¹ www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2010/09/14111014; www.shc.ed.ac.uk/Centres. This chapter draws on arguments presented in my recent book, To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland’s Global Diaspora, 1750–2010 (London, 2011).

² Paul Basu, Highland Homecomings (Abingdon, 2007), 10–11.

³ G. Chaliand and J.-P. Rageau, The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas (New York, 1991), xix.

⁴ R. Cohen, Global Diasporas: An Introduction (London, 1997), 21–6.

⁵ David Armitage, ‘The Scottish Diaspora’, in Jenny Wormald, ed., Scotland: A History (Oxford, 2005), 272.

⁶ T. M. Devine, ed., Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society (Edinburgh, 1992), 156; Armitage, ‘Scottish Diaspora’, 282.

⁷ Devine, Scottish Emigration, passim.

⁸ T. C. Smout, N. C. Landsman, and T. M. Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in Nicholas Canny, ed., Europeans on the Move (Oxford, 1994), 85–90.

⁹ Ibid., 90.

¹⁰ J. Horn, ‘British Diaspora: Emigration from Britain, 1680–1815’, in Peter J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998), 31.

¹¹ M. W. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), 441–2.

¹² N. J. Evans, ‘The Emigration of Skilled Male Workers from Clydeside during the Interwar Period, International Journal of Maritime History, xviii (2006), 255–80.

¹³ T. M. Devine, ‘The Paradox of Scottish Emigration’, in Devine, ed., Scottish Emigration, 1.

¹⁴ Dudley Baines, Migration in a Mature Economy (Cambridge, 1985), 10.

¹⁵ Evans, ‘Emigration of Skilled Male Workers’, 255–79.

¹⁶ Edwin Muir, Scottish Journey (London, 1935), 94.

¹⁷ John Bodnar, The Transplanted: History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington, IN, 1985), 4.

¹⁸ Eric Richards, Brittania’s Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (London, 2004), 118, 180, 236.

¹⁹ Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 (Bloomington, IN, 1992).

²⁰ I. R. Levitt and T. C. Smout, The State of the Scottish Working Class in 1843 (Edinburgh, 1979), passim.

²¹ Rosalind R. McClean, ‘Scottish Emigrants to New Zealand 1840–1880’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990), 122, 157, 175–6, 436–7.

²² Devine, ‘Paradox of Scottish Emigration’, 6–8.

²³ Charlotte Erickson, Leaving England: Essays on British Emigration in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 58.

²⁴ Nugent, Crossings, 95, 104. For Italian emigration see also Donna R. Gabaccia, Italy’s Many Diasporas (Washington, 2000).

²⁵ T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 1600–1815 (London, 2003), 94–139; Levitt and Smout, State of the Scottish Working Class, 91–2.

²⁶ Bodnar, The Transplanted, 4.

²⁷ Nugent, Crossings, 47; Devine, ‘Paradox of Scottish Emigration’, 3–4; D. V. Glass and R. Revelle, eds., Population and Social Change (London, 1972).

²⁸ Armitage, ‘Scottish Diaspora’, 276.

²⁹ David Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America 1607–1785 (Athens, GA, 1994).

³⁰ Devine, Scotland’s Empire 1600–1815, 26–48.

³¹ Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 86; Patrick Fitzgerald, ‘“Black’97”: Reconsidering Scottish Migration to Ireland in the Seventeenth Century, and the Scotch-Irish in America’, in W. Kelly and John R. Young, eds., Ulster and Scotland 1600–2000 (Dublin, 2004).

³² Devine, To the Ends of the Earth.

³³ Frank Broeze, ‘Private Enterprise and the Peopling of Australia, 1831–1850’, Economic History Review, 35 (1982), 235–53.

³⁴ James Belich, Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-World 1783–1939 (Oxford, 2001), 179.

³⁵ Richards, Britannia’s Children, 122.

³⁶ Belich, Replenishing the Earth, 109.

³⁷ McClean, ‘Scottish Emigrants to New Zealand’, 22.

³⁸ C. K. Harley, ‘Ocean, Freight Rates and Productivity, 1740–1913’, Journal of Economic History, 48 (1988), 851–76.

³⁹ M. Anderson and D. J. Morse, ‘The People’, in W. H. Fraser and R. J. Morris, eds., People and Society in Scotland, 1830–1914 (Edinburgh, 1990), 16.

⁴⁰ McClean, ‘Scottish Emigrants to New Zealand’.

⁴¹ Quoted in M. Harper, Emigration from North-East Scotland, 2 vols. (Aberdeen, 1988), vol. ii, 22.

⁴² Ibid., passim.

⁴³ Angela McCarthy, Personal Narratives of Irish and Scottish Migration, 1921–65: ‘For Spirit and Adventure’ (Manchester, 2007), and Angela McCarthy, ed., A Global Clan: Scottish Migrant Networks and Identities Since the Eighteenth Century (London and New York, 2006).

⁴⁴ Bodnar, The Transplanted, 53–4.

⁴⁵ Harper, Emigration from North-East Scotland, vol. ii, 1–41.

⁴⁶ Devine, To the Ends of the Earth, 228–50.

