Chapter 5: Trouble in the East
1. Dio 55.5.1, cf. 54.25.4 and RG 4. On the laurels see Dio 53.5.1–2: Iulius Caesar had been permitted to have lictors who always carried laurel on their fasces, a right which Augustus inherited.
2. Dio 55.5.2: καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδεμίαν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἑορτὴν ἤγαγε, πολὺ πλεῖον ἐν τῷ τοῦ Δρούσου ὀλέθρῳ ἐζημιῶσθαι ἢ ἐν ταῖς νίκαις ὠφελῆσθαι νομίζων.
3. Suet., Claud. 1.4–5; cf. Suet., Tib. 50.1.
4. Suet., Div. Aug. 72.2; Claud. 1.5. Not a word of either survives.
5. Dio 55.2.3; Suet., Claud. 1.5; Livy, Peri. 142; Tabula Hebana.
6. After 8 BCE Germanicus Claudius Drusus; after 4 CE Germanicus Iulius Caesar.
7. Suet., Claud. 1.5: Ceterum exercitus honorarium ei tumulum excitavit, circa quem deinceps stato die quotannis miles decurreret Galliarumque civitates publice supplicarent; cf. Dio 55.2.3.
8. For a description of the monument see Panter (2007).
9. Dio 55.6.1; cf. 54.12.5.
10. Dio 55.6.1: μετὰ δὲ δὴ ταῦτα τήν τε ἡγεμονίαν, καίπερ ἀφιείς, ὡς ἔλεγεν, ἐπειδὴ τὰ δέκα ἔτη τὰ δεύτερα ἐξεληλύθει, ἄκων δῆθεν αὖθις ὑπέστη, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Κελτοὺς ἐστράτευσε .
11. Suet., Tib. 16.1; Vell. Pat. 2.97.4; Strabo, Geog. 6.4.2.
12. Vell. Pat. 2.97.4: quod is sua et virtute et fortuna administravit peragratusque.
13. Suet., Tib. 21.2, 68.3; cf. Dio 57.1.1.
14. Dio 55.6.4.
15. Dio 55.6.1–2.
16. Dio 55.6.2–3: ἔπεμψαν μὲν γὰρ καὶ οἱ Σύγαμβροι πρέσβεις, τοσούτου δὲ ἐδέησαν διαπράξασθαί τι ὥστε καὶ ἐκείνους πάντας, καὶ πολλοὺς καὶ ἐλλογίμους ὄντας, προσαπολέσθαι: ὅ τε γὰρ Αὔγουστος συλλαβὼν αὐτοὺς ἐς πόλεις τινὰς κατέθετο, καὶ ἐκεῖνοι δυσανασχετήσαντες ἑαυτοὺς κατεχρήσαντο. κἀκ τούτου χρόνον μέν τινα ἡσύχασαν, ἔπειτ᾽ ἐπὶ πολλῷ τὸ πάθημά σφων τοῖς Ῥωμαίοιςἀνταπέδοσαν .
17. Vell. Pat. 2.97.4: quod praecipue huic duci semper curae fuit.
18. RG 32; Eutrop. 7.9.
19. Tac., Ann. 4.47.4. E.g. Cohors I Sugambrorum Veterana: Cheesman (1914), p. 48 and 162; Cohors IV Sugambrorum: Cheesman (1914), p. 166.
20. Kühlborn (2004), p. 29; Wells (1972), p. 191 and p. 219.
21. See Ch. 4, n. 70.
22. Wells (1972), pp. 163–211. It measured 370 metres by 485 metres with a later extension adding a further 50 metres, or 18 hectares in total.
23. Wells (1972), p. 186. One of these buildings, sited at the east gate, may have been an armamentarium to judge by the finds of some sixty arrowheads and several pilumheads, and thousands of ballista-bolts.
24. Dio 55.6.4–5. Augustus now counted XIV acclamations.
25. Dio 55.6.4. The aureus (BMC 498–9; RIC 198) and denarius (BMC 500; RIC 199), showing the figure of C. Caesar wearing a bulla riding past military standards, may have been minted to mark this event; contra this dating see Romer (1978).
