¹ T. C. Smout, N. C. Landsman, and T. M. Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in N. Canny, ed., Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500–1800 (Oxford, 1994), 76–112.

² Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 76; Jelle van Lottum, Across the North Sea: The Impact of the Dutch Republic on International Labour Migration, c.1550–1850 (Amsterdam, 2007), 26, 52, 163.

³ Reliable statistical data for the Scottish population in the seventeenth century is scarce. See for instance Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 85; Michael W. Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the Seventeenth Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977).

⁴ Christopher A. Whatley, The Scots and the Union (Edinburgh, 2006), 361; L. Fontaine, History of Pedlars in Europe (Oxford, 1996), 36–7, 119–20; T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 1600–1815 (London, 2003), chs. 2 and 3; Van Lottum, Across the North Sea, 27; Peter J. Bajer, ‘Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, XVIth–XVIIth Centuries: Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Monash, 2009), 101.

⁵ Van Lottum, Across the North Sea, 27. Cf. Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 76, 86, 89, 90.

⁶ Devine, Scotland’s Empire, xxvii.

⁷ See for instance Siobhan Talbott, ‘Scottish Women and the Scandinavian Wars of the Seventeenth Century’, in Northern Studies, 40 (2007), 102–27.

⁸ For an excellent and concise review of the main scholarship see T. C. Smout’s foreword in A. Grosjean and S. Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad in the Early Modern Period (Leiden, 2005), ix–xiii; For specific works, see the Further Reading.

⁹ Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 84; I. D. Whyte, Migration and Society in Britain, 1530–1830 (Basingstoke, 2000), 27; S. Murdoch, ‘Scotland, Europe and the English Missing Link’, in History Compass, 5/3 (2007), 890–913; Van Lottum, Across the North Sea, 27. See also John H. McCulloch, The Scot in England (London, 1935); Justine Taylor, A Cup of Kindness: A History of the Royal Scottish Corporation, a London Charity, 1603–2003 (East Linton, 2003); G. Cameron, The Scots Kirk in London (Oxford, 1979); Stana Nenadic, ed., Scots in London in the Eighteenth Century (Cranbury, 2010).

¹⁰ J. Ohlmeyer, ‘Seventeenth-Century Ireland and Scotland and their Wider Worlds’, in T. O’Connor and M. Lyons, Irish Communities in Early Modern Europe (Dublin, 2006), 459. This notion is challenged in Siobhan Talbott, ‘An Alliance Ended? Franco-Scottish Commercial Relations, 1560–1714’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010).

¹¹ W. Forbes-Leith, The Scots Men-at-Arms and Life Guards in France, 1458–1830, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1882); E. A. Bonner, ‘Continuing the “Auld Alliance” in the Sixteenth Century: Scots in France and French in Scotland’, in G. G. Simpson, ed., The Scottish Soldier Abroad, 1247–1967 (Edinburgh, 1992).

¹² For Scottish Catholics serving in Lutheran Sweden and Orthodox Russia see S. Murdoch, Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe, 1603–1746 (Leiden, 2006), 99–103, 120. For Scottish Protestants entering French service see M. Avenel, ed., Lettres, Instructions Diplomatiques et Papiers d’État du Cardinal Richelieu, 8 vols. (Paris, 1855–77), vol. vi, 211–13, 238–40.

¹³ A. H. Williamson, ‘Sir James Colville of Easter Wemyss’, in the Oxford DNB; For the permission for the French to recruit three thousand men see Calendar of State Papers [hereafter CSP] Relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1589–1593 (Edinburgh, 1936), 441. Robert Bowes to Lord Burghley, Edinburgh, 26 December 1590.

¹⁴ See for instance David Worthington, Scots in Habsburg Service, 1618–1648 (Leiden, 2004), 67–73.

¹⁵ Siobhan Talbott, ‘“My Heart is a Scotch Heart”: Scottish Calvinist Exiles in France in their Continental Context, 1605–1638’, in David Worthington, ed., British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe, 1603–1688 (Leiden, 2010), 197–214.

