¹ T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People (London, 1986), 292. See now ‘Introduction’ and ‘Guide to Further Reading’ in E. Ewan and J. Nugent, eds., Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2008), 1–8, 175–80; Women in Scottish History, www.womeninscottish history.org

² Ewan and Nugent, ‘Introduction’, 8. See also Eleanor Gordon, ‘The Family’, in L. Abrams et al., eds., Gender in Scottish History Since 1700 (Edinburgh, 2006), 235–67.

³ David Allan, ‘“What’s in a Name”? Pedigree and Propaganda in Seventeenth-Century Scotland’, in E. Cowan and R. J. Finlay, eds., Scottish History: The Power of the Past (Edinburgh, 2002), 147–8; Keith Brown, Noble Society in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2000); Steve Boardman, The Campbells 1250–1513 (Edinburgh, 2006); The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland series, 7 vols. (Edinburgh, 1982–2006).

⁴ M. Flinn et al., Scottish Population History: From the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977).

⁵ Peter Laslett, ‘Introduction’, in P. Laslett et al., eds., Bastardy and its Comparative History (Cambridge, 1980), 41; R. Mitchison and L. Leneman, Sexuality and Social Control (Oxford, 1989); Sin in the City (Edinburgh, 1998); Michael Graham, The Uses of Reform (Leiden, 1996); Margo Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (New Haven, 2002); Janay Nugent, ‘Marriage Matters: Evidence of the Kirk Session Records of Scotland, c.1560–1650’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Guelph, 2004).

⁶ T. C. Smout, ‘Scottish Marriage, Regular and Irregular 1500–1940’, in R. B. Outhwaite, ed., Marriage and Society (New York, 1981), 204–36; W. D. H. Sellar, ‘Marriage, Divorce and the Forbidden Degrees’, in W. N. Osborough, ed., Explorations in Law and History (Dublin, 1995), 59–82.

⁷ Deborah Symonds, Weep Not for Me (University Park, 1997).

⁸ Rosalind Marshall, Virgins and Viragos: A History of Women in Scotland from 1080 to 1980 (London, 1983); Christina Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (Baltimore, 1981); Julian Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002); Brian Levack, Witch-Hunting in Scotland (New York, 2008).

⁹ Megan Doolittle, ‘Close Relations? Bringing Together Gender and Family in English History’, Gender & History, 11, no. 3 (November 1999), 542–54; Gordon, ‘The Family’, 235–7; Amy Erickson and Maria Ågren, eds., The Marital Economy in Scandinavia and Britain 1400–1900 (Aldershot, 2005).

¹⁰ Jenny Wormald, ‘Bloodfeud, Kindred and Government in Early Modern Scotland’, Past and Present, 87 (May 1980), 54–97; Keith Brown, Bloodfeud in Scotland 1573–1625 (Edinburgh, 1986); Brown, Noble Society; Maureen M. Meikle, A British Frontier? (East Linton, 2004); Alison Cathcart, Kinship and Clientage (Leiden, 2006); Margaret H. B. Sanderson, A Kindly Place? (East Linton, 2002); Scottish Rural Society in the Sixteenth Century (Edinburgh, 1982).

¹¹ See essays in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family.

¹² Gavin Ros, Protocol Book 1512–1532 (Edinburgh, 1907), no. 148; Sellar, ‘Marriage and Forbidden Degrees’, 59–70.

¹³ Ewan and Nugent, ‘Introduction’, 1–2; R. A. Houston, The Population History of Britain and Ireland, 1500–1750 (Cambridge, 1995), 2–3, 6.

¹⁴ Sellar, ‘Marriage and Forbidden Degrees’, 72–82; B. Levack, ‘The Prosecution of Sexual Crimes in Early Eighteenth-Century Scotland’, Scottish Historical Review, 89, no. 2 (October 2010), 173–7, 186–90.

