1.McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433.
2.Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. Science, 322(5901), 606–607.
3.https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/?back=1&search=u.s.%20muslim.
4.https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/?back=1&search=u.s.%20muslim.
5.Moskalenko, S. (2010). Civilians into warriors: Mechanisms of mobilization in US Army recruitment and training. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 3(3), 248–268.
6.Fitton, T. (2013, August 30). Weekly update: Founding Fathers extremists? Judicial Watch. Retrieved from https://www.judicialwatch.org/tom-fittons-weekly-update/weekly-update-founding-fathers-extremists.
7.Parkin, W. (2017, February 24). Analysis: Deadly threat from far-right extremists is overshadowed by fear of Islamic terrorism. NPR News Hour.
8.Lowery, W., Kindy, K., & Ba Tran, A. (2017, February 24). In the United States, right wing violence is on the rise. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-the-united-states-right-wing-violence-is-on-the-rise/2018/11/25/61f7f24a-deb4-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html?utm_term=.11fa299633a2.
1.Draft Comprehensive Convention against International Terrorism, UN Doc. A/59/894 App. II (August 12, 2005).
2.On the developments leading to the Draft Comprehensive Convention, see Rohan Perera, A. (2005). Reviewing the U.N. Conventions on Terrorism: Towards a comprehensive terrorism convention. In C. Fijnaut, J. Wouters, & F. Naert (Eds.), Legal instruments in the fight against international terrorism (p. 567). Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff.
3.The Terrorism Act 2000 (Chap. 11). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11.
4.http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/terrorism/pages/welcome.aspx#note1.
5.http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/terrorism/pages/welcome.aspx#note1.
6.Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Joint Publication 1-02, November 8, 2002 (As amended through January 31, 2011.) Retrieved from http://www.people.mil/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf.
7.https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1549-20490-0802/terrorism.pdf.
8.Edwards, L. (2010). The legacy of Mao Zedong is mass murder. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved from https://www. heritage. org/asia/commentary/the-legacy-mao-zedong-mass-murder.
9.Snyder, T. (2011, January 27). Hitler vs. Stalin: Who was worse? The New York Review of Books. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/01/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse.
10.http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/26/weekinreview/the-world-how-many-people-has-hussein-killed.html.
11.Kearns, E. M., Betus, A., & Lemieux, A. (2017). Why do some terrorist attacks receive more media attention than others? Retrieved from http://www.mintpressnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/SSRN-id2928138.pdf.
12.https://www.revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is.
13.http://abcnews.go.com/US/charleston-church-shooter-dylann-roof-sentenced-death/story?id=44674575.
14.http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/08/12/emergency-declared-ahead-unite-right-rally-in-virginia.html.
15.http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/isis-hostage-threat-which-countries-pay-ransoms-to-release-their-citizens-9710129.html.
1.https://abcnews.go.com/US/hate-groups-similar-online-recruiting-methods-isis-experts/story?id=53528932.
2.Fitton, T. (2013, August 30). Weekly update: Founding Fathers extremists? Judicial Watch.
1.https://www.dhs.gov/countering-violent-extremism.
2.The controversy regarding Hizb as terrorist threat or anti-terrorist ally is represented at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir.
3.International Association of Chiefs of Police, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. (2014). Online radicalization to violent extremism [Awareness brief]. Retrieved from https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0739-pub.pdf.
4.BBC News. (2005, November 7). 7 July bomber’s motives examined. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4444358.stm.
5.Shiffman, J. (2012, December 7). Jane’s jihad. Reuter’s Special Report, p. 6. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/12/12/JihadJaneAll.pdf.
6.Quiggin, T. (2010). Contemporary jihadist narratives: The case of Momin Khawaja. In Countering violent extremist narratives (pp. 84–93). The Hague, the Netherlands: National Coordinator for Counterterrorism.
7.Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197–217.
8.McCauley, C., & Scheckter, S. (2008). What’s special about U.S. Muslims? The war on terrorism as seen by Muslims in the United States, Morocco, Egypt, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31, 973–980.
9.Crilly, R. (2013, January 8). Stanley McChrystal criticises reliance on drones as strikes hit Pakistan. The Telegraph. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/9787912/Stanley-McChrystal-criticises-reliance-on-drones-as-strikes-hit-Pakistan.html.
1.Anti-Defamation League. (n.d.). Tom Metzger/White Aryan Resistance. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20070826114712/http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/Metzger.asp.