¹⁶ M. Glozier, ‘Scots in the French and Dutch Armies during the Thirty Years’ War’, in S. Murdoch, ed., Scotland and the Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648 (Leiden, 2001), 126.

¹⁷ The most complete survey of this unit remains J. Ferguson, ed., Papers Illustrating the History of the Scots Brigade in the Service of the United Netherlands, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1899). Cf. Hugh Dunthorne, ‘Scots in the Wars of the Low Countries, 1572–1648’, in G. G. Simpson, ed., Scotland and the Low Countries, 1124–1994 (East Linton, 1996).

¹⁸ Steve Murdoch, ‘James VI and the Formation of a Stuart British Military Identity’, in Steve Murdoch and A. Mackillop, eds., Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience, c.1550–1900 (Leiden, 2002), 12–15, 19.

¹⁹ For the specifics of the origins of the Scottish-Swedish levy see Alexia Grosjean, An Unofficial Alliance: Scotland and Sweden 1569–1654 (Leiden, 3003), 14–24.

²⁰ Murdoch, Scotland and the Thirty Years’ War, 14; Thomas Brochard, ‘Exile and Return from the Far North of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution’, in Études écossaises: Exil et Retour, no. 13 (2010), 21; Worthington, Scots in Habsburg Service, passim.

²¹ Avenel, Lettres, vol. vi, 211–13, 238–40; Matthew Glozier, Scottish Soldiers in France in the Reign of the Sun King: Nursery for Men of Honour (Leiden, 2004), 41–7.

²² A. Grosjean, ‘Royalist Soldiers and Cromwellian Allies? The Cranstoun Regiment in Sweden, 1655–1658’, in Murdoch and Mackillop, Fighting for Identity, 61–82.

²³ A. Little, ‘A Comparative Survey of Scottish Service in the English and Dutch Maritime Communities, 1650–1707’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 367, 369.

²⁴ See for example B. Botfield, ed., Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries, 1635–1699 (Aberdeen, 1859); T. Ameer-Ali, ed., Memoirs of Sir Andrew Melvill (London, 1918).

²⁵ Bruce Lenman, ‘The Jacobite Diaspora, 1688–1746: From Despair to Integration’, in History Today, vol. 50, issue 5, April 1990; G. Behre, ‘Gothenburg in Stuart War Strategy 1649–1760’, in G. G. Simpson, ed., Scotland and Scandinavia 800–1800 (Edinburgh, 1990), 109–13; Rebecca Wills, The Jacobites and Russia, 1715–1750 (East Linton, 2002); Murdoch, Network North, 313–54; Steve Murdoch, ‘The French Connection: Bordeaux’s Scottish Networks in Context, 1670–1720’, in G. Leydier, ed., Scotland and Europe, Scotland in Europe (Cambridge, 2007), 26–55; Siobhan Talbott, ‘Jacobites, Anti-Jacobites and the Ambivalent: Scottish Identities in France, 1680–1720’, in B. Sellin, P. Carboni, and A. Thiec, eds., Écosse: l’identité nationale en question (Nantes, 2009), 73–88; A. L. K. Nihtinen, ‘Field-Marshal James Keith: Governor of the Ukraine and Finland, 1740–1743’, in A. Mackillop and S. Murdoch, eds., Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers c.1600–1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires (Leiden, 2003), 99–117.

²⁶ André Pagès, ‘Les Lys et le Chardon: Les Écossais de la Maison du Roi’, in Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, Séance du 22/05/2006, Conf. n° 3942, Bull. 37 (2007), 109–20.

²⁷ A. G. Cross, ‘Scoto-Russian Contacts in the Reign of Catherine the Great (1762–1796)’ in National Library of Scotland, The Caledonian Phalanx (Edinburgh, 1987), 24–46; S. Murdoch, ‘Soldier, Sailor, Jacobite Spy; Russo-Jacobite Relations 1688–1750’, in Slavonica, no. 3, vol. 1 (Spring 1996/7), 7–27.

