¹ For economic and social developments, see chs. 11, 13, and 16.

² From a wide literature, see especially Julia Buckroyd, Church and State in Scotland, 1660–1681 (Edinburgh, 1980); Gillian H. MacIntosh, The Scottish Parliament under Charles II, 1660–1685 (Edinburgh, 2007); Ronald A. Lee, ‘Government and Politics in Scotland, 1661–1681’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995); John Patrick, ‘A Union Broken? Restoration Politics in Scotland’, in Jenny Wormald, ed., Scotland Revisited (London, 1991); John Patrick, ‘The Origins of the Opposition to Lauderdale in the Scottish Parliament of 1673’, Scottish Historical Review [hereafter SHR], 53 (1974), 1–21; Kirsty F. McAlister, ‘James VII and the Conduct of Scottish Politics, c.1679 to c.1686’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003); Tim Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 (London, 2006), chs. 2 and 4.

³ George Mackenzie, Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland from the Restoration of Charles II (Edinburgh, 1821), 115.

⁴ Gilbert Burnet, Burnet’s History of His Own Time, ed. Osmund Airy, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1897–1900), covers the period 1660–85.

⁵ Osmund Airy, ed., The Lauderdale Papers, 3 vols, Camden Society, 2nd series (London, 1884–5).

⁶ W. C. Mackenzie, The Life and Times of John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale (1616–1682) (London, 1923). But see Julia Buckroyd, The Life of James Sharp, Archbishop of St Andrews, 1618–1679: A Political Biography (Edinburgh, 1987); Raymond Campbell Paterson, King Lauderdale: The Corruption of Power (Edinburgh, 2003).

⁷ John Lauder, Historical Observes of Memorable Occurrents in Church and State from October 1680 to April 1686, eds. Adam Urquhart and David Laing, Bannatyne Club (Edinburgh, 1840); John Lauder, Historical Notices of Scotish [sic] Affairs, ed. David Laing, 2 vols, Bannatyne Club (Edinburgh, 1848). See the forthcoming biography of James VII by Alastair Mann.

⁸ Julia M. Buckroyd, ‘Bridging the Gap: Scotland, 1659–1660’, SHR, 66 (1987), 1–25; Matthew Glozier, ‘The Earl of Melfort, the Court Catholic Party and the Foundation of the Order of the Thistle, 1687’, SHR, 79 (2000), 233–8; Clare Jackson, Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas (Woodbridge, 2003).

⁹ Hugh Ouston, ‘York in Edinburgh: James VII and the Patronage of Learning in Scotland, 1679–1688’, in John Dwyer, Roger A. Mason, and Alexander Murdoch, eds., New Perspectives on the Politics and Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, [1982]).

¹⁰ MacIntosh, Scottish Parliament under Charles II; Alastair J. Mann, ‘“James VII, King of the Articles”: Political Management and Parliamentary Failure’, in Keith M. Brown and Alastair J. Mann, eds., Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1567–1707 (Edinburgh, 2005).

¹¹ Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms (London, 2005), 168–9.

¹² See Grant Tapsell, The Personal Rule of Charles II, 1681–85 (Woodbridge, 2007), ch. 6; John Kerrigan, Archipelagic English: Literature, History, and Politics, 1603–1707 (Oxford, 2008), ch. 9.

¹³ Allan I. Macinnes, Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stuart, 1603–1788 (East Linton, 1996); Douglas Watt, ‘“The laberinth of thir difficulties”: The Influence of Debt on the Highland Elite, c.1550–1700’, SHR, 85 (2006), 28–51.

¹⁴ But see Maurice Lee, The Heiresses of Buccleuch: Marriage, Money and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Britain (East Linton, 1996); R. A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1994), ch. 5; Harris, Restoration, 338–41; Harris, Revolution, 151–3.

¹⁵ Roy W. Lennox, ‘Lauderdale and Scotland: A Study in Restoration Politics and Administration, 1660–1682’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1977), 25; Lee, ‘Government and Politics’; Athol L. Murray, ‘The Scottish Treasury, 1667–1708’, SHR, 45 (1966), 89–104.

¹⁶ See J. D. Ford, Law and Opinion in Scotland during the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 2007).

¹⁷ For earlier historiographical surveys see Ian B. Cowan, The Scottish Covenanters, 1660–88 (London, 1976), 167–71; Buckroyd, Church and State, 164–71.

¹⁸ Robert Wodrow, The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, ed. Robert Burns, 4 vols. (1721–2; Glasgow, 1828–30), vol. i, xxxv.

¹⁹ Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–c.1830 (Cambridge, 1993), 69.

