P. G. “The Status of the Land and Inhabitants of the Sāwad During the First Two Centuries of Islam.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 14 (1971): 25–37.
Freedman, David N. The Unity of the Hebrew Bible. Ann Arbor, 1991.
Friedmann, Y., trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XII: The Battle of al-Qādisiyya and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine. Albany, 1992.
Frye, Northrop. The Secular Scripture: A Study in the Structure of Romance. Cambridge, 1976.
Frye, R. N. The Golden Age of Persia. London, 1975.
Gibb, H. A. R. “The Evolution of Government in Early Islam.” Studia Islamica 4 (1955): 1–17.
———. “An Interpretation of Islamic History.” Journal of World History 1 (1953): 39–62 (repr. in his Studies on the Civilization of Islam, ed. Stanford J. Shaw and William R. Polk [London, 1962], 3–33).
Gil, M. “The Medinan Opposition to the Prophet.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 10 (1987): 65–96.
———. “The Origin of the Jews of Yathrib.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4 (1984): 203–220.
Goitein, S. D. “The Place of Balādhurī’s Ansāb al-Ashrāf in Arabic Historiography.” International Congress of Orientalists 19 (1935): 603–606.
Goldziher, Ignaz. Muhammedanische Studien. Halle, 1889–90. = Muslim Studies. Trans. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern. 2 vols. London, 1967–1971.
Guillaume, Alfred. The Traditions of Islam: An Introduction to the Study of Hadith Literature. Oxford, 1924.
Hawting, G. R. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate, A.D. 661–750. London, 1986.
———, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XVII: The First Civil War. Albany, 1996.
———. The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History. Cambridge, 1999.
Hillenbrand, C., trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate. Albany, 1989.
Hinds, Martin. “Kufan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 2 (1971).
———. “The Murder of the Caliph ‘Uthmān.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972): 450–469.
———. “Sayf b. ‘Umar’s Sources on Arabia.” In Sources for the History of Arabia, part II. Riyad, 1979. Repr. in Studies in Early Islamic History, ed. J. Bacharach, L. Conrad, and P. Crone (Princeton, 1995).
———. “The Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement.” Journal of Semitic Studies 17 (1972): 450–469.
Hodgson, M. G. S. The Venture of Islam. 3 vols. Chicago, 1974.
Horovitz, Josef. The Earliest Biographies of the Prophet and Their Authors. Ed. L. Con-rad. Princeton, 2002.
Hoyland, Robert. “New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69 (2006): 395–416.
Humphreys, R. S., trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate. Albany, 1990.
———. Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry. Princeton, 1991.
Jabalī, Fu’ād. The Companions of the Prophet: A Study of Geographical and Political Alignments. Leiden, 2003.
Jeffery, Arthur. Materials for the History of the Text of the Qur’ān (includes an edition of Sijistānī’s Kitāb al-Maṣāḥif). Leiden, 1937.
Johns, Jeremy. “Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: The First Seventy Years.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46 (2003): 411–436.
Jones, J. M. B. “The Maghāzī Literature.” In The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. F. L. Beeston, T. M. Johnstone, R. B. Serjeant, and G. R. Smith (Cambridge, 1983), 344–351.
Juynboll, G. H. A. “Early Islamic Society as Reflected in Its Use of isnāds.” Le Museon 107 (1994): 151–194.
———, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XIII: The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt. Albany, 1989.
———. Muslim Tradition: Studies in Chronology, Provenance, and Authorship of Early Ḥadīth. Cambridge, 1983.
———. “On the Origins of Arabic Prose: Reflections on Authenticity.” In Studies on the First Century of Muslim Society, ed. G. H. A. Juynboll, 161–175. Papers on Islamic History 5. Carbondale, 1982.
———. “The Position of Qur’ān Recitation in Early Islam.” Journal of Semitic Studies 19 (1974): 240–251.
———. “The Qurrā’ in Early Islamic History.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16 (1973): 113–129.
———. “Some Thoughts on Early Muslim Historiography.” Bibliotheca Orientalis 49 (1992): 685–691.
Katibi, Ghayda Khazna. al-Kharāj mundhu al-Fat ḥ al-Islāmī ḥattā Awāṣiṭ al-Qarn al-Thālith al-Hijrī. Beirut, 1997.
Keaney, Heather. “The First Islamic Revolt in Mamluk Collective Memory: Ibn Bakr’s (d. 1340) Portrayal of the Third Caliph ‘Uthmān.” In Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal: Insights Into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam, ed. Sebastian Günther (Leiden, 2005), 375–400.
Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphate. London, 1986.
Khalīfa, Ḥāmid Muḥammad. al-Anṣār fī al-‘Aṣral-Rāshidī. Cairo, 2002.
Kinberg, Leah. Morality in the Guise of Dreams. Leiden, 1994.
Kister, M. J. “Ḥaddithū ‘an banī isrā’ila wa lā ḥaraj.” Israel Oriental Studies 2 (1972): 215–239. Repr. in Studies in Jahiliyya and Early Islam, XIV (London, 1980).
Lambton, Ann. State and Government in Medieval Islam. London Oriental Series 36. London, 1981.
