¹ See e.g. M. and B. Grigor, Scotch Myths (Edinburgh, 1981); M. Chapman, The Gaelic Vision in Scottish Culture (London, 1978); C. Craig, ‘Myths against History: Tartanry and Kailyard in Nineteenth-Century Scottish Literature’, in C. McArthur, ed., Scotch Reels: Scotland in Cinema and Television (London, 1982); I. Donnachie and C. Whatley, eds., The Manufacture of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1992); D. Broun, R. Finlay, and M. Lynch, eds., Image and Identity: The Making and Re-making of Scotland through the Ages (Edinburgh, 1998); E. J. Cowan and R. Finlay, eds., Scottish History: The Power of the Past (Edinburgh, 2002).

² J. Coleman, ‘The Double-Life of the Scottish Past: Discourses of Commemoration in Nineteenth-Century Scotland’ (PhD thesis, Glasgow University, 2005); N. Forsyth, ‘Presbyterian Historians and the Scottish Invention of British Liberty’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 34 (2004), 91–110.

³ For an alternative typology, see H. Trevor-Roper, The Invention of Scotland (New Haven, 2008), which extends his classic of scotophobic muckraking, ‘The Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland’, in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983).

⁴ E.g James Barr, United Free Church minister, Labour MP, and author of The Scottish Covenanters (Glasgow, 1947).

⁵ For the influence of Geoffrey’s chronicle, see J. Crick, The Historia Regum Brittaniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, vol. III: A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts (Cambridge, 1989), and vol IV: Dissemination and Reception in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1991).

⁶ For the influence of Buchanan, see J. Durkan, Bibliography of George Buchanan (Glasgow, 1994). See also I. D. McFarlane, Buchanan (London, 1981).

⁷ F. L. Borchardt, German Antiquity in Renaissance Myth (Baltimore, 1971), 25.

⁸ Hugo Grotius, A Treatise of the Antiquity of the Commonwealth of the Batavers (1610: trans. Thomas Woods, London, 1649); I. Schoffer, ‘The Batavian Myth during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in J. Bromley and E. Kossman, eds., Britain and the Netherlands V (The Hague, 1975); K. Tilmans, ‘Aeneas, Bato and Civilis, the Forefathers of the Dutch: The Origins of the Batavian Tradition in Dutch Humanistic Historiography’, in J. Brink and W. Gentrup, eds., Renaissance Culture in Context (Aldershot, 1993).

⁹ Franklin Ford, Robe and Sword (Cambridge, MA, 1953); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1978), vol. ii, 259–318; N. O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Princeton, NJ, 1980), 346–50; R. Briggs, ‘From the German Forests to Civil Society: The Frankish Myth of the Ancient Constitution in France’, in P. Burke, B. Harrison, and P. Slack, eds., Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford, 2000).

¹⁰ John of Fordun, Chronica gentis Scotorum (Edinburgh, 1871), 64, 93–4; Hector Boece, Scotorum historiae a prima gentis origine (1527: Paris, 1574), 86, 99, 128; George Buchanan, Rerum Scoticarum historia, in Buchanan, Opera omnia, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1715), lib. iv, R. 27 R. 35; lib. v, R. 42; lib. vi, R. 69; David Calderwood, The History of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. T. Thomson, Wodrow Society, 8 vols. (Edinburgh, 1842–9), vol. i, 34–43; David Buchanan, ‘Preface’, in John Knox, The History of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland (1644: Edinburgh, 1731), lvii–lxxxiv.

¹¹ Adam Blackwood, Apologia, in Blackwood, Opera Omnia (Paris, 1644).

¹² George Mackenzie, Ius Regium (1684), A defence of the antiquity of the royal line of Scotland (1685), The antiquity of the royal line of Scotland, further cleared and defended (1686), all in George Mackenzie, Works, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1716–22).

¹³ D. Duncan, Thomas Ruddiman (Edinburgh, 1965).

¹⁴ See I. Ross and S. Scobie, ‘Patriotic Publishing as a Response to Union’, in T. I. Rae, ed., The Union of 1707 (Glasgow, 1974), 118.