²⁰ Cowan, Scottish Covenanters; Buckroyd, Church and State; Elizabeth H. Hyman, ‘A Church Militant: Scotland, 1661–1690’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 26 (1995), 49–74.

²¹ Cameronian biographies feature disproportionately in John Howie, Biographia Scoticana: or a Brief Historical Account of the Lives, Character and Memorable Transactions of the most Eminent Scots Worthies (Glasgow, 1775).

²² Lennox, ‘Lauderdale and Scotland’, 2; Lee, ‘Government and Politics’, iii, 4; Jackson, Restoration Scotland, 1–4.

²³ I. M. Smart, ‘The Political Ideas of the Scottish Covenanters, 1638–88’, History of Political Thought, 1 (1980), 167–93; Robert von Friedeburg, ‘From Collective Representation to the Right to Individual Defence: James Steuart’s Ius Populi Vindicatum and the Use of Johannes Althusius’ Politica in Restoration Scotland’, History of European Ideas, 24 (1998), 19–42; Colin Kidd, ‘Religious Realignment Between the Restoration and Union’, in John Robertson, ed., A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995); Jackson, Restoration Scotland, chs. 5–7.

²⁴ Walter R. Foster, Bishop and Presbytery: The Church of Scotland, 1661–1688 (London, 1958).

²⁵ David G. Mullan, ed., Women’s Life Writing in Early Modern Scotland: Writing the Evangelical Self, c.1670-c.1730 (Aldershot, 2003); David G. Mullan, ed., Protestant Piety in Early-Modern Scotland: Letters, Lives and Covenants, 1650–1712, Scottish History Society (Edinburgh, 2008); David G. Mullan, Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland (Farnham, 2010); Alasdair Raffe, ‘Presbyterians and Episcopalians: The Formation of Confessional Cultures in Scotland, 1660–1715’, English Historical Review, 125 (2010), 570–98; Frances Harris, ‘Lady Sophia’s Visions: Sir Robert Moray, the Earl of Lauderdale and the Restoration Government of Scotland’, The Seventeenth Century, 24 (2009), 129–55.

²⁶ Ginny Gardner, The Scottish Exile Community in the Netherlands, 1660–1690 (East Linton, 2004); Keith L. Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism: A History of English and Scottish Churches of the Netherlands in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Leiden, 1982), chs. 15 and 16.

²⁷ James Halliday, ‘The Club and the Revolution in Scotland, 1689–90’, SHR, 45 (1966), 143–59; Alastair J. Mann, ‘Inglorious Revolution: Administrative Muddle and Constitutional Change in the Scottish Parliament of William and Mary’, Parliamentary History, 22 (2003), 121–44.

²⁸ Bruce Lenman, ‘The Scottish Nobility and the Revolution of 1688–1690’, in R. A. Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1991); Tim Harris, ‘The People, the Law, and the Constitution in Scotland and England: A Comparative Approach to the Glorious Revolution’, Journal of British Studies, 38 (1999), 28–58; Neil Davidson, ‘Popular Insurgency during the Glorious Revolution in Scotland’, Scottish Labour History, 39 (2004), 14–31.

²⁹ See ch. 18 in this volume.

³⁰ Cowan, Scottish Covenanters, ch. 9.

³¹ ‘Act appointing a national thanksgiving in commemoration of the revolution in 1688’, in The Principal Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1788), 32.

³² Frederick Goldie, A Short History of the Episcopal Church in Scotland from the Restoration to the Present Time (London, 1951). But see Gavin White, The Scottish Episcopal Church: A New History (Edinburgh, 1998).

³³ See ch. 17 in this volume.

³⁴ For nuanced discussions, see T. C. Smout, ‘The Road to Union’, in Geoffrey Holmes, ed., Britain after the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1714 (London, 1969); Maurice Lee, The ‘Inevitable’ Union and other Essays on Early Modern Scotland (East Linton, 2003), ch. 1.

³⁵ Colin Kidd, ‘The Ideological Significance of Robertson’s History of Scotland’, in Stewart J. Brown, ed., William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire (Cambridge, 1997), 132–3; Richard B. Sher, ‘1688 and 1788: William Robertson on Revolution in Britain and France’, in Paul Dukes and John Dunkley, eds., Culture and Revolution (London, 1990); Alexander Murdoch, ‘The Legacy of the Revolution in Scotland’, in Alexander Murdoch, ed., The Scottish Nation: Identity and History (Edinburgh, 2007), 39; Michael Fry, ‘The Whig Interpretation of Scottish History’, in Ian Donnachie and Christopher Whatley, eds., The Manufacture of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1992).

³⁶ William Law Mathieson, Scotland and the Union: A History of Scotland from 1695 to 1747 (Glasgow, 1905), 176.