26. Dio 55.7.1–5.
27. Dio 55.8.1.
28. Dio 55.8.2. Fast. Consul. (fasti magistrorum vici).
29. Dio 55.9.1: τοσαῦτα μὲν ἐν τῷ ἔτει τούτῳ ἐπράχθη: ἐν γὰρ δὴ τῇ Γερμανίᾳ οὐδὲν ἄξιον μνήμης συνέβη.
30. Suet. Tib. 19.1: Sed re prospere gesta non multum afuit quin a Bructero quodam occideretur, cui inter proximos versanti et trepidatione detecto tormentis expressa confessio est cogitati facinoris. Extracting confessions and information using torture was the responsibility of specialist soldiers called speculatores.
31. Syme (1986), p.68.
32. Dio 55.9.1; alternatively he may have been Vetus’ son.
33. Dio 55.9.1.
34. Dio 55.9.4.
35. Dio 55.9.4n, 55.10.20n.
36. Dio 55.9.5–7.
37. Dio 55.9.8, cf. 55.10.17.
38. Vell. Pat. 2.105.1. On the difficulty of precise dating of provincial assignments see Atkinson (1958) and Syme (1986), pp. 85–86. An alternative date for his transfer to Germania is 3 CE, placing him after L. Domitius Ahenobarbus.
39. Vell. Pat. 2.105.1: Sentium Saturninum . . . praefecisset.
40. The construction of roads and towns began around this time, Dio 56.18.1–2.
41. Vell. Pat. 2.105.2.
42. For a full description of the monument see Broomwich (1993), pp. 270–75.
43. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 3.24 (3.136): IMP .CAESARI DIVI FILIO AVG .PONT .MAX .IMP .XIIII . TR . POT . XVII . S . P . Q . R . QVOD EIVS DVCTV AVSPICIISQVE GENTES ALPINAE OMNES QVAE A MARI SVPERO AD INFERVM PERTINEBANT SVB IMPERIVM P . R . SVNT REDACTAE . GENTES ALPINAE DEVICTAE TRVMPILINI . CAMVNNI . VENOSTES . VENNONETES . ISARCI . BREVNI . GENAVNES . FOCVNATES . VINDELICORVM GENTES QVATTVOR . COSVANETES . RVCINATES . LICATES . CATENATES . AMBISONTES . RVGVSCI . SVANETES . CALVCONES . BRIXENETES . LEPONTI . VBERI . NANTVATES . SEDVNI . VARAGRI .SALASSI .ACITAVONES .MEDVLLI .VCENNI .CATVRIGES .BRIGIANI . SOGIONTI . BRODIONTI . NEMALONI . EDENATES . VESVBIANI . VEAMINI . GALLITAE . TRIVLLATI . ECDINI . VERGVNNI . EGVI . TVRI . NEMATVRI . ORATELLI . NERVSI . VELAVNI . SVETRI = AE 1973, 323. 136 letter fragments survive.
44. RG 26. Goudineau (1996), p. 471–72 argues that its location mirrors the monument erected by Pompeius Magnus on the same road linking the Hispania Citerior on the Col de Panissars to Italy.
45. Syme (1986), pp. 85–86 and p. 253 n. 76, citing Inst. Iust. 2.25.
46. Dio 55.9.9.
47. Cf. CIL II, 3828, VI, 897, IX, 3343, XI, 1421 et al. It apparently did not include augur, despite CIL II, 2422.
48. Dio 55.9.9. See Appendix 3.1(b).
49. Suet., Div. Aug. 38.3.
50. Strabo, Geog. 14.5.24.
51. Tac., Ann. 3.48; Strabo, Geog. 12.6.5, 24; CIL XIV, 3613 ‘Lapis Tiburtinus’ – some believe it refers to Quinctilius Varus. On the war with the Homonadeis see Broughton (1933) and Ramsay (1917).
52. This is the so-called Hauptlager: see Wells (1972), pp. 177–211. Within its oval-shaped double ditch and rampart enclosing a 20-hectare space several wooden buildings have been excavated. These include the HQ (principia), houses for senior officers, barracks, bathhouse, granaries and a warehouse. A lead ingot stamped ‘LEG XIX’ attests to the presence of that legion at the site.
53. Joseph., Ant. Iud. 17.6.4. The year is based on working back from the death of Philip the Tetrarch after a thirty-seven-year reign in the twentieth year of Tiberius’ principate (34 CE). Some scholars believe he died in 1 CE, which is the traditional date. The month is based on Josephus’ claim that there was an eclipse at the time of his death: one is known for 13 March 4 BCE, though there were three other eclipses between 5 and 1 BCE; for a discussion see Bernegger (1983).
54. Joseph., Ant. Iud. 17.6.4: Josephus calls it Herodes’ Evil.
55. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 1.33.9.