²⁸ Jochem Miggelbrink, ‘The End of the Scots-Dutch Brigade’, in Murdoch and Mackillop, Fighting for Identity, 83–103.

²⁹ Paul K. Monod, Murray Pittock, and Daniel Szechi, eds., Loyalty and Identity: Jacobites at Home and Abroad (Basingstoke, 2010).

³⁰ For the Bordeaux case study see Steve Murdoch, ‘The French Connection: Bordeaux’s Scottish Networks in Context, 1670–1720’, 26–55. For the Scottish community in Rotterdam see D. Catterall, Community Without Borders: Scots Migrants and the Changing Face of Power in the Dutch Republic, c.1600–1700 (Leiden, 2002); For the Scots in Bergen see N. Pedersen, ‘Scottish Immigration to Bergen in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Grosjean and Murdoch eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 135–65. For the Gothenburg Scots see in the same volume A. Grosjean and S. Murdoch, ‘The Scottish Community in Seventeenth-Century Gothenburg’, 191–223. For the Scots in Stockholm see Steve Murdoch, ‘Community, Commodity and Commerce: The Stockholm-Scots in the Seventeenth Century’, in Worthington, Emigrants and Exiles, 31–66.

³¹ Talbott, ‘An Alliance Ended?’, passim.

³² There are at least two contemporary sources for this piece of information. See CSPD, 1619–1623, 237. Chamberlain to Carleton, 24 March 1621; William Lithgow, The Totall Discourse of the Rare Adventures and Painefull Peregrinations of long Nineteene Yeares Travayles from Scotland to the most famous Kingdomes in Europe, Asia and Affrica (Glasgow, 1906), 368. Lithgow actually says thirty thousand Scottish families. For the fifty thousand reference see Robert Frost, ‘Scottish Soldiers, Poland-Lithuania and the Thirty Years’ War’, in Murdoch, Scotland and the Thirty Years’ War, 192; Anna Biegańska, ‘A Note on the Scots in Poland, 1550–1800’, in T. C. Smout, Scotland and Europe 1200–1850 (Edinburgh, 1986), 159.

³³ See for example Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 81; Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 11; Waldemar Kowalski, ‘The Placement of the Urbanised Scots in the Polish Crown during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Alexia Grosjean and Steve Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad in the Early Modern Period (Leiden, 2005), 63.

³⁴ Peter J. Bajer, ‘Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, XVIth–XVIIth Centuries: Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Monash, 2009), 100–1. Bajer puts the figure for Scots and their descendants at no more than five to six thousand souls in the mid-1640s and is scathing of the larger figures. See also Kowalski, ‘The Placement of the Urbanised Scots’, 64. Previous scholars have also noted figures in this region. See A. Biegaήska, ‘Andrew Davidson (1591–1660) and his Descendants’, in Scottish Slavonic Review, 10 (1988), 7.

³⁵ Van Lottum, Across the North Sea, 26.

³⁶ Biegaήska, ‘A Note on the Scots in Poland’, 158.

³⁷ Maria Bogucka, ‘Scots in Gdansk (Danzig) in the Seventeenth Century’, in A. I. Macinnes, T. Riis, and F. G. Pedersen, eds., Ships, Guns and Bibles in the North Sea and the Baltic States, c.1350–c.1700 (East Linton, 2000), 41.

³⁸ Anon., The grievances given in by the Ministers before the Parliament holden in June 1633 (1635); J. R. Young, ‘Charles I and the 1633 Parliament’, in K. M. Brown and A. J. Mann, Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1567–1707 (Edinburgh, 2005), 101–37.

³⁹ R. Žirgulis, ‘The Scottish Community in Kėdainiai c.1630–c.1750’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 225–45; S. Murdoch, ‘The Scottish Community in Kedainiai (Kiejdany) in its Scandinavian and Baltic Context’, in Almanach Historyczny, 1/9 (Kielce, 2007), 47–61.