¹⁵ H. Paton and G. Donaldson, eds., The Protocol Book of James Young (Edinburgh, 1941–52), no. 704.

¹⁶ Katie Barclay, ‘“And Four Years Space, being Man and Wife, they Loveingly Agreed”: Balladry and Early Modern Understandings of Marriage’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 23–34.

¹⁷ Dundee City Archives, Dundee Protocol Book, fo. 92.

¹⁸ Brown, Noble Society, 76–9. For negotiations, see J. Dawson, ed., Campbell Letters 1559–1583 (Edinburgh, 1997), 28–34.

¹⁹ Christine Peters, Women in Early Modern Britain, 1450–1640 (Basingstoke, 2004), 8–10. See D. Sellar, ‘The Family’, in E. J. Cowan and L. Henderson, eds., Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland (Edinburgh, 2011), 96, 100, 103–4.

²⁰ J. Nugent and M. Clark, ‘A Loaded Plate: Food Symbolism and the Early Modern Scottish Household’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 30, no. 1 (2010), 48–54.

²¹ Ishbel Barnes, Janet Kennedy, Royal Mistress (Edinburgh, 2007), 1–2, 85–6; Domhnaill Uilleam Stiubhart, ‘Women and Gender in the Early Modern Western Gàidhealtachd’, in E. Ewan and M. M. Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland c.1100–c.1750 (East Linton, 1999), 236–7; Jane Dawson, ‘The Noble and the Bastard: The Earl of Argyll and the Law of Divorce in Reformation Scotland’, in J. Goodare and A. A. MacDonald, eds., Sixteenth-Century Scotland (Leiden, 2008), 152–3; Sellar, ‘The Family’, 95–6, 98–9.

²² Thomas Green, ‘The Court of the Commissaries of Edinburgh: Consistorial Law and Litigation, 1559–1576’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010).

²³ Register of the Minister. Elder and Deacons of the Christian Congregation of St Andrews, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1848–1931), vol. i, 153–6. See also J. Nugent, ‘“None must meddle betueene man and wife”: Assessing Family and the Fluidity of Public and Private in Early Modern Scotland’, Journal of Family History, 35 no. 3 (2010), 221, 227; L. Leneman, Alienated Affections (Edinburgh, 1998).

²⁴ A. D. M. Forte, ‘Some Aspects of the Law of Marriage in Scotland: 1500–1700’, in E. Craik, ed., Marriage and Property (Aberdeen, 1985), 104–18.

²⁵ Winifred Coutts, ‘Wife and Widow: The Evidence of Testaments and Marriage Contracts’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 176–86; Michael Graham, ‘Women and the Church Courts in Reformation Era Scotland’, in ibid., 187–8; Todd, Culture of Protestantism, 275–91. Cf. Gordon DesBrisay, ‘Twisted by Definition: Women under Godly Discipline in Seventeenth-Century Scottish Towns’, in Y. V. Galloway and R. Ferguson, eds., Twisted Sisters: Women, Crime and Deviance in Scotland Since 1400 (East Linton, 2002), 137–55.

²⁶ Audrey-Beth Fitch, ‘Power through Purity: The Virgin Martyrs and Women’s Salvation in Pre-Reformation Scotland’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 16–28.

²⁷ Pedro de Ayala in P. Hume Brown, ed., Early Travellers in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1891), 47.

²⁸ Robert Rollok, Protocol Book 1534–1552 (Edinburgh, 1931), no. 141; E. Ewan, ‘“Many Injurious Words”: Defamation and Gender in Late Medieval Scotland’, in R. A. McDonald, ed., History, Literature and Music in Scotland, 700–1560 (Toronto, 2002), 163–86.

²⁹ Register of the Minister, vol. i, 63–4.

³⁰ Extracts from the Records of the Royal Burgh of Stirling AD 1519–1666 (Glasgow, 1887), 18. See also Nugent, “None must meddle”, 223, 226.