³⁷ William Ferguson, ‘The Making of the Treaty of Union of 1707’, SHR, 43 (1964), 89–110; William Ferguson, Scotland’s Relations with England: A Survey to 1707 (Edinburgh, 1977), 180–272; P. W. J. Riley, The Union of England and Scotland: A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics of the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1978).

³⁸ For a discussion concentrating on English historiography, see Brian Cowan, ‘Geoffrey Holmes and the Public Sphere: Augustan Historiography from Post-Namierite to the Post-Habermasian’, Parliamentary History, 28 (2009), 166–78.

³⁹ Karin Bowie, Scottish Public Opinion and the Anglo-Scottish Union, 1699–1707 (Woodbridge, 2007); Allan I. Macinnes, Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707 (Cambridge, 2007), ch. 8. For other ideological dimensions, see John Robertson, ‘An Elusive Sovereignty: The Course of the Union Debate in Scotland, 1698–1707’, in Robertson, ed., Union for Empire; Clare Jackson, ‘Conceptions of Nationhood in the Anglo-Scottish Union Debates of 1707’, in Stewart J. Brown and Christopher A. Whatley, eds., The Union of 1707: New Dimensions (Edinburgh, 2008). For the development of print culture, see Alastair J. Mann, The Scottish Book Trade, 1500–1720: Print Commerce and Print Control in Early Modern Scotland (East Linton, 2000).

⁴⁰ Allan I. Macinnes, ‘William of Orange—“Disaster for Scotland”?’, in Esther Mijers and David Onnekink, eds., Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context (Aldershot, 2007); Christopher A. Whatley with Derek J. Patrick, The Scots and the Union (Edinburgh, 2006), ch. 4; Paul Hopkins, Glencoe and the End of the Highland War (Edinburgh, 1998); Douglas Watt, The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh, 2007); Karen J. Cullen, Christopher A. Whatley, and Mary Young, ‘King William’s Ill Years: New Evidence on the Impact of Scarcity and Harvest Failure during the Crisis of the 1690s on Tayside’, SHR, 85 (2006), 250–76; Karen J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The ‘Ill Years’ of the 1690s (Edinburgh, 2010).

⁴¹ P. W. J. Riley, King William and the Scottish Politicians (Edinburgh, 1979); Macinnes, ‘William of Orange’.

⁴² Riley, King William; Mann, ‘Inglorious Revolution’, 131–40; David Onnekink, ‘The Earl of Portland and Scotland (1689–1699): A Re-Evaluation of Williamite Policy’, SHR, 85 (2006), 231–49.

⁴³ Ryan K. Frace, ‘Religious Toleration in the Wake of Revolution: Scotland on the Eve of Enlightenment (1688–1710s)’, History, 93 (2008), 355–75, at 368–74; Michael F. Graham, The Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: Boundaries of Belief on the Eve of the Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 2008); Alasdair Raffe, ‘Presbyterianism, Secularization, and Scottish Politics after the Revolution of 1688–90’, Historical Journal, 53 (2010), 317–37.

⁴⁴ But see Keith M. Brown, ‘From Scottish Lords to British Officers: State Building, Elite Integration and the Army in the Seventeenth Century’ and Bruce P. Lenman, ‘Militia, Fencible Men, and Home Defence, 1660–1797’, in Norman Macdougall, ed., Scotland and War, AD 79–1918 (Edinburgh, 1991).

⁴⁵ Whatley with Patrick, Scots and the Union.

⁴⁶ See Derek Patrick’s forthcoming study of Scotland under William and Mary; David Hayton, ‘Traces of Party Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century Scottish Elections’, Parliamentary History, 15 (1996), 74–99.

⁴⁷ Raffe, ‘Presbyterianism, Secularization, and Scottish Politics’; Colin Kidd, ‘Conditional Britons: The Scots Covenanting Tradition and the Eighteenth-Century British State’, English Historical Review, 117 (2002), 1,147–76.

⁴⁸ Bill Inglis, ‘The Impact of Episcopacy and Presbyterianism, before and after 1690, on one Parish: A Case Study of the Dunblane Kirk Session Minutes’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 33 (2003), 35–61; Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660–1780 (Oxford, 1989); Graham, Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead. On the reformation of manners, see Craig Rose, ‘Providence, Protestant Union and Godly Reformation in the 1690s’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 3 (1993), 151–69.

⁴⁹ See John R. Young, ‘Scotland and Ulster in the Seventeenth Century: The Movement of Peoples over the North Channel’, in William Kelly and John R. Young, eds., Ulster and Scotland, 1600–2000: History, Language and Identity (Dublin, 2004).

⁵⁰ Raffe, ‘Presbyterianism, Secularization, and Scottish Politics’; Graham, Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead.