¹ E. A. Wrigley, ‘Meeting Human Energy Needs: Constraints, Opportunities and Effects’, in P. Slack, ed., Environments and Historical Change (Oxford, 1998), 76–95; E. A. Wrigley, ‘Energy Constraints and Pre-Industrial Economies’, in S. Cavaciocchi, ed., Economia e Energia secc. XIII–XVIII (Florence, 2003); E. A. Wrigley, ‘The Transition to an Advanced Organic Economy: Half a Millennium of English Agriculture’, Economic History Review, 59 (2006), 435–80.

² B. M. S. Campbell, ‘Benchmarking Medieval Economic Development: England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, c.1290’, Economic History Review, 61 (2008), 921.

³ P. Hume Brown, Early Travellers in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1891), 267.

⁴ R. A. Dodgshon, ‘Coping with Risk: Subsistence Crises in the Scottish Highlands 1600–1800’, Rural History, 15 (2004), 1–25.

⁵ J. Grove, The Little Ice Age (London, 1988). This account is to be preferred to the more superficial one by B. Fagan, The Little Ice Age (New York, 2000).

⁶ A. Dawson, So Fair and Foul a Day: A History of Scotland’s Weather and Climate (Edinburgh, 2009); H. H. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World (London, 1982); H. H. Lamb, ‘Climate and Landscape in the British Isles’, in S. R. J. Woodell, ed., The English Landscape: Past, Present and Future (Oxford, 1985), 148–67. See also R. A. Dodgshon, ‘The Little Ice Age in the Scottish Highlands and Islands: Documenting its Human Impact’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 121 (2005), 321–37, and sources cited therein.

⁷ J. A. Steers, The Sea Coast (London, 1953), 138–42, 146–8; T. C. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union (Edinburgh, 1963), 254–5.

⁸ Lamb, Climate, History, 223ff.

⁹ R. Tipping, ‘Palaeoecology and Political History: Evaluating Driving Forces in Historic Landscape Change in Southern Scotland’, in I. D. Whyte and A. J. L. Winchester, eds., Society, Landscape and Environment in Upland Britain (Society for Landscape Studies, sup. ser. 2, 2004), 11–20.

¹⁰ Apart from a comment in Dodgshon, ‘Little Ice Age’, 238–9, little has appeared since S. G. E. Lythe, The Economy of Scotland in its European Setting, 1550–1625 (Edinburgh, 1960).

¹¹ The standard work of M. W. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), has been expanded in particular by R. E. Tyson, ‘Famine in Aberdeenshire, 1695–1699: Anatomy of a Crisis’, in D. Stevenson, ed., From Lairds to Louns: Country and Burgh Life in Aberdeen 1600–1800 (Aberdeen, 1986); K. Cullen, C. Whatley, and M. Young, ‘King William’s Ill Years: New Evidence on the Impact of Scarcity and Harvest Failure During the Crisis of the 1690s in Tayside’, Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2006), 250–76.

¹² Dodgshon, ‘Little Ice Age’; I. Whyte, ‘Human Response to Short- and Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations: The Example of Early Scotland’, in C. D. Smith and M. Parry, eds., Consequences of Climatic Change (Nottingham, 1981), 17–28, quote on 23.

¹³ M. L. Parry, Climatic Change, Agriculture and Settlement (Folkestone, 1978); M. L. Parry, ‘Climatic Change and the Agricultural Frontier: A Research Strategy’, in T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, eds., Climate and History (Cambridge, 1981), 319–36; Tipping, ‘Palaeoecology’; Dodgshon, ‘Little Ice Age’; Whyte, ‘Human Response’.

¹⁴ Dodgshon, ‘Coping with Risk’.

¹⁵ Hume Brown, Early Travellers; A. J. Gibson and T. C. Smout, Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland (Cambridge, 1995).

¹⁶ J. C. Stone, The Pont Manuscript Maps of Scotland: Sixteenth-Century Origins of a Blaeu Atlas (Tring, 1989), 30, 51; D. Yalden, The History of British Mammals (London, 1999); The Blaeu Atlas of Scotland (Edinburgh, 2006), 93.

