¹ K. E. Wrightson, ‘Kindred Adjoining Kingdoms: An English Perspective on the Social and Economic History of Early Modern Scotland’, in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, eds., Scottish Society 1500–1800 (Cambridge, 1989), 251.

² Joseph Taylor, A Journey to Edenborough in Scotland (1705), ed. William Cowan (Edinburgh, 1903), 94–5.

³ Quoted in S. G. E. Lythe, The Economy of Scotland in its European Setting 1550–1625 (Edinburgh, 1960), 205.

⁴ Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past (Cambridge, 1993).

⁵ T. M. Devine, The Transformation of Rural Scotland: Social Change and the Agrarian Economy 1660–1815 (Edinburgh, 1994), 2.

⁶ Michael Lynch, ‘Whatever Happened to the Medieval Burgh? Sound Guidelines for Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Historians’, Scottish Economic and Social History, 4 (1984), 5–20.

⁷ J. A. Sharpe, ‘The Economic and Social Context’, in Jenny Wormald, ed., The Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 2008), 151–77.

⁸ Ian Whyte, Agriculture and Society in Seventeenth-Century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1979), 11–12.

⁹ Ibid., 7–8.

¹⁰ Neal Ascherson, Stone Voices: In Search of Scotland (London, 2002), 27.

¹¹ Robert A. Dodgshon, ‘The Little Ice Age in the Scottish Highlands and Islands: Documenting its Human Impact’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 121 (2005), 322–3.

¹² T. C. Smout, Nature Contested (Edinburgh, 2000), 46–9.

¹³ Richard Saville and Paul Auerbach, ‘Education and Social Capital in the Development of Scotland to 1750’, presented at the Economic History Annual Conference, University of Reading, March/April, 2006, 6.

¹⁴ Smout, Nature Contested, 49.

¹⁵ Quoted in Allan I. Macinnes, Marjory-Ann D. Harper, and Linda G. Fryer, eds., Scotland and the Americas, c.1650–c.1939: A Documentary Source Book (Edinburgh, 2002), 139.

¹⁶ T. M. Devine and S. G. E. Lythe, ‘The Economy of Scotland under James VI’, Scottish Historical Review, 50 (1971), 99–100.

¹⁷ Lythe, Economy of Scotland, 16–23.

¹⁸ Michael Flinn et al., eds., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), 116–50.

¹⁹ M. M. Flinn, ‘The Stabilisation of Mortality in Pre-Industrial Europe’, Journal of European Economic History, 3 (1974), 301.

²⁰ Smout, Nature Contested, 68.

²¹ Whyte, Agriculture and Society, 22.

²² Ian D. Whyte, Scotland before the Industrial Revolution (Harlow, 1995), 112–13, 133.

²³ R. A. Dodgshon, Land and Society in Early Scotland (Oxford, 1981), 195–204.

²⁴ R. Mitchison, ‘North and South: The Development of the Gulf in Poor Law Practice’, in Houston and Whyte, Scottish Society, 200–2.

²⁵ See W. Kowalski, ‘Kraków Citizenship and the Local Scots’, in R. Unger and J. Basista, eds., Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 (Leiden, 2008), 264; Peter P. Bijer, ‘Scots in the Kraków Reformed Parish in the Seventeenth Century’, in T. M. Devine and David Hesse, eds., Scotland and Poland: Historical Encounters, 1500–2010 (Edinburgh, 2011).

²⁶ T. C. Smout, N. C. Landsman, and T. M. Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in Nicholas Canny, ed., Europeans on the Move (Oxford, 1994), 76–90.

²⁷ Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language (1773).

²⁸ A. J. S. Gibson and T. C. Smout, Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland 1550–1780 (Cambridge, 1995), 226–43.

²⁹ R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, Height, Health and History (Cambridge, 1990), 193.

³⁰ Wrightson, ‘Kindred Adjoining Kingdoms’, 254.

³¹ D. Woodward, ‘A Comparative Study of the Irish and Scottish Livestock Traders in the Seventeenth Century’, in L. M. Cullen and T. C. Smout, eds., Comparative Aspects of Scottish and Irish Economic and Social History 1600–1900 (Edinburgh, 1977), 147–64; A. Gibson and T. C. Smout, ‘Scottish Food and Scottish History, 1500–1800’, in Houston and Whyte, eds., Scottish Society, 64.

³² Lythe, Economy of Scotland, 197.

³³ Ibid., 198–9.

³⁴ Quoted in Robert A. Dodgshon, ‘Agricultural Change and its Social Consequences in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, 1600–1780’, in T. M. Devine and David Dickson, eds., Ireland and Scotland 1600–1850 (Edinburgh, 1983), 48.

³⁵ Ibid., 49–52.

³⁶ The paragraphs that follow on the Western Highlands and Islands are based on A. I. Macinnes, ‘Crown, Clans and Fine: The “Civilising” of Scottish Gaeldom’, Northern Scotland 13 (1993); F. J. Shaw, The Northern and Western Islands of Scotland: Their Economy and Society in the Seventeenth Century (Edinburgh, 1980); R. A. Dodgshon, ‘West Highland Chiefdoms, 1500–1745’, in R. Mitchison and P. Roebuck, eds., Economy and Society in Scotland and Ireland, 1500–1939 (Edinburgh, 1988).

³⁷ Robert A. Dodgshon, ‘Coping with Risk: Subsistence Crises in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, 1600–1800’, Rural History, 15 (2004), 1–25.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Gibson and Smout, ‘Scottish Food and Scottish History’, 77.

⁴⁰ Smout, Nature Contested, 69. See also Devine, Transformation of Rural Scotland, 46, 54–5, 87.

⁴¹ Michael Lynch, ed., The Early Modern Town in Scotland (London, 1987).

⁴² T. M. Devine, ‘Scotland’, in Peter Clark, ed., The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Volume II, 1540–1840 (Cambridge, 2000), 151–2.

⁴³ M. Lynch, ‘Continuity and Change in Urban Society, 1500–1700’, in Houston and Whyte eds., Scottish Society, 85–117.

⁴⁴ L. M. Cullen, ‘Scotland and Ireland, 1600–1800: Their Role in the Evolution of British Society’, in Houston and Whyte eds., Scottish Society, 227.

⁴⁵ James J. Brown, ‘Merchant Princes and Mercantile Investment in Early Seventeenth-Century Scotland’, in Lynch ed., Early Modern Town in Scotland, 126.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 127–41.

⁴⁷ James McGrath, ‘ The Medieval and Early Modern Burgh’, in T. M. Devine and G. Jackson, eds., Glasgow. Volume I: Beginnings to 1830 (Manchester, 1995), 43–55.

⁴⁸ Whyte, Scotland before the Industrial Revolution, 281.

⁴⁹ T. M. Devine, Clanship to Crofters’ War (Manchester, 1994), 14.

⁵⁰ For a discussion see T. M. Devine, ‘The Cromwellian Union of the Scottish Burghs: The Case of Aberdeen and Glasgow, 1652–1660’, in John Butt and J. T. Ward, Scottish Themes: Essays in Honour of S. G. E. Lythe (Edinburgh, 1976), 1–16.

⁵¹ Alexia Grojean and Steve Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad in the Early Modern Period (Leiden, 2005). One authority has argued that Scottish external mercantile networks in northern Europe ‘resulted in a subtle transfer of capital, goods and cultural commodities back into Scotland’. Yet the hard evidence to support this statement remains elusive and sketchy. See Steve Murdoch, Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603–1746 (Leiden, 2006), 248.