¹⁵ T. I. Rae, ‘Historical Scepticism in Scotland before David Hume’, in R. F. Brissenden, ed., Studies in the Eighteenth Century II (Canberra, 1973); C. Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past (Cambridge, 1993), 97–107.

¹⁶ See amidst a vast bibliography, P. van Tieghem, Ossian en France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1917); Van Tieghem, Ossian et l’ossianisme dans la litérature européenne au xviiie siècle (Groningen, 1920); R. Tombo, Ossian in Germany (New York, 1901); H. Okun, ‘Ossian in Painting’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 30 (1967), 327–56; R. Fiske, Scotland in Music: A European Enthusiasm (Cambridge, 1983), ch. 2; G. R. Barratt, ‘The Melancholy and the Wild: A Note on Macpherson’s Russian Success’, Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, 3 (1973), 125–35; H. Gaskill, ed., The Reception of Ossian in Europe (New York, 2004).

¹⁷ F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776: The First Crisis, trans. R. Burr Litchfield (Princeton, NJ, 1989), xvi.

¹⁸ A-M. Thiesse, La Création des identités nationales (Paris, 1999), 23–8, 131–7.

¹⁹ J. Plumyène, Les Nations romantiques (Paris, 1979), esp. 123–37.

²⁰ J. Cassiday, ‘Northern Poetry for a Northern People: Text and Context in Ozerov’s Fingal’, Slavonic and East European Review, 78 (2000), 240–66.

²¹ Thiesse, La Création, 44–5; Plumyène, Les Nations romantiques, 126.

²² F. P. Magoun, ed., The Old Kalevala (Cambridge, MA, 1969); W. A. Wilson, Folkore and Nationalism in Modern Finland (Bloomington, IN, 1976).

²³ N. Taylor, ‘Ossian in Poland’, in P. Henry, J. MacDonald, and H. Moss, eds., Scotland and the Slavs (Nottingham, 1993), 1–14.

²⁴ Plumyène, Les Nations romantiques, 123–4.

²⁵ James Boswell, Life of Johnson (Oxford, 1980), 7 February 1775, 578.

²⁶ C. O’Halloran, ‘Irish Re-Creations of the Gaelic Past: The Challenge of Macpherson’s Ossian’, Past and Present, 124 (1989).

²⁷ C. Ryskamp and F. Pottle, eds., Boswell: The Ominous Years 1774–1776 (London, 1963), 73.

²⁸ Report of the Committee of the Highland Society appointed to enquire into the nature and authenticity of the poems of Ossian (Edinburgh and London, 1805).

²⁹ J. Prebble, The King’s Jaunt (London, 1988).

³⁰ C. Kidd, ‘Teutonist Ethnology and Scottish Nationalist Inhibition, 1780–1880’, Scottish Historical Review (1995).

³¹ Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past, 256–8.

³² M. Ash, The Strange Death of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1980), 10–11, refers to the raising of commemorative statuary as a ‘meaningless and highly selective’ practice. See also T. Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain (London, 1981), 135–43.

³³ K. H. Grenier, Tourism and Identity in Scotland, 1770–1914 (Aldershot, 2005), 135–65. See also, J. R. Gold and M. M. Gold, Imagining Scotland: Tradition, Representation and Promotion in Scottish Tourism Since 1750 (Aldershot, 1995).

³⁴ R. Finlay, ‘Queen Victoria and the Cult of Scottish Monarchy’, in Cowan and Finlay, eds., Power of the Past, 212–14.

³⁵ G. Morton, Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland 1830–1860 (East Linton, 1999), 179–80, 188–93; J. Coleman, ‘Unionist-Nationalism in Stone? The National Wallace Monument and the Hazards of Commemoration in Victorian Scotland’, in E. J. Cowan, ed., The Wallace Book (Edinburgh, 2007).

³⁶ ‘Wallace Celebration: Anniversary of Battle of Stirling Bridge,’ Glasgow Herald, 14 September 1897.

³⁷ ‘Monument to Sir William Wallace’, Letter from ‘Pro-Patria’, Ayrshire Advertiser, 14 December 1854. The letter concludes with an expression of surprise that the nation has not yet subscribed for a national monument to be erected to Wallace in Edinburgh.

