^* I am very grateful to Jane Dawson for her helpful comments on the first draft of this chapter.

¹ J. S. McEwen, The Faith of John Knox (London, 1961).

² W. A. Craigie, ed., The Maitland Quarto Manuscript (Edinburgh, 1920), 15.

³ Michael Graham, The Uses of Reform: ‘Godly Discipline’ and Popular Behaviour in Scotland and Beyond, 1560–1610 (Leiden, 1996); Margo Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (New Haven, 2002); Michael Lynch, ‘Preaching to the Converted?’, in A. A. MacDonald, Michael Lynch, and Ian Cowan, eds., The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies Offered to John Durkan (Leiden, 1994), 31–43; John McCallum, Reforming the Scottish Parish: The Reformation in Fife, 1560–1640 (Farnham, 2010).

⁴ J. Craigie, ed., The Basilikon Doron of King James VI, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1944–50), vol. i, 79.

⁵ Christopher Haigh, ‘The Clergy and Parish Discipline in England, 1570–1640’, in Bridget Heal and Ole Peter Grell, eds., The Impact of the Reformation Movement: Princes, Clergy and People (Aldershot, 2008), 141.

⁶ David Calderwood, The True History of the Church of Scotland, 8 vols. (Edinburgh, 1842–9), vol. v, 394–411; T. Thomson and C. Innes, eds., The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, 12 vols. (Edinburgh, 1814–75), vol. iii, pt. 2, 173. [my italics]

⁷ Jenny Wormald, ‘Reformations, Unions and Civil Wars, 1485–1660’, in Jonathan Clark, ed., A World by Itself: A History of the British Isles (London, 2010), 289.

⁸ Clerk (Scots clark) plays were scripture-based plays; but after the Reformation, the term came to be used as one of opprobrium, to criticize anything disapproved of by the reformers.

⁹ James Kirk, ed., Stirling Presbytery Records 1581–1587 (Edinburgh, 1981), 114, 118–19, 122, 129–30, 163, 196–7, 199; NAS CH2/722/2.

¹⁰ Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland [hereafter APS], vol. iii, 541–2.

¹¹ John J. McGavin, ‘Drama in Sixteenth-Century Haddington’, European Medieval Drama, 1 (1997), 147–59; ‘The Kirk, the Burgh, and Fun’, Early Theatre, 1 (1998), 13–26. I owe much to Professor McGavin’s work and to the pleasure of discussions with him.

¹² Calderwood, True History, vol. iii, 646–7.

¹³ Gordon J. Munro, ‘The Scottish Reformation and its Consequences’, in Isobel Woods Preece, Our awin Scottis use: Music in the Scottish Church up to 1603 (Glasgow and Aberdeen, 2000), 273–303; APS, vol. iii, 174.

¹⁴ Christopher Marsh, Music and Society (Cambridge, 2010); see ch. 8.

¹⁵ It is worth comparing the unaccompanied psalm in the Marsh CD with, for example, the CD Gaelic Psalms from the Hebrides of Scotland (Isle of Lewis, 2003).

¹⁶ NAS CH2/722/2.

¹⁷ Todd, Culture of Protestantism, 219–20.

¹⁸ Alexandra Walsham, ‘Sacred Spas? Healing Springs and Religion in Post-Reformation Britain’, in Heal and Grell, Impact of European Reformation, 214.

¹⁹ APS, vol. iii, 212.

²⁰ Calderwood, True History, vol. iii, 699–700.

²¹ A. R. MacDonald, ‘James VI and I, the Church of Scotland, and British Ecclesiastical Convergence’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), 885–903; L. A. M. Stewart, ‘“Brothers in treuth”: Propaganda, Public Opinion and the Perth Articles Debate in Scotland’, in R. Houlbrooke, ed., James VI and I: Ideas, Authority and Government (Aldershot, 2006), 151–68, and ‘The Political Repercussions of the Five Articles of Perth: A Reassessment of James VI and I’s Religious Policies in Scotland’, Sixteenth-Century Journal, 38 (2007), 1,013–36.

²²Jenny Wormald, ‘The Headaches of Monarchy: Kingship and the Kirk in the Early Seventeenth Century’, in Julian Goodare and Alasdair A. Macdonald, eds., Sixteenth-Century Scotland: Essays in Honour of Michael Lynch (Leiden, 2008), 367–93.

²³ John 3:5, APS, vol. ii, 532–3; Calderwood, True History, vol. vii, 239.

²⁴ Quoted by Alan Cromartie, ‘King James and the Hampton Court Conference’, in Houlbrooke, ed., James VI and I, 71–2.

²⁵ Calderwood, True History, vol. vii, 241.

²⁶ Richard Bancroft, Daungerous Positions and Proceedings, published and practised with this Iland of Brytain (London, 1593), 22–9.

²⁷ W. C. Dickinson, ed., John Knox’s History of the Reformation in Scotland, 2 vols. (New York, 1950).

²⁸ Lynch, ‘Preaching to the Converted?’, 301; Calderwood, True History, vol. v, 387–8.

²⁹ Calderwood, True History, vol. vii, 273–5.

³⁰ Calderwood, True History, vol. v, 440; Autobiography and Diary of James Melville (Edinburgh, 1842), 412, 414.

³¹ I am very grateful to Dr Jamie Reid-Baxter for the text of this poem and for discussion about it.

³² APS, vol. iv, 435–6.

³³ Todd, Culture of Protestantism, 222–3.

³⁴ Robert Baillie, The Letters and Journals (Edinburgh, 1841–2), vol. i, 2; John, Earl of Rothes, A Relation of Proceedings concerning the Affairs of the Kirk of Scotland from August 1637 to July 1638 (Edinburgh, 1830), 4.

³⁵ Calderwood, True History; John Row, The History of the Kirk of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1842); John Spottiswoode, History of the Church of Scotland … to the end of the reign of James VI (Edinburgh, 1847–51).

³⁶ APS, vol. vi, part i, 41–3.

³⁷ Michael Graham, The Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: Boundaries of Belief on the Eve of the Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 2008); for the contents of the library, see ch. 4.

³⁸ Of the extensive literature on this subject, I pick out here Colin Kidd, Union and Unionisms: Political Thought in Scotland, 1500–2000 (Cambridge, 2008); see especially ch. 6.

³⁹ See the fascinating discussion by John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London, 2005).

⁴⁰ Craigie, ed., Basilikon Doron, vol. i, 75; Baillie, Letters and Journals, vol. ii, 115.

⁴¹ Cited by Graham Walker, ‘Varieties of Scottish Protestant Identity’, in T. M. Devine and R. Finlay, eds., Scotland in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh, 1996), 255–6.