³¹ C. Kerrigan, An Anthology of Scottish Women Poets (Edinburgh, 1991), 53.

³² J. Beveridge and James Russell, eds., Protocol Books of Dominus Thomas Johnsoun (Edinburgh, 1920), no. 18.

³³ Helen Dingwall, ‘The Power Behind the Merchant? Women and the Economy in Late Seventeenth-Century Edinburgh’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 152–62.

³⁴ Paton and Donaldson, eds., Protocol Book of James Young, no. 1242.

³⁵ Gordon DesBrisay and Karen Sander Thomson, ‘Crediting Wives: Married Women and Debt Litigation in the Seventeenth Century’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 85–98.

³⁶ R. Monteith, Theater of Mortality (Edinburgh, 1704), 40.

³⁷ Marshall, Virgins, 52.

³⁸ N. Mayhew, ‘The Status of Women and the Brewing of Ale in Medieval Aberdeen’, Review of Scottish Culture, 10 (1996–7), 16–21; C. Spence, ‘Women and Business in Sixteenth-Century Edinburgh’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 28, no. 1 (2008), 1–19.

³⁹ Elizabeth Sanderson, Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century Edinburgh (London, 1996), 74–6, 108–25; R. A Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment (Oxford, 1994), 78–91; E. Ewan, ‘For Whatever Ales Ye: Women as Producers and Consumers in Late Medieval Scottish Towns’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 125–36; R. A. Houston, ‘Women in the Economy and Society of Scotland 1500–1800’, in R. Houston and I. Whyte, eds., Scottish Society 1500–1800 (Cambridge, 1989), 118–47.

⁴⁰ Margaret L. King, ‘Concepts of Childhood: What We Know and Where We Might Go’, Renaissance Quarterly, 60 (2007), 371–407.

⁴¹ Brown, Noble Society, ch. 7; David Mullan, Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2010); David Mullan, ed., Women’s Life-Writing in Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2003).

⁴² Mullan, Narratives, 172.

⁴³ Marshall, Virgins, 106.

⁴⁴ My thanks to David Sellar for discussion of this point.

⁴⁵ Mullan, Narratives, 147–51; Rev. James Melville in J. G. Fyfe, ed., Scottish Diaries and Memoirs 1550–1746 (Stirling, 1928), 83; NAS, Stirling Presbytery Records, CH2/722/3, fo. 4r.

⁴⁶ Gordon DesBrisay, ‘Wet Nurses and Unwed Mothers in Seventeenth-Century Aberdeen’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 210–20; Mullan, Narratives, 151–4.

⁴⁷ Jane E. A. Dawson, ‘“There is Nothing Like a Good Gossip”: Baptism, Kinship and Alliance in Early Modern Scotland’, in C. J. Kay and M. A. MacKay, eds., Perspectives on the Older Scottish Tongue (Edinburgh, 2005), 38–47; Melissa Hollander, ‘The Name of the Father: Baptism and the Social Construction of Fatherhood in Early Modern Edinburgh’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 63–72.

⁴⁸ Nugent, “None must meddle”, 221–2.

⁴⁹ Alison Cathcart, Kinship and Clientage, 80–5; Anne C. Frater, ‘Women of the Gaidhealtachd and their Songs to 1750’, in Ewan and Meikle, eds., Women in Scotland, 74–6.

⁵⁰ Joanna Martin, Kingship and Love in Scottish Poetry, 1424–1540 (Aldershot, 2008); Allan, ‘Pedigree and Propaganda’, 150–2.

⁵¹ Konrad Eisenbichler, ed., The Pre-Modern Teenager (Toronto, 2002).

⁵² Mullan, Narratives, 185.

⁵³ Glasgow City Archives, St Mungo’s Kirk Session, CH2/550/1, 115–29 passim. See also the example in J. J. McGavin, ‘The Kirk, The Burgh and Fun’, Early Theatre, 1 (1998), 15–22.