¹⁷ Yalden, The History of British Mammals; The Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 93.

¹⁸ The story of a wolf slain near Findhorn in 1743 after killing two children ‘sounds like a fairy story’ (wolves do not kill children) and was first related by the Sobieski Stuarts a century later; Yalden, The History of British Mammals, 168.

¹⁹ See G. Stevenson’s unpublished PhD thesis, Stirling University, 2007.

²⁰ T. M. Devine, The Transformation of Rural Scotland: Social Change and the Agrarian Economy 1660–1815 (Edinburgh, 1994), 57.

²¹ M. W. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the 17th Century to the 1930s (Edinburgh, 1977), 427; F. H. A. Aalen, K. Whelan, and M. Stout, Atlas of the Irish Rural Landscape (Cork, 1997), 85–8, provides a good summary of the environmental and economic pros and cons of the potato.

²² Eric Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances, 2 vols. (London, 1982–5), is the best account; Devine, The Transformation of Rural Scotland, esp. chs. 7 and 8.

²³ T. C. Smout, Exploring Environmental History: Selected Essays (Edinburgh, 2009), ch. 7.

²⁴ A. Fleming, St Kilda and the Wider World (Oxford, 2005); Yalden, The History of British Mammals, 221.

²⁵ But see J. H. Dickson et al., The Changing Flora of Glasgow: Urban and Rural Plants through the Centuries (Edinburgh, 2000).

²⁶ W. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991).

²⁷ For an introduction, see N. Goddard, ‘“A mine of wealth”: The Victorians and the Agricultural Value of Sewage’, Journal of Historical Geography, 22 (1996), 274–90.

²⁸ D. S. McLusky, ‘Ecology of the Forth Estuary’, Forth Naturalist and Historian, 3 (1978), 10–23.

²⁹ J. R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York, 2000), 63, 66, 70–1.

³⁰ F. F. Darling, Pelican in the Wilderness (London, 1956), 353. See also his Natural History in the Highlands and Islands (London, 1947); West Highland Survey (Oxford, 1955), 167–76, and ‘Ecology of Land Use in the Highlands and Islands’, in D. S. Thomson and I. Grimble, The Future of the Highlands (London, 1968).

³¹ T. C. Smout, A. R. MacDonald, and F. Watson, A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland, 1500–1920 (Edinburgh, 2005); R. Tipping, ‘The Form and Fate of Scottish Woodlands’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 124 (1994), 1–54.

³² J. H. C. Fenton, ‘A Postulated Natural Origin for the Open Landscape of Upland Scotland’, Plant Ecology and Diversity, 1 (1) (2008), 115–27. For ripostes from G. Peterken and K. D. Bennett, see Plant Ecology and Diversity, 2 (1) (2009), 89–94.

³³ Smout et al., Native Woodlands, ch. 9; J. M. Lindsay, ‘Charcoal Iron Smelting and its Fuel Supply: The example of Lorn Furnace, Argyllshire, 1753–1876’, Journal of Historical Geography, 1 (1975), 283–98.

³⁴ T. C. Smout, Nature Contested: An Environmental History of Scotland and Northern England, 1600–2000 (Edinburgh, 2000), ch. 5.

³⁵ Ibid.

³⁶ O. L. Mackenzie, A Hundred Years in the Highlands (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 24.

³⁷ N. Hanley, D. Tinch, K. Angelopoulis, A. Davies, E. B. Barbier, and F. Watson, ‘What Drives Long-Run Biodiversity Change’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 57 (1) (2009), 5–20.

³⁸ A. Watson, ‘Eighteenth-Century Deer Numbers and Pine Regeneration near Braemar, Scotland’, Biological Conservation, 25 (1983), 289–305; F. F. Darling, West Highland Survey (Oxford, 1955), 178; J. S. Smith, ‘Changing Deer Numbers in the Scottish Highlands since 1780’, in T. C. Smout, ed., Scotland since Prehistory: Natural Change and Human Impact (Aberdeen, 1993), 79–88.