Lammens, Henri. Études sur le régne du Calife Omaiyade Mo‘awiya Ier. Paris, 1908.
———. “Le Tirumvirat Abou Bakr, ‘Omar et Abou ‘Obaida.” Mélanges de la Faculté Orientale de l ’ Université St Joseph de Beyrouth 4 (1910): 113–144.
Landau-Tasseron, Ella. “Sayf b. ‘Umar in Medieval and Modern Scholarship.” Der Islam 67 (1990): 1–26.
———. “From Tribal Society to Centralized Polity: An Interpretation of Events and Anecdotes of the Formative Period of Islam.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 24 (2000): 180–216.
Lassner, Jacob. Islamic Revolution and Historical Memory. American Oriental Society series. New Haven, 1986.
Lecker, Michael. “Biographical Notes on Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī.” Journal of Semitic Studies 61 (1996): 21–63.
———. “The Death of the Prophet Muhammad’s Father: Did Wāqidī Invent Some of the Evidence?” Zeitschrift der Morgendeutschen Gesellschaft 145 (1995): 9–27.
Leder, Stefan. “Conventions of Fictional Narration in Learned Literature.” In Story-telling in the Framework of Non-Fictional Arabic Literature (Berlin, 1998), 34–60.
———. “The Literary Use of the Khabar: A Basic Form of Historical Writing.” In The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 1: Problems in the Literary Source Material, ed. Averil Cameron and L. I. Conrad, 277–315. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 1. Princeton, 1992.
———. “The Paradigmatic Character of Madā’inī’s shūrā-Narration.” Studia Islamica 88 (1998): 35–54.
Leemhuis, Fred. “Origins and Early Development of the Tafsīr Tradition.” In Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qur’ān, ed. A. Rippin (Oxford, 1988), 12–30.
Le Strange, G. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. London, 1905.
Lindsay, James. “‘Ibn ‘Asākir, His Tār’īkh madīnat Dimashq, and Its Usefulness for Understanding Early Islamic History.” In Ibn ‘Asākir and Early Islamic History, ed. J. Lindsay (Princeton, 2001), 1–24.
Lokkegaard, F. Islamic Taxation in the Classical Period with Special Reference to Circumstances in Iraq. Copenhagen, 1950.
Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge, 1997.
Margoliouth, D. S. The Early Development of Mohammedanism. London, 1913.
———. Lectures on Arabic Historians. New York, 1929.
———. The Relations Between the Arabs and Israelites Prior to the Rise of Islam. Oxford, 1924.
Ma‘rūf, Nayef. al-Khawārij fī al-‘Aṣr al-Umawī. Beirut, 1977.
Milḥim, ‘Adnān Muḥammad. al-Mu’arrikhūn al-‘Arab wa’l-Fitna al-Kubrā. Beirut, 1998.
Mitchell, W. J. T. On Narrative. Chicago, 1980.
Morony, Michael G., trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XVII: Between Civil Wars, the Caliphate of Mu‘āwiya. Albany, 1987.
———. Iraq after the Muslim Conquest. Princeton, 1984.
Motzki, Harald. “The Collection of the Qur’ān: A Reconsideration of Western Views in Light of Recent Methodological Developments.” Der Islam 78 (2001): 1–34.
———. “The Muṣannaf of ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Ṣan‘ānī as a Source of Authentic aḥādīth of the First Century A.H.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 50 (1991): 1–21.
———. The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh Before the Classical Schools. Trans. Marion Katz. Leiden, 2002.
———. “The Question of the Authenticity of Muslim Traditions Reconsidered: A Review Article.” In Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins, ed. H. Berg (Leiden, 2003), 211–257.
———. “The Role of Non-Arab Converts in the Development of Early Islamic Law.” Islamic Law and Society 6 (1999): 1–25.
Muir, William, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall. 2nd ed. London, 1892. New ed. revised by T. H. Weir. Edinburgh, 1915.
Nagel, Tilman. “Some Considerations Concerning the Pre-Islamic and the Islamic Foundations of the Authority of the Caliphate.” In Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society, ed. G. H. A. Juynboll (Carbondale, Ill., 1982), 177–198.
Newby, Gordon. A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam. Columbia, 1988.
Noth, A., and L. Conrad. The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-Critical Study. Princeton, 1994.
Pedersen, Johannes. “The Islamic Preacher, wā‘iẓ, mudhakkir, qāṣṣ.” In Ignace Goldziher Memorial Volume, part 1, ed. S. Lowinger and J. Somogyi (Budapest, 1948), 226–251.
Petersen, E. L. ‘Alī and Mu‘āwiya in Early Arabic Tradition: Studies on the Genesis and Growth of Islamic Historical Writing Until the End of the Ninth Century. Trans. P. L. Christensen. Copenhagen, 1964.
Poonawala, Ismail R., trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, IX: The Last Years of the Prophet. Albany, 1990.
Powers, David. Studies in Qur’ān and Ḥadīth: The Formation of the Islamic Law of Inheritance. Berkeley, 1987.
Qal‘ajī, Muḥammad Rawwās. Mawsū‘at Fiqh ‘Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, ‘Aṣruhu wa Ḥayātuh. Beirut, 1986.