56. On the importance of the relationship see McCane (2008).
57. Cf. Dio 54.27.1, 55.9.1–5.
58. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.1.3.
59. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.1.3: πρὸς ὃ δείσας Ἀρχέλαος πρὶν δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ πλήθους διαδραμεῖν τὴν νόσον ὑποπέμπει μετὰ σπείρας χιλίαρχον προστάξας βίᾳ τοὺς ἐξάρχοντας τῆς στάσεως κατασχεῖν. πρὸς οὓς τὸ πλῆθος ἅπαν παροξύνεται καὶ τοὺς μὲν πολλοὺς τῆς σπείρας βάλλοντες λίθοις διέφθειρον, ὁ δὲ χιλίαρχος ἐκφεύγει τραυματίας μόλις. ἔπειθ᾽ οἱ μὲν ὡς μηδενὸς δεινοῦ γεγονότος ἐτρέποντο πρὸς θυσίαν:οὐ μὴν Ἀρχελάῳ δίχα φόνου καθεκτὸν ἔτι τὸ πλῆθος ἐφαίνετο.
60. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.1.3: τὴν δὲ στρατιὰν ἐπαφίησιν αὐτοῖς ὅλην, τοὺς μὲν πεζοὺς διὰ τῆς πόλεως ἀθρόους, τοὺς δὲ ἱππεῖς ἀνὰ τὸ πεδίον: οἳ θύουσιν ἑκάστοις ἐξαίφνης προσπεσόντες διαφθείρουσι μὲν περὶ τρισχιλίους, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν πλῆθος εἰς τὰ πλησίον ὄρη διεσκέδασαν. εἵποντο δὲ Ἀρχελάου κήρυκες κελεύοντες ἕκαστον ἀναχωρεῖν ἐπ᾽ οἴκου, καὶ πάντες ᾤχοντο τὴν ἑορτὴν ἀπολιπόντες.
61. Joseph., Ant. Iud. 17.5.2.
62. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.2.1–2.
63. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.3.1.
64. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.2.2, 2.3.1.
65. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.3.2: αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν ὑψηλότατον τοῦ φρουρίου πύργον ἀναβάς, ὃς ἐκαλεῖτο Φασάηλος ἐπώνυμον ἔχων ἀδελφὸν Ἡρώδου διαφθαρέντα ὑπὸ Πάρθων, ἐντεῦθεν κατέσειεν τοῖς ἐν τῷ τάγματι στρατιώταις ἐπιχειρεῖν τοῖς πολεμίοις: δι᾽ ἔκπληξιν γὰρ οὐδ᾽ εἰς τοὺς σφετέρους καταβαίνειν ἐθάρρει. παραπεισθέντες δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται προπηδῶσιν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ μάχην καρτερὰν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις συνάπτουσιν, ἐν ᾗ μέχρι μὲν οὐδεὶς καθύπερθεν ἐπήμυνεν περιῆσαν ἐμπειρίᾳ πολέμου τῶν ἀπείρων: ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλοὶ Ἰουδαίων ἀναβάντες ἐπὶ τὰς στοὰς κατὰ κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν ἠφίεσαν τὰ βέλη, συνετρίβοντο πολλοὶ καὶ οὔτε τοὺς ἄνωθεν βάλλοντας ἀμύνεσθαι ῥᾴδιον ἦν οὔτε τοὺς συστάδην μαχομένους ὑπομένειν .
66. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.3.3.
67. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.3.4.
68. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.3.5.
69. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.4.1: ἐν δὲ Σεπφώρει τῆς Γαλιλαίας Ἰούδας υἱὸς Ἐζεκία τοῦ κατατρέχοντός ποτε τὴν χώραν ἀρχιλῃστοῦ καὶ χειρωθέντος ὑφ᾽ Ἡρώδου βασιλέως συστήσας πλῆθος οὐκ ὀλίγον ἀναρρήγνυσιν τὰς βασιλικὰς ὁπλοθήκας καὶ τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν ὁπλίσας τοῖς τὴν δυναστείαν ζηλοῦσιν ἐπεχείρει .
70. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.4.2; cf. Tac., Ann. 5.9.
71. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.4.3.
72. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.4.3: καὶ τὸ κτείνειν αὐτοῖς προηγούμενον ἦν Ῥωμαίους τε καὶ τοὺς βασιλικούς, διέφευγεν δὲ οὐδὲ Ἰουδαίων εἴ τις εἰς χεῖρας ἔλθοι φέρων κέρδος. ἐτόλμησαν δέ ποτε Ῥωμαίων λόχον ἄθρουν περισχεῖν κατ᾽ Ἀμμαοῦντα: σῖτα δ᾽ οὗτοι καὶ ὅπλα διεκόμιζον τῷ τάγματι. τὸν μὲν οὖν ἑκατοντάρχην αὐτῶν Ἄρειον καὶ τεσσαράκοντα τοὺς γενναιοτάτους κατηκόντισαν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ κινδυνεύοντες ταὐτὸ παθεῖν Γράτου σὺν τοῖς Σεβαστηνοῖς ἐπιβοηθήσαντος ἐξέφυγον. πολλὰ τοιαῦτα τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους καὶ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους παρ᾽ ὅλον τὸν πόλεμον ἐργασάμενοι μετὰ χρόνον οἱ μὲν τρεῖς ἐχειρώθησαν, ὑπ᾽ Ἀρχελάου μὲν ὁ πρεσβύτατος, οἱ δ᾽ ἑξῆς δύο Γράτῳ καὶ Πτολεμαίῳ περιπεσόντες: ὁ δὲ τέταρτος Ἀρχελάῳ προσεχώρησεν κατὰ δεξιάν.
73. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.5.1.
74. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.5.2.
75. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.5.2: Οὔαρος δὲ κατὰ μοῖραν τῆς στρατιᾶς ἐπὶ τοὺς αἰτίους τοῦ κινήματος ἔπεμψεν περὶ τὴν χώραν, καὶ πολλῶν ἀγομένων τοὺς μὲν ἧττον θορυβώδεις φανέντας ἐφρούρει, τοὺς δὲ αἰτιωτάτους ἀνεσταύρωσεν περὶ δισχιλίους.
76. Joseph., Bell. Iud. 2.5.3.
77. Timbers excavated at the site have been dated dendrochronologically to 4 BCE. On the archaeological research conducted at Waldgirmes see Rasbach and Becker (2004), Becker and Rasbach (2007) and von Schnurbein (2004), p. 37. A magnificent gilt bronze head of an equestrian statue, probably of Augustus, was discovered at the site in 2010. For a discussion of businesses in Germania under Augustus see Rothenhöfer (2003).
78. Dio 55.22.3.
79. Syme (1986), p. 253 citing Inst. Iust. 2.25.
80. Tibullus, Carm. 2.5.17–18, 119–20; Röpke (2008), p. 941.
81. Dio 55.22.3.
82. He would not have received the command of a turma of iuniores or a priesthood, such as granted to Caius (see ch. 5, n. 47 and 48) or Lucius (ch. 5, n. 92). On the markedly different treatment of Agrippa Postumus see Allen (1947), Jameson (1975) and Pappano (1941).
83. On the lacuna see Swan (2004), p. 36 and 91–93. The loss of an entire section of Dio’s History recalls the caveat in Syme (1934c), p. 113 quoted in the preface.
84. Dio 55.22.3.
85. Dio 54.20.3: ἔπειτα δὲ Λούκιος Γάιος Σαυρομάτας ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας κρατήσας ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἴστρον ἀπεώσατο.
86. Denarius: BMC 128; RIC I 416.
87. Dio 55.10.9.
88. Suet., Div. Aug. 51: ‘Quod bonum,’ inquit, ‘faustumque sit tibi domuique tuae, Caesar Auguste! Sic enim nos perpetuam felicitatem rei p. et laeta huic urbi precari existimamus: senatus te consentiens cum populo R. consalutat patriae patrem.’ Cui lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis (ipsa enim, sicut Messalae, posui): ‘Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud deos immortales precari, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum finem vitae mihi perferre liceat?’
89. Other honorees included the fourth century BCE M. Furius Camillus, the first century BCE C. Marius and consul M. Tullius Cicero after the Catilinian Conspiracy: see Richardson (2012), p. 154.
90. Dio 55.9.10.
91. ILS 132 (Rome); cf. CIL II, 2109, VI, 898, IX, 3914, XI 1420 et al.
92. Dio 55.10.7; cf. Suet., Div. Aug. 43.
93. See Ch. 1. n. 326.
94. Ovid, Fasti 5.545–98; cf. Dio 55.101a–8 stating 1 August. On the date of the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor see Simpson (1977).
95. On the building as described by Dio see Swan (2004), pp. 93–99. For a full discussion of the architecture of the Forum Augustum see Claridge (1998), pp. 158–61, and Galinsky (1996), pp. 197–213; and Kockel (1995).