2.Beam, L. (1992, February). Leaderless resistance. The Seditionist, 12. Retrieved from http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm. Beam’s essay was first published in the Inter-Klan and Survival Alert in the early 1980s. See Durham, M. (2007). White rage (p. 103). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
3.Worth, K. (2016, July 14). Lone-wolf attacks are becoming more common—and more deadly. Frontline. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/lone-wolf-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-and-more-deadly.
4.CNN Security Clearance. (2011, August 16). Obama: Biggest terror fear is the lone wolf. Retrieved from http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/16/obama-biggest-terror-fear-is-the-lone-wolf.
5.Bjorgo, T., & Horgan, J. (Eds.). (2009). Leaving terrorism behind: Individual and collective disengagement. New York, NY: Routledge.
6.“Joe Stack statement: Alleged suicide note from Austin pilot posted online.” (2010, April 20). Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/18/joe-stack-statement-alleg_n_467539.html.
7.Yaari, E. (2017, January 10). Smart policing: How Israel catches lone wolves. The American Interest, 12(5). Retrieved from https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/01/10/how-israel-catches-lone-wolves.
8.SAIR. (2017, June 10–16). The stabbing intifada: How to spot a lone wolf. The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/news/international/21723113-algorithms-monitor-social-media-posts-palestinians-how-israel-spots-lone-wolf-attackers.
9.Hewitt, C. (2003). Understanding terrorism in America: From the Klan to al Qaeda. New York: Routledge; Chapter 5.
10.Spaaij, R. (2012). Understanding lone wolf terrorism: Global patterns, motivations and prevention. New York, NY: Springer.
11.Gill, P., Horgan, J., & Deckert, P. (2013). Bombing alone: Tracing the motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone-actor terrorists. Journal of Forensic Science, 59(2), 425–435.
12.Gruenewald, J., Chermak, S., & Freilich, J. (2013). Distinguishing “loner” attacks from other domestic extremist violence: A comparison of far-right homicide incident and offender characteristics. Criminology and Public Policy, 12(1), 65–91.
13.McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S., & Van Son, B. (2013). Characteristics of lone-wolf violent offenders: A comparison of school attackers and assassins. Perspectives on Terrorism, 7(1), 4–24.
1.https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide/index.shtml; see Figures 7–9.
2.https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention/index.shtml.
3.“Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism: Suicide Attack Database.” Retrieved September 6, 2017, from https://cpost.uchicago.edu.
4.Hassan, R. (2011). Life as a weapon: The global rise of suicide bombings. New York, NY: Routledge.
5.Merari, A. (2010). Driven to death: Psychological and social aspects of suicide terrorism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
6.Lankford, A. (2013). The myth of martyrdom: What really drives suicide bombers, rampage shooters, and other self-destructive killers. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan.
7.“Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism: Suicide Attack Database.” Retrieved September 6, 2017, from https://cpost.uchicago.edu.
1.Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2017, August). U.S. Muslims with radical opinions feel more alienated and depressed. Report to the Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security. College Park, MD: START. Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_CSTAB_USMuslimswithRadicalOpinionsFeelMoreAlienatedDepressed_August2017.pdf.
2.Mueller, J. (2017). Terrorism since 9/11: The American cases. Retrieved from https://politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/since.html.
3.Jasko, K., LaFree, G., & Kruglanski, A. (2016). Quest for significance and violent extremism: The case of domestic radicalization. Political Psychology, 38(5), 815–831.
4.Koehler, D. (2017). Understanding radicalization: Methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism. New York, NY: Routledge.
5.Graham, C. (2017, May 26). What is the anti-terror Prevent programme and why is it controversial? The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/anti-terror-prevent-programme-controversial.
6.Halliday, J. (2016, March 20). Almost 4,000 people referred to UK deradicalisation scheme last year. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/20/almost-4000-people-were-referred-to-uk-deradicalisation-scheme-channel-last-year.
7.Open Society Justice Initiative. (2016). Eroding trust: The UK’s Prevent counter-extremism strategy in health and education. Retrieved March 4,2019, from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/eroding-trust-uk-s-prevent-counter-extremism-strategy-health-and-education.
8.Bertelsen, P. (2015). Danish preventive measures and de-radicalization strategies: The Aarhus model. In W. Hofmeister (Ed.), From desert to world cities: The new terrorism (pp. 241–254). Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
9.Williams, M. J., Horgan, J., & Evans, W. P. (2016). Evaluation of a multi-faceted, U.S. community-based, Muslim-led CVE program. Report to the National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249936.pdf.