———. Mawsū‘at Fiqh ‘Uthmān b. ‘Affān. Beirut, 1991.
Rippin, Andrew, ed. Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qur’ān. Oxford, 1988.
———. “Interpreting the Bible Through the Qur’ān.” In Approaches to the Qur’ān, ed. G. R. Hawting and Abdul-Kader A. Shareef, 249–259. London, 1993.
———. “Literary Analysis of the Qur’ān, tafsīr and sīra: The Methodologies of John Wansbrough.” In Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, ed. Richard C. Martin (Tucson, 1985), 151–163.
Rosenthal, Franz. A History of Muslim Historiography. 2nd ed. Leiden, 1968.
———. “The Influence of Biblical Tradition on Muslim Historiography.” In Historians of the Middle East, ed. B. Lewis and P. Holt (Oxford, 1962), 35–45.
Rubin, Uri. “Prophets and Progenitors in Early Shī‘a Tradition.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 1 (1975): 41–65.
Sachedina, A. A. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shiism. Albany, 1981.
Ṣafwat, Aḥmad Zakī, Jamharat Khuṭab al-‘Arab fī ‘Uṣūr al-‘Arabiyya al-Zāhira. 3 vols. Cairo, 1933.
———. Jamharat Rasā’il al-‘Arab fī ‘Uṣūr al-‘Arabiyya al-Zāhira. Cairo, 1937.
Sayyid, Radwan. “al-Khilāfa wa’l-Mulk, Dirāsa fī al-Ru’ya al-Umawiyya li’l-Sulṭa.” In The Fourth International Conference on the History of Bilad al-Sham During the Umayyad Period: Proceedings of the Third Symposium, ed. ‘Adnan al-Bakhit and Robert Schick (Amman, 1989), 96–142.
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford, 1964.
———. “On Mūsā b. ‘Uqba’s Kitāb al-Maghāzī.” Acta Orientalia 21 (1953): 288–300.
———. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford, 1950.
———. “A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1949): 143–154.
Schoeler, G. “Character and Authenticity of the Muslim Tradition on the Life of the Prophet.” Arabica 48 (2002): 360–366.
Serjeant, R. B. “Early Arabic Prose.” In Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, ed. A. F. L. Beeston et al. (Cambridge, 1983), 114–146.
Shaban, M. A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation, I: A.D. 600–750 ( A.H. 132), Cambridge, 1971.
Shoufani, Elias. al-Riddah and the Muslim Conquest of Arabia. Toronto, 1973.
Smith, G. Rex, trans. The History of al-Ṭabarī, XIV: The Conquest of Iran. Albany, 1994.
Spellberg, Denise. “Nizam al-Mulk’s Manipulation of Tradition: ‘Aisha and the Role of Women in the Islamic Government.” Muslim World 77 (1988): 111–117.
———. Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of ‘A’isha bint Abi Bakr. New York, 1994.
States, Bert. Dreaming and Storytelling. Ithaca, 1993.
Tayob, ‘Abdelkader I. “Ṭabarī on the Companions of the Prophet: Moral and Political Contours in Islamic Historical Writing.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 (1999): 203–219.
Tottoli, Roberto. Biblical Prophets in the Qur’an and Muslim Literature. London, 2002.
Van Ess, Josef. “Political Ideas in Early Islamic Religious Thought.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28 (2001): 151–164.
Waldmann, Marilyn. Toward a Theory of Historical Narrative: A Case Study in PersoIslamicate Historiography. Columbus, 1980.
Wansbrough, J. Qur’anic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation. Oxford, 1977.
———. The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History. Oxford, 1978.
Wasserstrom, S. M. Between Muslim and Jew: The Problem of Symbiosis Under Early Islam. Princeton, 1995.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Bell’s Introduction to the Qur’ān. Edinburgh, 1970.
———. “The Early Development of the Muslim Attitude to the Bible.” Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society 16 (1957): 50–62 (repr. in his Early Islam [Edinburgh, 1990], 77–85).
———. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh, 1973.
———. “God’s Caliph: Qur’ānic Interpretations and Umayyad Claims.” In Iran and Islam, ed. C. Bosworth (London, 1971), 565–574 (repr. in his Early Islam [Edinburgh, 1990], 57–63).
———. Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh, 1968.
Wellhausen, Julius. The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Trans. M. G. Weir. Calcutta, 1927.
———. The Religio-Political Factions in Early Islam. Trans. R. C. Ostle et al. Amsterdam, 1974.
Wensinck, A. J. Muhammad and the Jews of Medina (with an excursus on Muhammad’s Constitution of Medina by Julius Wellhausen). Trans. and ed. Wolfgang H. Behn. 2nd ed. Berlin, 1982.
White, Hayden. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore, 1978.
———. The Content of the Form. Baltimore, 1987.
Yazigi, Maya. “Ḥadīth al-‘ashara; or, The Political Uses of a Tradition.” Studia Islamica 86 (1997): 159–167.
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. “Maghazi and Muhaddithun: Reconsidering the Treatment of ‘Historical’ Materials in Early Collections of Hadith.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (1996): 1–18.