96. Suet., Div. Aug. 29; CIL VI.8709; Ovid, Fast. 5.569–78. 1 August: Dio 55.10; 55.5.3; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2; 12 May: Ovid, Fast. 5.551 ff.
97. RG 21.1; Macrobius, Sat. 2.4.9; Suet., Div. Aug. 29.1.
98. The arrangement of the statuary is preserved in the Ara Pietatis Augustae.
99. The scene is depicted on a sestertius of Antoninus Pius, RIC 1003 and 1004.
100. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 36.24, written some seventy years after the inauguration of the Forum Augustum.
101. RG 26; Ovid, Fast. 5.551–52, 555–68; Trist. 2.295–96; Tac., Ann. 3.18; 13.8; Suet., Cal. 24; Pliny, Nat. Hist. 7.183, 34.48, 34.141, 35.27, 93–94; Serv. Aen. 1.294; Paus. 8.46.1.4.
102. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 35.27 and 93–94.
103. Suet., Div. Aug. 31.1; Ovid, Fast. 5.563–66; Dio 55.10.3; Pliny, Nat. Hist. 22.13; Aul. Gell., Noct. Att. 9.11.10; Hist. Aug. Alex. Sev. 28.6, states the statues were marble. On the summi viri see Itgenshorst (2004) and Shaya (2013). For the literary connection with Vergil, Aen. 6 see Galinsky (1996), pp. 210–12, Pandey (2014), pp. 92–94, and Rowell (1941).
104. Many of the inscriptions have survived: CIL I2 pp. 186–202; BC 1889, 26–34, 73–79, 481–82; 1890, 251–59; NS 1889, 15–16, 33–34; 1890, 318–20. On the elogia see Frisch (1980).
105. Dio 55.10.6; likely as duumviri aedibus dedicandis.
106. Romer (1978) argues that this is the scene depicted on the aureus (BMC 498–9; RIC 198) and denarius (BMC 500; RIC 199). However, the coins clearly show a boy wearing a bulla around his neck and the inscription at the top states C. CAES, which is consistent with him going on tour with Tiberius and the troops in 8 BCE.
107. The suovetaurilia was closely associated with Mars: Festus, 189 and 293a; Livy, AUC 8.10; Serv., ad Aen. 9.627.
108. RG 29; Suet., Vit. 8.1; CIL I2 p. 318.
109. Dio 55.10.7.
110. Vell. Pat. 2.100.2: quo magnificentissimis gladiatorii muneris naumachiaeque spectaculis divus Augustus; cf. Dio 55.10.7. Suet., Div. Aug. 43 reveals the location of the ‘naval fight’: for which he excavated the ground near the Tiber, where there is now the Grove of the Caesars | item navale proelium circa Tiberim cavato solo, in quo nunc Caesarum nemus est.
111. Dio 55.10.8.
112. Suet., Div. Aug. 43: Quibus diebus custodes in urbe disposuit, ne raritate remanentium grassatoribus obnoxia esset.
113. Romer (1978).
114. Dio 55.10.17; Vell. Pat. 2.101.1. Swan (2004), p. 111, suggests this could mean any location in Illyricum, Raetia or Thracia Macedoniaque.
115. Dio 55.10.17.
116. Dio 55.10.9.
117. Suet., Div. Aug. 49; cf. Tib. 37; Tac., Ann. 4.2.1; Paullus Dig. 1.15.3 pr. The other Praetoriani may have been stationed at barracks in Aquileia, Brundisium, Ravenna and Ticinum where Augustus was a frequent visitor.
118. Dio 55. 24.9.
119. Dio 55.10.18.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.1; Tac., Ann. 2.4.1 mentions the king’s ouster: not without heavy Roman losses | et non sine clade nostra deiectus. See Swan (2004), pp. 112–17.
120. Tac., Ann. 2.4.1.
121. Dio 55.10.20; Suet., Div. Aug. 54.1, Tib. 12.2. The last person to hold the position was his own natural father, M. Agrippa. There is a suggestion in Pliny, Nat His. 6.141, that a certain Isodoros from Charax was sent on a mission ahead – ad commentanda omnia – of C. Caesar to gather intelligence about Parthia and the coasts of Arabia, but as Healy (2000), p. 43, n. 8, points out, this is based on the assumption Pliny misnamed the Greek as ‘Dionysios’.
