¹ Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746 (London, 1980), 20–2, 24–6; Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–c. 1830 (Cambridge, 1993), 18–19, 26–7; Allan I. Macinnes, Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stuart, 1603–1788 (East Linton, 1996), 1–24. Though Jacobitism was not a modern political movement, it shared many characteristics with such organizations. These include: acknowledged and generally recognized leaders, broad-based mass adherence, an understood and accepted ideological position, a programmatic agenda stemming from that ideology, and a propaganda output designed to win support in the public sphere.

² Paul Kléber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788 (Cambridge, 1989); Éamonn Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766: A Fatal Attachment (Dublin, 2002). For examples of ideological resistance beyond Europe, see Jonathan D. Spence on the White Lotus and Heaven and Earth Societies (Triads) in China, the latter of which was specifically pledged to the restoration of the Ming dynasty: The Search for Modern China (London, 1990), 51, 61, 63–4, 112–14.

³ Ian D. Whyte, Scotland before the Industrial Revolution: An Economic and Social History c. 1050–c.1750 (London, 1995), 155–8, 254–9; National Archives of Scotland [henceforth NAS], GD 45/1/201: Panmure regiment official return, c. October 1715; Daniel Szechi, 1715: The Great Jacobite Rebellion (London, 2006), 96, 123.

⁴ British Library [henceforth BL], Add. MS 37993 (Polwarth Letterbook), 10 September–27 December 1715; Bruce Lenman, ‘The Scottish Episcopal Clergy and the Ideology of Jacobitism’, in Eveline Cruickshanks, ed., Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759 (Edinburgh, 1982), 36–47; Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans (Edinburgh, 1997), 47.

⁵ Daniel Szechi, George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1681–1731: A Study in Jacobitism (East Linton, 2002), 201–2; Callum G. Brown, Religion and Society in Scotland Since 1707 (Edinburgh, 1997), 31; Murray Pittock, Jacobitism (Basingstoke, 1998), 128–9; Daniel Szechi, The Jacobites: Britain and Europe 1688–1788 (Manchester, 1994), 120, 130–1.

⁶ NAS, GD 259/2/31: William Scott to [Patrick, jr] Scott of Ancrum, Marshalsea Prison, 27 December 1715; Macinnes, Clanship, 193, 194; NAS, GD 220/5/624/2: [Stair to Montrose], Paris, 18/29 February 1716.

⁷ John Sibbald Gibson, Lochiel of the ’45: The Jacobite Chief and the Prince (Edinburgh, [1994], 1995), ‘Mémoire d’un Écossais’, 176; Daniel Szechi, Jacobitism and Tory Politics, 1710–14 (Edinburgh, 1984), 85, 102, 130–1; David Laing and Thomas Macknight, eds., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland in 1715. By John, Master of Sinclair. With Notes by Sir Walter Scott, Bart (Edinburgh: Abbotsford Club, 1858), 1–2, 372.

⁸ Robert Patten, The History of the Rebellion in the Year 1715. With Original Papers, and the Characters of the Principal Noblemen and Gentlemen Concern’d in it (London, 1745), 29.

⁹ Lenman, Jacobite Risings, 256–7.

¹⁰ Daniel Szechi, ‘The Image of the Court: Idealism, Politics and the Evolution of the Stuart Court 1689–1730’, in Edward Corp, ed., The Stuart Court in Rome: The Legacy of Exile (Aldershot, 2003), 53–5; W. D. Macray, ed., Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, Agent From the Court of France to the Scottish Jacobites, in the Years 1703–7, 2 vols. (London: Roxburghe Club, 1870), vol. ii, 333–4: terms concerted by Anne Drummond, Dowager Countess of Erroll and others in 1705, passed to Colonel Nathaniel Hooke, June 1707; vol. ii, 335: Heads of the Instrument of Government, [June 1707?]; Szechi, Lockhart of Carnwath, 141–5, 175–6.

¹¹ Laing and Macknight eds., Memoirs of the Insurrection, 158, 160; SP 54/8/74c: intelligence from Perth, Stirling, 18 September 1715; Evan Charteris, ed., A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland in the Years 1744, 1745, 1746. By David, Lord Elcho (Edinburgh, 1907), 417–18.

¹² Laing and Macknight eds., Memoirs of the Insurrection, 26, 88, 128, 136.

¹³ Macinnes, Clanship, 213; Margaret Sankey and Daniel Szechi, ‘Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745’, Past and Present, 173 (2001), 103–5.

¹⁴ Kieran German, ‘Jacobite Politics in Aberdeen and the ’15’, in Paul Kléber Monod, Murray Pittock, and Daniel Szechi, eds., Loyalty and Identity: Jacobites at Home and Abroad (Basingstoke, 2009), 88, 94; Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen 1650–1784 (London, 1984), 181–210; Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell’s London Journal 1762–1763 (London, [1950], 1951), 29, 41, 199; Sankey and Szechi, ‘Elite Culture’, 103–24.