³⁸ ‘Laying the Foundation-Stone of The Wallace Monument at the Abbey Craig, Stirling’, Glasgow Herald, 25 June 1861.

³⁹ ‘Arrival of Kossuth, and the Meeting in St John Church’, Mitchell Library, William Burns Papers, B115063.

⁴⁰ J. Fyfe, ed., Autobiography of John McAdam, 1806–1883 (Edinburgh, 1980), 174.

⁴¹ G. L. Mosse, The Nationalisation of the Masses (New York, 1975), 47–72.

⁴² R. J. Finlay, ‘Heroes, Myths and Anniversaries in Modern Scotland’, Scottish Affairs, 18 (1997), 115–16; G. Morton, ‘The Most Efficacious Patriot: The Heritage of William Wallace in Nineteenth-Century Scotland’, Scottish Historical Review, 77 (1998).

⁴³ North British Daily Mail, 25 November 1872; also J. A. Froude, History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth, 12 vols. (London, 1856–70), vol. x, 457.

⁴⁴ Report of Speeches delivered at a Meeting Held in the Music Hall, Edinburgh, on Monday, 18th May 1846, being the day on which the foundation-stone of John Knox’s Monument was laid (Edinburgh, 1846), 25.

⁴⁵ ‘Proceedings of the United Presbyterian Synod: Tricentenary of the Reformation’, United Presbyterian Magazine, June 1860, 261.

⁴⁶ D. C. Smith, Passive Obedience and Prophetic Protest: Social Criticism in the Scottish Church, 1830–1945 (New York, 1987), 164–5.

⁴⁷ T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950 (London, 1986), 236–7.

⁴⁸ ‘Tricentenary of the Reformation: Celebration in Glasgow’, Glasgow Herald, 19 December 1860. Another speaker at the same event went so far as ‘to state his belief that Wallace was at heart a Culdee, not a Papist’.

⁴⁹ Scotsman, 25 June 1856; ‘Battle of Bothwell Bridge, Unveiling of National Memorial’, Glasgow Herald, 21 June 1903.

⁵⁰ M. G. H. Pittock, The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present (London, 1991), 99–104, 112–20; Pittock, ‘The Jacobite Cult’, in Cowan and Finlay, eds., Power of the Past, 191–8.

⁵¹ ‘Muirkirk Martyrs’ Monument’, Ayrshire Advertiser and West Country and Galloway Journal, 23 June 1887.

⁵² Ibid.

⁵³ Finlay, ‘Heroes, Myths and Anniversaries’, 118–22.

⁵⁴ Aberdeen Journal, 26 September 1849.

⁵⁵ E. Masson and J. Harden, ‘Drumossie Moor: Memorialization, Development and Restoration in an Evolving Historic Landscape’, in T. Pollard, ed., Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the Last Clan Battle (Barnsley, 2009); C. McArthur, ‘Culloden: A Pre-Emptive Strike’, Scottish Affairs, 9 (1994); J. R. Gold and M. M. Gold, ‘The Graves of the Gallant Highlanders: Memory, Interpretation and Narratives of Culloden’, History and Memory, 19 (2007), 23.

⁵⁶ Quoted in N. Cameron, ‘A Romantic Folly to Romantic Folly: The Glenfinnan Monument Reassessed’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 129 (1999), 893.

⁵⁷ J. E. Lewis, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1998), 177–221.

⁵⁸ M. G. H. Pittock, The Invention of Scotland, 127–33.

⁵⁹ Edwin Muir, ‘Scotland 1941’, in Muir, Collected Poems (London, 1963), 97.

⁶⁰ C. Beveridge and R. Turnbull, The Eclipse of Scottish Culture (Edinburgh, 1989); Ash, Strange Death; Nairn, Break-Up of Britain.

⁶¹ D. McCrone, ‘Tomorrow’s Ancestors: Nationalism, Identity and History’, in Cowan and Finlay, eds., Power of the Past, 254–5; D. McCrone, A. Morris, and R. Kiely, Scotland—The Brand: The Making of Scottish Heritage (Edinburgh, 1995).