122. Suet., Tib. 12.2: Comes et rector.
123. Suet., Div. Aug. 23.1; Vell. Pat. 2.97.1; Horace, Carm. 4.9.37f.
124. See Swan (2004), p. 121.
125. Vell. Pat. 2.101.1; cf. Suet., Div. Aug. 64.1. Sources attest to visits to Athens (IG 112 3250 = EJ 64), Assos (IGRR IV 248), Samos (Suet., Tib. 12.2) or Chios (Dio 55.10.19).
126. Dio 55.10a.2: Somewhat earlier Domitius, while still governing the districts along the Ister |ἔως ἔτι τὥν πρὸς τῳ Ἴστρῳ χωρίων ἢρχε. Historians have argued over the precise meaning of the phrase. Swan (2004), p. 123, notes Dio in using the word πρὸς explicitly separates Ister/Danube from the Rhine command and the complete phrasing implies Ahenobarbus had recently been legatus of Illyricum before coming to Germania. Considering the distance and geography involved I have placed the encounter with Hermunduri in 1 BCE and the succeeding events in 1 CE.
127. Dio 55.10a.2.
128. Tac., Ann. 4.44.
129. Presumably the Langobardi.
130. The statement implies the Elbe, in which case the new altar would complement the Tropaeum Drusi on the other side; but Dio may be confusing the location with the Rhine where an altar was erected to Roma and Augustus at Ara Ubiorum.
131. Cf. Dio 55. 9.1. A lower limit of 33 was often applied against the traditional minimum age of 42, but Caius was just 20 years old.
132. Dio 55.10a.4.
133. Syme (1986), p. 103.
134. Dio 55.10.20–21.
135. Dio 55.10a.4.
136. Vell. Pat. 2.101.1–3: Cum rege Parthorum, iuvene excelsissimo, in insula quam amnis Euphrates ambiebat, aequato utriusque partis numero coiit. Quod spectaculum stantis ex diverso hinc Romani, illinc Parthorum exercitus, cum duo inter se eminentissima imperiorum et hominum coirent capita, perquam clarum et memorabile sub initia stipendiorum meorum tribuno militum mihi visere contigit.
137. Dio 55.10a.4–6.
138. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 9.118; Vell. Pat. 2.102.1.
139. Tac., Ann. 3.48.
140. Dio 55.10a.9.
141. See Campbell (1993), pp. 223–28.
142. Dio 55.10a.5.
143. Vell. Pat. 2.102.2; ILS 140, lines 9–10
144. Dio 55.10.9, cf. 55.10.17; Tac., Ann. 1; Suet., Div. Aug. 64.1; Vell. Pat. 2.102.3. Why Augustus chose the Iberian Peninsula for him and not Germania is not disclosed in the extant sources.
145. Dio 55.10a.1. See Swan (2004), pp. 120–21.
146. Cf. Dio 55.10.19.
147. Dio 55.10a.3.
148. Civitas Ubiorum: Tac., Ann. 1.36–37.
149. Tac., Ann. 1.63.4. Its location has not been identified.
150. Dio 55.10a.3.
151. Suet., Nero 4.
152. Cf. Florus 2.30: Therefore our joy was short-lived; for the Germans had been defeated rather than subdued, and under the rule of Drusus they respected our moral qualities rather than our arms | Quippe Germani victi magis quam domini erant, moresque nostros magis quam arma sub imperatore Druso suspiciebant.
153. Dio 55.10a.5.
154. Dio 55.10a.5–6; cf. Seneca Polyb. 15.4.
155. Seneca, Polyb. 15.4: in aparatu Parthici belli. cf. Florus 2.32.
156. Dio 55.10.19n; Suet., Tib. 13.2.
157. Dio 55.11.1–2; Suet., Tib. 13.2.
158. Suet., Tib. 13.2.
159. RG 14; Dio 55.10a.9n; Vell. Pat. 2.102.3; Tac., Ann. 1.3.3; cf. Suet., Div. Aug. 64.1.
160. Dio 55.10a.10.
161. Dio 55.10a.9; cf. Vell. Pat. 2.102.3; Tac., Ann. 1.3.3; Suet., Div. Aug. 64.1.
162. Dio 55.12.1; Fast. Ostienses [Praha, 1982], 40; cf. 56–57.
163. A marble inscription found in Kempten is dedicated to L. Caesar: see Zanier (2004), p. 15 (fig. 12).
164. Strabo, Geog. 7.3.10. For a discussion of the identity and career of Aelius Catus see Syme (1934c), pp. 126–28.