¹⁵ Daniel Szechi, ‘Retrieving Captain Le Cocq’s Plunder: Plebeian Scots and the Aftermath of the 1715 Rebellion’, in Loyalty and Identity, 98–119; Frank McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts (London, 1988), 280–7, 290.

¹⁶ Szechi, 1715, 93–4; Eveline Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables: The Tories and the ’45 (London, 1979), 36–65.

¹⁷ Szechi, 1715, 54–7; Macray, ed., Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, vol. ii, 260–1: ‘Memorial of the Scotch for the King of France’, 7 May 1707; Chevalier [James] de Johnstone, Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746 (1820), 34.

¹⁸ Daniel Szechi, ed., The Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath 1698–1732 (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1989)’ 5th series, vol. ii, 93: Lockhart to the Old Pretender, [Dryden?], 8 August 1726; McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 111–12, 129–34.

¹⁹ Ian D. Whyte, Migration and Society in Britain 1550–1830 (Basingstoke, 2000), 113–14, 116–17; Steve Murdoch, Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603–1746 (Leiden, 2006); Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Stuart Papers Belonging to His Majesty the King Preserved at Windsor Castle [henceforth HMC Stuart], 8 vols. (London, 1902–20), vol. ii, 105: Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Forbes to John Erskine, Earl of Mar, Paris, 11/22 April 1716; vol. ii, 128–9: Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn to Mar, Leyden, 18/29 April 1716. This is assuming the outflow noted by Whyte for the period 1650–1700, c. 2,500 per annum (Whyte, Migration and Society, 115; and n.b.: Whyte’s figures do not even include migration to Europe and England) continued into the eighteenth century. Scotland’s population was approximately one million at the time.

²⁰ T. C. Smout, A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830 (London, 1985), 154–5; Daniel Szechi, ‘“Cam Ye O’er Frae France?”: Defeat, Exile and the Mind of Scottish Jacobitism, 1716–27’, Journal of British Studies, 37 (1998) 363–4.

²¹ Edward Furgol, ‘Keith, George, styled tenth Earl Marischal’ (Oxford online Dictionary of National Biography entry [henceforth ODNB]: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15265?docPos=2; accessed 30 March 2009); Edward Corp, ‘Drummond, James, fourth Earl of Perth’ (ODNB: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8070?docPos=2; accessed 30 March 2009).

²² McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 94–7, 429–31; Stuart Handley, ‘Butler, James, second Duke of Ormond’ (ODNB: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4193?docPos=10; accessed 30 March 2009); Goran Behre, ‘Sweden and the Rising of 1745’, Scottish Historical Review, li (1972), 148–71.

²³ Szechi, ‘“Cam Ye O’er Frae France?”’, 387–8, 389–90; Alistair and Henrietta Tayler, A Jacobite Exile (London, 1937), 21, 32, 41, 60; Edward Gregg, ‘The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar’, in E. Cruickshanks, ed., Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759 (Edinburgh, 1982), 184–92.

²⁴ Szechi, Lockhart of Carnwath, 150; Sankey and Szechi, ‘Elite Culture’, 116–24, 124–5.

²⁵ See, for example, the Chevalier Johnstone’s encounters with Robert Rollo, Lord Rollo, and his family, and with Grant of Rothiemurcus: Johnstone, Memoirs of the Rebellion, 218, 235, 236–7; Sankey and Szechi, ‘Elite Culture’, 125–7.

²⁶ For the Ukraine, see Zenon E. Kohut, ‘Ukraine: From Autonomy to Integration (1654–1830s)’, in Mark Greengrass, ed., Conquest and Coalescence: The Shaping of the State in Early Modern Europe (London, 1991), 182–7; O. Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century (New York, 1981), 21–2, 24, 25, 31, 40–52, 90–104, 140–57, 172–7. For Catalonia, see John H. Elliott, Imperial Spain 1469–1716 (London, [1963], 1965), 371–3; Henry Kamen, Spain 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict (Harlow, [1983], 1986), 268–9; Henry Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain 1700–15 (London, 1969), 242–68, 384–5. Hungary is dealt with below.

²⁷ Michael Hochedlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683–1797 (Harlow, 2003), 82–3, 154, 160; Ágnes Várkonyi, ‘Rákóczi’s War of Independence and the Peasantry’, in Janos M. Bak and Bela K. Király, eds., From Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary (New York, 1982), 369–70; Béla Köpeczi, ‘The Hungarian Wars of Independence of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in their European Context’, in Hunyadi to Rákóczi, 446–9.

²⁸ Hochedlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence, 101–11, 156–66; Kálmán Benda, ‘The Rákóczi War of Independence and the European Powers’, in Hunyadi to Rákóczi, 433–4, 436–7, 438.