⁴⁷ Belich, Replenishing the Earth, passim.

⁴⁸ T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation, 1700 to 2007 (London, 2006), 486–522.

⁴⁹ T. M. Devine, Clanship to Crofters’ War: The Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands (Manchester, 1994), 177–91, 241–50.

⁵⁰ Matthew P. Dziennik, ‘“The Fatal Land”: War, Empire and the Highland Soldier in British America, 1756–1783’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010), 33–73; Andrew Mackillop, ‘More Fruitful than the Soil’: Army, Empire and the Scottish Highlands 1715–1815 (East Linton, 2000).

⁵¹ T. M. Devine, Clearance and Improvement: Land, Power and People in Scotland 1700–1900 (Edinburgh, 2006), 175–86.

⁵² T. M. Devine, The Great Highland Famine (Edinburgh, 1988), 192–211.

⁵³ Charles W. J. Withers, Urban Highlanders: Highland-Lowland Migration and Urban Gaelic Culture, 1700–1900 (East Linton, 1998).

⁵⁴ T. M. Devine, The Transformation of Rural Scotland: Social Change and the Agrarian Economy 1660–1815 (Edinburgh, 1994), 36–164.

⁵⁵ R. A. Houston, ‘The Demographic Regime’, in T. M. Devine and R. Mitchison, eds., People and Society in Scotland, 1760–1830, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1988), vol. i, 20.

⁵⁶ For these points see T. M. Devine, ed., Farm Servants and Labour in Lowland Scotland, 1770–1914 (Edinburgh, 1984), passim.

⁵⁷ Anderson and Morse, ‘The People’, 19, 22.

⁵⁸ R. H. Campbell, ‘Scotland’, in R. A. Cage, ed., The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital, Enterprise (London, 1985), 10.

⁵⁹ Jeanette M. Brock, The Mobile Scot: A Study of Emigration and Migration, 1861–1911 (Edinburgh, 1999), 178–209.

⁶⁰ Quoted in Harper, Emigration from North-East Scotland, vol. ii, 55.

⁶¹ T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People, 1830–1950 (London, 1986), 109–13.

⁶² R. D. Anderson, Education and Opportunity in Victorian Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 152.

⁶³ R. H. Campbell, The Rise and Fall of Scottish Industry, 1707–1939 (Edinburgh, 1980), 76–101; Smout, Century of the Scottish People, 112.

⁶⁴ R. G. Rodger, ‘The Invisible Hand: Market Forces, Housing and the Urban Form in Victorian Cities’, in D. Fraser and A. Sutcliffe, eds., The Pursuit of Urban History (London, 1980), 190–211.

⁶⁵ J. D. Gould, ‘European Intercontinental Emigration 1815–1914: Patterns and Causes’, Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979).

⁶⁶ Devine, ed., Farm Servants and Labour, 119–20, 251–3.

⁶⁷ Flinn ed., Scottish Population History, 442.

⁶⁸ C. H. Lee, ‘Modern Economic Growth and Structural Change in Scotland: The Service Sector Reconsidered’, Scottish Economic and Social History, 3 (1983), 5–35.

⁶⁹ J. H. Treble, ‘The Occupied Male Labour Force’, in Fraser and Morris, eds., People and Society in Scotland, 195–6.

⁷⁰ Quoted in Catriona M. M. Macdonald, Whaur Extremes Meet: Scotland’s Twentieth Century (Edinburgh, 2009), 115.

⁷¹ R. F. Wright, ‘The Economics of New Immigration to Scotland’, David Hume Institute Occasional Paper, no. 77 (2008), 13.

⁷² Richards, Britannia’s Children, 205–6, 271.

⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁴ Wright, ‘Economics of New Immigration’, 15–16. I am grateful to my colleague, Professor Michael Anderson, for advice on these data.

⁷⁵ Richard Finlay, Modern Scotland 1914–2000 (London, 2004), 305.

⁷⁶ ‘Demographic Trends in Scotland: A Shrinking and Ageing Population’, ESRC Seminar Series: Mapping the Public Policy Landscape (2004), 1.

⁷⁷ Murray Watson, Being English in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2003), 27.

⁷⁸ Aleksander Dietkow, ‘Poles in Scotland—before and after 2004’, in T. M. Devine and David Hesse, eds., Scotland and Poland: Historical Encounters, 1500–2010 (Edinburgh, 2011).

⁷⁹ A. James Hammerton and Alistair Thomson, Ten Pound Poms: Australia’s Invisible Migrants (Manchester, 2005), 52, 67.

⁸⁰ Devine, Scottish Nation, 1700–2007, 562–5.

⁸¹ A. K. Cairncross, ed., The Scottish Economy (Glasgow, 1953), 1–8.

⁸² Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Scottish Economy (Toothill Report), Scottish Council Development and Industry (1961), paragraphs 14.16–14.18.

⁸³ Finlay, Modern Scotland, 307.

⁸⁴ Hammerton and Thomson, Ten Pound Poms, 40, 45, 68–70.

⁸⁵ Timothy J. Hatton, ‘Emigration from the UK, 1870–1913 and 1950–1998’, European Review of Economic History, 8 (2004), 166.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 175–8.