⁴⁰ Žirgulis, ‘The Scottish Community in Kėdainiai’, 237; Bajer, ‘Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, 233.

⁴¹ Bajer, ‘Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, 228.

⁴² Kowalski, ‘The Placement of Urbanised Scots’, 85; Bajer, ‘Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’, 187, 228.

⁴³ Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 78; Alexander Murdoch, British Emigration, 1603–1914 (Basingstoke, 2004), 13–23; Patrick Fitzgerald, ‘Scottish Migration to Ireland in the Seventeenth Century’, in Grosjean and Murdoch eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 28.

⁴⁴ Fitzgerald, ‘Scottish Migration to Ireland’, 28. See also Fitzgerald in this present volume, ch. 14.

⁴⁵ Steve Murdoch, ‘The Northern Flight: Irish Soldiers in Seventeenth-Century Scandinavia’, in T. O’Connor and M. A. Lyons, eds., The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600–1800 (Dublin, 2010), 88–109. David Noel Doyle, ‘Scots-Irish or Scotch-Irish’, in Michael Glazier, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (Indiana, 1999).

⁴⁶ Calendar of State Papers Ireland, 1525–1632, 203, 207; Murdoch, ‘The Northern Flight’, 95–6.

⁴⁷ M. P. Rooseboom, The Scottish Staple in the Netherlands an account of the trade relations between Scotland and the Low Countries from 1292 till 1676, with a calendar of illustrative documents (The Hague, 1910); T. C. Smout, ‘Scottish Commercial Factors in the Baltic at the End of the Seventeenth Century’, in Scottish Historical Review, xxxix (1960), 122–8; T. C. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union (Edinburgh, 1963), 15, 67, 90–9, 107, 189; V. Enthoven, ‘The Last Straw: Trade Contacts along the North Sea Coast: The Scottish Staple at Veere’, in Juliette Roding and Lex Heerma van Voss, eds., The North Sea and Culture, 1550–1800 (Hilversum, 1996), 209–21; Murdoch, Network North, 148–52.

⁴⁸ Enthoven, ‘The Last Straw’, 209, 219.

⁴⁹ W. Mackay, ed., The Letter-Book of Baillie John Steuart of Inverness, 1715–1752 (Edinburgh, 1915). For the British commercial nation in Danzig in the eighteenth century (including Scots) see Almut Hillebrand, Danzig und die Kaufmannschaft grossbritannischer Nation (Frankfurt am Main, 2009). Scottish migration to Poland continued even throughout the nineteenth century. See Mona McLeod, Agents of Change: Scots in Poland 1800–1918 (East Linton, 2000). For the presence of Scots in France post-1707 (and the fact that not all Scots in France were Jacobites) see Talbott, ‘Jacobites, Anti-Jacobites and the Ambivalent’, 73–88.

⁵⁰ Steve Murdoch, Britain, Denmark-Norway and the House of Stuart (East Linton, 2003), 201–25; Grosjean, An Unofficial Alliance, 55–73.

⁵¹ J. H. Burton, The Scot Abroad (Edinburgh, 1864), 190–8; W. Forbes Leith et al., eds., Records of the Scots Colleges at Douai, Rome, Madrid, Valladolid and Ratisbon, 2 vols. (Aberdeen, 1906); W. Forbes Leith, ed., Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries, 2 vols. (London, 1909); A. Mirot, Souvenirs du Collège des Écossais (Paris, 1962); J. L. Carr, Le Collège des Écossais à Paris, 1662–1962 (Paris, 1962); Brian M. Halloran, The Scots College, Paris, 1603–1792 (Edinburgh, 1997); Tom McInally, ‘Scottish Catholics Abroad, 1603–88: Evidence Derived from the Archives of the Scots Colleges’, in Worthington, Emigrants and Exiles, 261–79.