10.Strom, S., Hollywood, J., Pope, M., Weintraub, G., Daye, C., & Gemeinhardt, D. (2010, October). Building on clues: Examining successes and failures in detecting U.S. terrorist plots, 1999–2009. Institute for Homeland Security Solutions. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from https://sites.duke.edu/ihss/files/2011/12/Building_on_Clues_Strom.pdf.
11.Kurzman, C. (2011, February 2). Muslim-American terrorist since 9/11: An accounting. Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security. Retrieved December 14, 2017, from http://kurzman.unc.edu/files/2011/06/Kurzman_Muslim-American_Terrorism_Since_911_An_Accounting.pdf.
12.United States Department of the Army. (2007). U.S. Army/Marine Corps counterinsurgency field manual (pp. 47–51). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
13.McCarthy, N. (2017, June 7). Where U.S. troops are in the Middle East. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/06/07/qatar-hosts-largest-u-s-base-in-the-middle-east-despite-allegedly-funding-extremism-infographic/#21fc02643dc7. For map, see https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/opinion/americas-forever-wars.html?_r=0.
14.Shane, S. (2015, April 23). Drone strikes reveal uncomfortable truth: U.S. is often unsure about who will die. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/world/asia/drone-strikes-reveal-uncomfortable-truth-us-is-often-unsure-about-who-will-die.html?_r=0.
15.Fajmonova, V., Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2017). Tracking radical opinions in polls of U.S. Muslims. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(2). Retrieved from http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/594.
16.Mueller, J. (2012). Terrorism since 9/11: The American cases (p. 10). Retrieved from https://politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/00INTR7.PDF.
1.Kohler, D. (2017). Understanding deradicalization: Methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism. New York, NY: Routledge; Chapter 7.
2.Durose, M. R., Cooper, A. D., & Snyder, H. N. (2014, April). Recidivism of prisoners released in 30 states in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010. US Department of Justice Special Report. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/rprts05p0510.pdf.
3.Speckhard, A. (2011). Prison and community-based disengagement and de-radicalization programs for extremists involved in militant jihadi terrorism ideologies and activities. In L. Fenstermacher & A. Speckhard (Eds.), Social sciences support to military personnel engaged in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations: Report of the NATO Research and Technology Group 172 (NATO Science Series)..
4.Allen, G., & Dempsey, N. (2017, October 6). Terrorism in Great Britain: The statistics (House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper No. CPB7613). Retrieved from researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7613/CBP-7613.pdf.
5.Marsden, S. V. (2017). Reintegrating extremists: Deradicalization and desistence. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
1.Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York, NY: Verso.
2.Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion (p. 228). New York, NY: Vintage Books.
3.Moskalenko, S., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (2006). Group identification under conditions of threat: College students’ attachment to country, family, ethnicity, religion, and university before and after September 11, 2001. Political Psychology, 27(1), 77–97.
4.Cialdini, R. B., & Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of image management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 406.
5.Pennebaker, J. W. (2011). The secret life of pronouns. New Scientist, 211(2828), 42–45.
6.Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
7.Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96–100.
8.Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 186.
9.Howes, M. J., Hokanson, J. E., & Loewenstein, D. A. (1985). Induction of depressive affect after prolonged exposure to a mildly depressed individual. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 1110.
10.Rosenquist, J. N., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2011). Social network determinants of depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(3), 273.
11.Ibid.
12.Hatfield, E. C., Bensman, L., Thornton, P. D., & Rapson, R. L. (2014). New perspectives on emotional contagion: A review of classic and recent research on facial mimicry and contagion. Interpersona, 8(2), 159–179.
13.https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/29/how-donald-trump-appeals-to-men-secretly-insecure-about-their-manhood/?utm_term=.2fae6f274b4a.
14.Ibid.
15.Krueger, A. B., & Malečková, J. (2009). Attitudes and action: Public opinion and the occurrence of international terrorism. Science, 325(5947), 1534–1536.
16.Murray, M. (2017, August 23). Twelve days that stunned the nation: How Hillary lost. NBC News. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/12-days-stunned-nation-how-hillary-clinton-lost-n794131.
17.Silver, N. (2017, May 3). The Comey letter probably cost Clinton the election so why won’t the media admit as much? FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-comey-letter-probably-cost-clinton-the-election.
18.Robb, A. (2017, November 16). Anatomy of a fake news scandal. Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877.
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.Gunther, R., Beck, P. A., & Nisbet, E. C. (2018). Fake news did have a significant impact on the vote in the 2016 election: Original full-length version with methodological appendix. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University. Retrieved from https://u.osu.edu/cnep/files/2015/03/Fake-News-Piecefor-The-Conversation-with-methodological-appendix-11d0ni9. pdf.