³⁹ R. Lovegrove, Silent Fields: The Long Decline of a Nation’s Wildlife (Oxford, 2007), ch. 4.

⁴⁰ Smout, Exploring Environmental History, ch. 2.

⁴¹ J. R. Coull, The Sea Fisheries of Scotland: A Historical Geography (Edinburgh, 1996): statistics on p. 105.

⁴² D. W. Sims and A. J. Southward, ‘Dwindling Fish Numbers Already of Concern in 1883’, Nature, 439 (9) (2006), 660.

⁴³ Charles Clover, The End of the Line (London, 2004), 54.

⁴⁴ McNeill, Something New Under the Sun.

⁴⁵ ‘Key Scottish Environment Statistics 2009’, www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/26112651/0; P. Warde, Energy Consumption in England and Wales 1560–2000 (CNR, Italy, 2007).

⁴⁶ ‘Production of a Time Series of Scotland’s Ecological and Greenhouse Gas Footprints’, www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/10/28101012/0.

⁴⁷ Graphs are conveniently reproduced in ‘Key Scottish Environment Statistics in 2005’, www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/08/15135632/56389; Dawson, So Foul and Fair, 204, 210–11.

⁴⁸ E. A. Cameron, ‘The Modernisation of Scottish Agriculture’, in T. M. Devine, C. H. Lee, and G. C. Peden, eds., The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy since 1700 (Edinburgh, 2005), 184–207.

⁴⁹ P. Bartrip, ‘The Arrival, Spread and Impact of Myxomatosis in Scotland during the 1950s’, Scottish Historical Review, 88 (2009), 134–53.

⁵⁰ P. Hudson, Grouse in Space and Time (Fordingbridge, 1992).

⁵¹ D. Foot, ‘The Twentieth Century: Forestry Takes Off’, in T. C. Smout, ed., People and Woods in Scotland: A History (Edinburgh, 2003); J. Tsouvalis, A Critical Geography of Britain’s State Forests (Oxford, 2000). The pamphlets are the Touchwood History series undertaken by Forestry Commission Scotland with the University of the Highlands and Islands and the University of Aberdeen.

⁵² R. Tittensor, From Peat Bog to Conifer Forest: An Oral History of Whitelee, its Community and Landscape (Chichester, 2009).

⁵³ Smout, Exploring Environmental History, 107–8.

⁵⁴ J. Sheail, Nature in Trust: The History of Nature Conservation in Britain (Glasgow, 1976); J. Sheail, An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain (London, 2002).

⁵⁵ Smout, Exploring Environmental History; Smout, Nature Contested; R. A. Lambert, Contested Mountains: Nature, Development and Environment in the Cairngorm Region of Scotland, 1880–1980 (Cambridge, 2001); K. V. L. Syse, From Land Use to Landscape: A Cultural History of Conflict and Consensus in Argyll, 1945–2005 (Acta Humaniora 402, University of Oslo, 2009).

⁵⁶ C. Warren, Managing Scotland’s Environment, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2009); C. Warren and R. V. Birnie, ‘Re-Powering Scotland: Windfarms and the “Energy or Environment? Debate”’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 125 (2009), 97–126.

⁵⁷ K. Dunion, Troublemakers: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2003).

⁵⁸ I. Sutherland, From Herring to Seine Net Fishing on the East Coast of Scotland (Golspie, 1986).

⁵⁹ J. R. Coull, A. Fenton, and K. Veitch, Boats, Fishing and the Sea, a Compendium of Scottish Ethnology, vol. 4, esp. the chapters by Coull (Edinburgh, 2009); Coull, The Sea Fisheries of Scotland; www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/09/11100225/0.

⁶⁰ R. A. Lambert, ‘The Grey Seal in Britain: A Twentieth-Century History of a Nature Conservation Success’, Environment and History, 8 (2002), 449–74.