⁵² R. A. Marks, ‘The Scots in the Italian Peninsula in the Thirty Years’ War’, in O’Connor and Lyons, eds., The Ulster Earls, 334–46.

⁵³ M. Tucker, Maîtres et étudiants écossais à la Faculté de Droit de I’Université de Bourges 1480–1703 (Paris, 2001); M. Tucker, ‘Scottish Students and Masters at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bourges in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in T. van Heijnsbergen and Nicola Royan, eds., Literature, Letters and the Canonical in Early Modern Scotland (East Linton, 2002).

⁵⁴ Murdoch, Network North, ch. 3 and passim.

⁵⁵ James K. Cameron, ‘Some Scottish Students and Teachers at the University of Leiden in the late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’, in Simpson, Scotland and the Low Countries, 122–36.

⁵⁶ Howard Hotson, ‘A Dark Golden Age: The Tirty Years’ War and the Universities of Northern Europe’, in Macinnes, Riis, and Pedersen, eds., Ships, Guns and Bibles, 235–70.

⁵⁷ Cameron, ‘Some Scottish Students’, 124.

⁵⁸ For the Netherlands-based religious exiles see Ginny Gardner, ‘A Haven for Intrigue: The Scottish Exile Community in the Netherlands, 1660–1690’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 277–99; Ginny Gardner, The Scottish Exile Community in the Netherlands, 1660–1690 (East Linton, 2004); for the Elbe–Weser-based Scottish exiles see Kathrin Zickermann, ‘Across the German Sea: Scottish Commodity Exchange, Network Building and Communities in the Wider Elbe-Weser Region’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009).

⁵⁹ For these see variously Rooseboom, The Scottish Staple; Catterall, Community Without Borders; A. Little, ‘A Comparative Survey of Scottish Service in the English and Dutch Maritime Communities, c.1650–1707’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 333–73.

⁶⁰ Gardner, ‘A Haven for Intrigue’, 286. For a breakdown of Scottish student numbers, see Esther Mijers, ‘Scottish Students in the Netherlands, 1680–1730’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 301–31.

⁶¹ Mijers, ‘Scottish Students in the Netherlands’, 301–31.

⁶² Esther Mijers, ‘Scotland and the United Provinces: A Study in Educational and Intellectual Relations, 1680–1730’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of St Andrews, 2002), ch. 3. Cf. See Roger L. Emerson, Academic Patronage in the Scottish Enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (Edinburgh, 2008), 212.

⁶³ John G. Reid, Acadia, Maine and New Scotland: Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Toronto and Buffalo, 1981); D. Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607–1785 (Athens and London, 1994, 2004), 39.

⁶⁴ A. I. Macinnes, Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707 (Cambridge, 2007), 145; John G. Reid, ‘The Conquest of “Nova Scotia”: Cartographic Imperialism and the Echoes of a Scottish Past’, in Ned C. Landsman, ed., Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800 (Cranbury, London, and Mississauga, 2001), 39–59. For Scottish activity in Newfoundland as late as 1701, see David Dobson, ‘Seventeenth-Century Scottish Communities in the Americas’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 115.

⁶⁵ Dobson, ‘Seventeenth-Century Scottish Communities’, passim; Mark Jardine, ‘The United Societies: Militancy Martyrdom and the Presbyterian Movement in Late-Restoration Scotland, 1679–1688 (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009).

⁶⁶ See Dobson, ‘Seventeenth-Century Scottish Communities’, 108–12; W. Budde, ‘The Scots’ Charitable Society of Boston Massachusetts’, appendix 5 in Taylor, A Cup of Kindness, 255–7.

⁶⁷ Previous works have suggested that the Scots were even in the minority among the settlers. See N. E. S. Griffiths and J. G. Reid, ‘New Evidence on New Scotland, 1629’, in The William and Mary Quarterly, 49, no. 3 (July 1992), 497.

⁶⁸ The Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1650–1654, ed. E. B. Sainsbury (Oxford, 1913), 373.