22.Murray, M. (2017, August 23). Twelve days that stunned the nation: How Hillary lost. NBC News. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/12-days-stunned-nation-how-hillary-clinton-lost-n794131.
23.Ibid.
24.Jewish Telegraphic Agency. (n.d.). 50,000 Jews killed in Petlura Pogroms, Paris Court Hears. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://www.jta.org/1926/07/22/archive/50000-jews-killed-in-petlura-pogroms-paris-court-hears.
25.Sokolovskaya, E. (2014, April 23). Peace, land, bread. Russian Life. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://russianlife.com/stories/online/peace-land-bread.
26.Romano, A. (2008, July 30). McCain’s crafty* ad strategy. Newsweek. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://www.newsweek.com/mccains-crafty-ad-strategy-219642.
27.Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2018). The marvel of martyrdom: The power of self-sacrifice in a selfish world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
28.Miller, N. K. (2004). The girl in the photograph: The Vietnam War and the making of national memory. JAC, 261–290.
29.Nasaw, D. (2009, September 14). US military action in Somalia: Black Hawk Down to today’s attack. The Guardian. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/14/black-hawk-down-us-somalia.
30.Slovic, P., Västfjäll, D., Erlandsson, A., & Gregory, R. (2017). Iconic photographs and the ebb and flow of empathic response to humanitarian disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 114(4), 640–644.
31.Ibid.
32.https://www.google.com/search?q=iconic+photo+viet+cong+shot+by+soldier&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-1-ab.
33.Speltz, M. (2016, September 22). How photographs define the civil rights and Black Lives Matter movements. Time Magazine. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from http://time.com/4429096/black-lives-matter-civil-rights-photography.
34.Bytes Daily. (2011, November 23). Iconic photographs: Kent State University. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from http://bytesdaily.blogspot.com/2011/11/iconic-photographs-kent-state.html.
35.https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/01/world/gallery/iconic-images/index.html.
36.A boy’s body on the beach radicalizes for the refugees and against nationalist efforts to keep them out. Nazi images of golden Germans in the hands of diseased communists and Jews radicalized against communists and Jews. A helpless Viet Cong executed by a South Vietnamese general radicalizes for the Viet Cong and against the South Vietnamese army. A young woman screaming over the body of a student protester shot by the National Guard radicalizes for the protesters and against the government. Police dogs attacking an unarmed protester radicalizes for the protesters and against the police. The “bags man” confronting a tank radicalizes for the protesters and against Chinese state power in Tiananmen Square. Bodies of US soldiers dragged through the streets of Mogadishu radicalized against their “peacekeeping” mission.
37.Gorman, E. B. (2006). Perspective by incongruity in visual advertising: Applying Kenneth Burke’s theory to the Adbusters anti-consumerism campaign. Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/8041.
38.Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 42.
39.Maheswaran, D., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Promoting systematic processing in low-motivation settings: Effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 13.
40.Marshall, A. (2015, November 17). Why La Marseillaise is the only song that matters right now. BBC. Retrieved March 31, 2019, from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151117-why-la-marseillaise-is-the-only-song-that-matters-right-now.
41.Ibid.
42.Spalding, N. J. (2003). Reducing anxiety by pre-operative education: Make the future familiar. Occupational Therapy International, 10(4), 278–293.
43.Gebauer, L., Kringelbach, M. L., & Vuust, P. (2012). Ever-changing cycles of musical pleasure: The role of dopamine and anticipation. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 22(2), 152.
44.Pereira, C. S., Teixeira, J., Figueiredo, P., Xavier, J., Castro, S. L., & Brattico, E. (2011). Music and emotions in the brain: Familiarity matters. PLoS One, 6(11), e27241.
45.Heingartner, A., & Hall, J. V. (1974). Affective consequences in adults and children of repeated exposure to auditory stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 719–723.
46.Orr, M. G., & Ohlsson, S. (2001). The relationship between musical complexity and liking in jazz and bluegrass. Psychology of Music, 29, 108–127.
47.Trost, W., Ethofer, T., Zentner, M., & Vuilleumier, P. (2011). Mapping aesthetic musical emotions in the brain. Cerebral Cortex, 22(12), 2769–2783.
48.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN7r0Rr1Qyc.
49.Molloy, P. (2014, November 11, 2006). Are politicians too dumb to understand the lyrics to “Born in the USA”? The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 2, 2019, from https://www.thedailybeast.com/are-politicians-too-dumb-to-understand-the-lyrics-to-born-in-the-usa.
50.York-Wooten, K. (2008, August 1). John Mellencamp and campaign music. Newsweek. Retrieved April 2, 2019, from https://www.newsweek.com/john-mellencamp-and-campaign-music-87671.
51.Baer, D. (2017, January 31). People naturally sync their bodies, breathing—and skin. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2017/01/how-interpersonal-synchrony-works.html
52.Goldstein, P., Weissman-Fogel, I., Dumas, G., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2018). Brain-to-brain coupling during handholding is associated with pain reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 115(11), E2528–E2537.
53.Liu, S., Zhou, Y., Palumbo, R., & Wang, J. L. (2016). Dynamical correlation: A new method for quantifying synchrony with multivariate intensive longitudinal data. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 291.
54.Cialdini, R. (2016). Pre-suasion: A revolutionary way to influence and persuade. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
55.Vickhoff, B., Malmgren, H., Åström, R., Nyberg, G., Engvall, M., Snygg, J., . . . Jörnsten, R. (2013). Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 334.
56.Saavedra, S., Hagerty, K., & Uzzi, B. (2011). Synchronicity, instant messaging, and performance among financial traders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 108(13), 5296–5301.
57.Ibid.
58.Goldstein, P., Weissman-Fogel, I., Dumas, G., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2018). Brain-to-brain coupling during handholding is associated with pain reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 115(11), E2528–E2537.
59.Rao, H., & Dutta, S. (2012). Free spaces as organizational weapons of the weak: Religious festivals and regimental mutinies in the 1857 Bengal Native Army. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(4), 625–668.
60.Ibid.
61.Knapp, R. (1944). A psychology of rumor. Public Opinion Quarterly, 8(1), 22–37. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2745686.
62.Rosnow, R. L., Yost, J. H., & Esposito, J. L. (1986). Belief in rumor and likelihood of rumor transmission. Language & Communication, 6(3), 189–194.
63.Bordia, P., & Difonzo, N. (2004). Problem solving in social interactions on the internet: Rumor as a contagion. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(1), 33.
64.Nasi, J. O., & Sweatland, J. (2015). Cultivating the grapevine: An analysis of rumor principles and concepts. Doctoral dissertation, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
65.Rao, H., & Dutta, S. (2012). Free spaces as organizational weapons of the weak: Religious festivals and regimental mutinies in the 1857 Bengal Native Army. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(4), 625–668.
66.Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2018). The marvel of martyrdom: The power of self-sacrifice in a selfish world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
67.StopFake.org. (2014, July 15). Fake: Crucifixion in Slavyansk. Retrieved April 2, 2019, from https://www.stopfake.org/en/lies-crucifixion-on-channel-one.
68.Warrick, A., & Troianovski, A. (2018, December 10). Agents of doubt: How a powerful Russian propaganda machine chips away at Western notions of truth. Washington Post.
69.Mak, A. (2017, November 1). Here are some of the social media posts that Russia used to meddle in the 2016 election. Slate Magazine.
70.Meyer, J. (2018, October 1). How Russia helped swing the election for Trump. The New Yorker.
71.Ibid.
72.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_dance.
73.Chun, S., Gentry, J. W., & McGinnis, L. P. (2005). Ritual aspects of sports consumption: How do sports fans become ritualized? ACR Asia-Pacific Advances, 6, 331–336.
74.A hopak is an athletic Ukrainian dance, originating from the Ukrainian military, the Cossacks.
75.Vacharkulksemsuk, T., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2012). Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 399–402.
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83.Ibid.
84.McCauley, C. (2001). The psychology of group identification and the power of ethnic nationalism. In D. Chirot & M. Seligman (Eds.), Ethnopolitical warfare: Causes, consequences, and possible solutions (pp. 343–362). Washington, DC: APA Books.
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90.Sibley, C. G., Hoverd, W. J., & Duckitt, J. (2011). What’s in a flag? Subliminal exposure to New Zealand national symbols and the automatic activation of egalitarian versus dominance values. Journal of Social Psychology, 151(4), 494–516.
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95.Ibid.
96.Callahan, S. P., & Ledgerwood, A. (2016). On the psychological function of flags and logos: Group identity symbols increase perceived entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(4), 528.
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101.As mentioned previously, self-sacrifice for a mass identity defies rational choice.
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103.Lyons, K., & Walters, J. (2019, January 4). Ocasio-Cortez’s response to jibes about college dance video? A congressional dance video. The Guardian.
104.This problem seems to plague the USA Democrats more than Republicans (https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2015/10/29/republicans-are-from-the-heart-democrats- are-from-the-head).
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