⁵⁴ Alexandra Shepard, ‘From Anxious Patriarch to Refined Gentleman? Manhood in Britain circa 1500–1700’, Journal of British Studies, 44, no. 2 (April 2005), 281–95; Derek Neal, The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England (Chicago, 2008).

⁵⁵ DesBrisay, ‘Wet Nurses and Unwed Mothers’, 212–15; E. Ewan, ‘Mistresses of Themselves: Domestic Servants and By-Employments in Sixteenth-Century Scottish Towns’, in A. Fauve Chamoux, ed., Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity (Bern, 2004), 411–14.

⁵⁶ Jenny Wormald, Lords and Men in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1985); Brown, Bloodfeud; R. Dodgshon, From Chiefs to Landlords (Edinburgh, 1998); Meikle, A British Frontier?, 25. See also Sellar, ‘The Family’, 91–5.

⁵⁷ D. W Sabean, S. Teuscher, and J. Mathieu, eds., Kinship in Europe (New York, 2007); Cathcart, Kinship and Clientage, 99–112.

⁵⁸ Allan, ‘Pedigree and Propaganda’, 147–67. My thanks to Joanna Martin for this point.

⁵⁹ C. J. Neville, ‘Finding the Family in the Charters of Medieval Scotland, 1150–1350’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 11–22.

⁶⁰ Mairi Cowan, ‘The Spiritual Ties of Kinship in Pre-Reformation Scotland’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 120–1.

⁶¹ Nugent, “None must meddle”, 219–26; Lauren Martin, ‘Witchcraft and Family: What Can Witchcraft Documents Tell Us About Early Modern Scottish Life’ Scottish Tradition, 27 (2002), 7–22; L. Martin, ‘The Witch, the Household and the Community’ in J. Goodare, ed., Scottish Witches and Witch-Hunters (forthcoming); Scott Moir, ‘The Crucible: Witchcraft and the Experience of Family in Early Modern Scotland’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 49–59; J. R. D. Falconer, ‘A Family Affair: Households, Misbehaving and the Community in Sixteenth-Century Aberdeen’, in ibid., 139–50.

⁶² Ian D. Whyte and Kathleen A. Whyte, ‘The Geographical Mobility of Women in Early Modern Scotland’, in Leah Leneman, ed., Perspectives in Scottish Social History (Aberdeen, 1988), 83–106.

⁶³ Rosalind Mitchison, The Old Poor Law in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2000); Karen Cullen, ‘The Famine of the 1690s and its Aftermath: Survival and Recovery of the Family’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 151–62; Moir, ‘The Crucible’.

⁶⁴ Dolly MacKinnon, ‘“I have now a book of songs of her writing”: Scottish Families, Orality, Literacy and the Transmission of Musical Culture c.1500–c.1800’, in Ewan and Nugent, eds., Finding the Family, 35–48; Mark Hall, ‘Playtime Everyday: The Material Culture of Medieval Gaming’, in Cowan and Henderson, eds., Everyday Life, 145–68.

⁶⁵ Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh 1528–1557 (Edinburgh, 1871), 27, 40; NAS, Holyrude Kirk Session CH2/1026/1/2, 3–31 passim; CH2/550/1, 347.

⁶⁶ Kimm Curran, ‘Religious Women and their Communities in Late Medieval Scotland’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006).

⁶⁷ Nugent and Clark, ‘A Loaded Plate’, 43–63.

⁶⁸ Suzanne Trill, ‘Early Modern Women’s Writing in the Edinburgh Archives, c.1550–1740’, in S. Dunnigan et al., eds., Woman and the Feminine in Medieval and Early Modern Scottish Writing (Basingstoke, 2004), 201–25; Mullan, Women’s Life-Writing.

⁶⁹ Peters, Women in Early Modern Britain; Rosemary O’Day, Women’s Agency in Early Modern Britain and the American Colonies (Harlow, 2007).