⁶⁹ Griffiths and Reid, ‘New Evidence on New Scotland, 1629’, 492; Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 80; N. Canny, ‘The Origins of Empire’, in N. Canny, ed., The Origins of Empire (Oxford, 1998), 13.

⁷⁰ Dobson, ‘Seventeenth-Century Scottish Communities’, 119, P. Goldesborough, ‘An Attempted Scottish Voyage to New York in 1669’, Scottish Historical Review, 40 (1961), 56–9.

⁷¹ G. P. Insh, Scottish Colonial Schemes (Glasgow, 1922); Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 44–54; Douglas Watt, The Price of Scotland (Edinburgh, 2007).

⁷² N. C. Landsman, Scotland and its First American Colony, 1683–1765 (Princeton, 1985); Dobson, ‘Seventeenth-Century Scottish Communities’, 124–35.

⁷³ Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Emigration’, 87; A. I. Macinnes, M. Harper, and L. Fryer, eds., Scotland and the Americas, c.1680–1939 (Edinburgh, 2002), 13.

⁷⁴ D. Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750–1820 (Manchester, 2005), 3.

⁷⁵ Esther Mijers, ‘A Natural Partnership? Scotland and Zeeland in the Early Seventeenth Century’, in A. I. Macinnes and A. H. Williamson, eds, Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection (Leiden, 2006), 248–9.

⁷⁶ Victor Enthoven, Steve Murdoch, and Eila Williamson, eds., The Navigator: The Log of Captain John Anderson, VOC Pilot-Major, 1640–1643 (Leiden, 2010), 87–115.

⁷⁷ I. D, Whyte, Scotland’s Society and Economy in Transition, c.1500–c.1760 (Basingstoke, 1997), 159–60; T. C. Smout, A History of the Scottish People, 1560–1830 (London, 1969), 226.

⁷⁸ Michael Fry, The Scottish Empire (Edinburgh, 2001), 97.

⁷⁹ C.W. Dunn, Highland Settler: A Portrait of the Scottish Gael in Cape Breton and Eastern Nova Scotia (Wreck Cove, 1991); S. Murdoch, ‘Cape Breton, Canada’s “Highland” Island?’, in Northern Scotland, 18 (1998), 31–42.

⁸⁰ Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 4.

⁸¹ Christian Auer, ‘The Transportation of the “Scottish Martyrs” in 1793: A Particular Form of Exile?’, in Études écossaises: Exil et Retour, no. 13 (2010), 80. For more on the transportation and exile of the Scottish Martyrs in the 1790s see in the same volume Gordon Pentland, ‘Radical Returns in an Age of Revolutions?’, 91–102.

⁸² Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Migration’, 85, 90.

⁸³ This point has been previously made in Smout, Landsman, and Devine, ‘Scottish Migration’. See also Tom Devine’s chapter in this volume, T. M. Devine, ‘A Global Diaspora’, ch. 7.

⁸⁴ Scotland, Scandinavia and Northern Europe (SSNE Biographical Database): www.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ssne. Data consulted 1 November 2010.

⁸⁵ Gemeentearchief Rotterdam: http://www.gemeentearchief.rotterdam.nl/content/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=21. Data consulted 1 November 2010.

⁸⁶ Mijers, ‘Scotland and the United Provinces’, appendix II.

⁸⁷ Marks, ‘The Scots in the Italian Peninsula’, 336–48.

⁸⁸ T. O’Connor, S. Soger, and L. H. van Voss, ‘Scottish Communities Abroad: Some Concluding Remarks’, in Grosjean and Murdoch, eds., Scottish Communities Abroad, 375–91.

⁸⁹ Their presence is recorded in such documents as An Exhortation of the Generall Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland unto the Scots Merchants and others our Country-people Scattered in Poleland, Swedeland, Denmark, and Hungary (Edinburgh, 1647). See also A. B. Pernal and R. P. Gasse, The 1651 Polish Subsidy to the exiled Charles II, Oxford Slavonic Papers, xxxii (Oxford, 1999), 28.