²⁹ Várkonyi, ‘Rákóczi’s War of Independence and the Peasantry’, 369, 371–82; Lothar Höbelt, ‘The Impact of the Rákóczi Rebellion on Habsburg Strategy: Incentives and Opportunity Costs’, War in History, 13 (2006) 2, 4; Köpeczi, ‘The Hungarian Wars of Independence’, 449.

³⁰ Höbelt, ‘Rákóczi Rebellion’, 4, 5–7, 12; Ágnes Várkonyi, ‘Rákóczi, Ferenc II’ and ‘Transylvania’ in Linda Frey and Marsha Frey, eds., The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary (Westport, CN, 1995), 368–70, 443–5, and ‘Rákóczi’s War of Independence and the Peasantry’, 385–6; Peter F. Sugar, ‘Bercsényi, Gróf Miklós’, ‘Károlyi, Nagy-Károlyi Baró (later Gróf), Sándor’, and ‘Szatmár, Peace of’, in Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession, 41–2, 229–30, 428–30.

³¹ For a review of the theories of the advancing early modern state and the problems this engendered, see Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (London, 1991), 12–23; Charles Tilly, ‘Reflections on the History of European State-Making’, in Charles Tilly and Gabriel Ardant, eds., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (London, 1975), 6, 15, 18, 20–3, 24–30, 37, 38–46, 71–80.

³² Richard Bonney, The European Dynastic States 1494–1660 (Oxford, 1991) 163–79; Elliott, Imperial Spain, 346–54; Roland Mousnier, Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia and China, trans. Brian Pearce (London, 1971), 179–95; Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland. Volume I: The Origins to 1795, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1981), 467. The sum total of European states fell from approximately 500 in 1500 to fewer than 350 by 1789, and shrank to only 25 by 1900 (Greengrass, ‘Introduction: Conquest and Coalescence’, in Conquest and Coalescence, 1–2).

³³ Macray ed., Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, vol. i, 197: Hooke to Torcy, St Germain, 30 May/10 June 1705; vol. ii, 172–3: Queen Mary to Anne Drummond, Countess of Erroll, 15/26 March 1707; Szechi, Lockhart of Carnwath, 148–9; Frank McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745 (Edinburgh, 1981), 29–34; McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 78.

³⁴ Szechi, 1715, 51–76, 125; Macray ed., Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, vol. ii, 257: ‘Memorial of the Scotch for the King of France’, 7 May 1707; Szechi, Jacobites, 90–116.

³⁵ Reed Browning, The War of the Austrian Succession (New York, 1993), 134–7, 139–40, 149–50; Claude Nordmann, ‘Louis XIV and the Jacobites’, in Ragnhild Hatton, ed., Louis XIV and Europe (London, 1976), 96; McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745, 143–63.

³⁶ Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, 53, 63–5; Browning, The War of the Austrian Succession, 156–8, 172; McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 89–95.

³⁷ McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 117–18; Rupert C. Jarvis, Collected Papers on the Jacobite Risings, 2 vols. (Manchester, 1971), vol. i, 175–97; Christopher Duffy, The ’45 (London, 2003), 100; Daniel Szechi, ‘Culloden and the ’45 in European Context’, in Tony Pollard, ed., Culloden: The History and Archaeology of the Last Clan Battle (Barnsley, 2009), 221–6.

³⁸ McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745, 75, 86–7, 87, 99, 110–11, 117–63, and Charles Edward Stuart, 308–9.

³⁹ McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745, 110, 130, 135, 152; Browning, War of Austrian Succession, 259–60, 268–9.

⁴⁰ McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745, 221; Doron Zimmerman, The Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 1746–1759 (Basingstoke, 2003), 56–7, 58–70; Gibson, Lochiel, 156–66, 173–7.

⁴¹ Zimmerman, Jacobite Movement in Scotland and in Exile, 123; Szechi ed., Letters of George Lockhart, 233–4: Lockhart to the Old Pretender, [Edinburgh?], 25 July 1725.

⁴² Edward Furgol, ‘Fraser, Simon, eleventh Lord Lovat’ (ODNB: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10122?docPos=5; accessed 1 April 2009); McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart, 308–454. It is worth remembering that in the sixty-nine years between 1691 and 1760 the Scots Jacobites (and never all of them) were ‘out’ for only about seventeen months.

⁴³ Arthur McCandless Wilson, French Foreign Policy During the Administration of Cardinal Fleury 1726–1743: A Study in Diplomacy and Commercial Development (Westport, CN, [1936], 1972), 10; Edward Corp with Edward Gregg, Howard Erskine-Hill and Geoffrey Scott, A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689–1718 (Cambridge, 2004), 158–80; Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, 52; Jeremy Black, Culloden and the ’45 (Stroud, [1990], 2000), 31; Maurice W. Bruce, ‘Jacobite Relations with Peter the Great’, Slavonic Review, xiv (1935–6), 360–1.