¹ Francis Russell Hart, The Disaster of Darien (Boston and New York, 1929); George Pratt Insh, The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies (London and New York, 1932); Andrew Dewar Gibb, Scottish Empire (London, 1937). Later work includes: T. M. Devine, The Tobacco Lords (Edinburgh, 1975); Ned C. Landsman, Scotland and its First American Colony 1683–1765 (Princeton, 1985); David Hancock, Citizens of the World (Cambridge, 1995); T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 1600–1815 (London, 2003); Douglas J. Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750–1820 (Manchester, 2005); John M. MacKenzie with Nigel R. Dalziel, The Scots in South Africa: Ethnicity, Identity, Gender and Race, 1772–1914 (Manchester, 2007); George K. McGilvary, East India Patronage and the British State: The Scottish Elite and Politics in the Eighteenth Century (London and New York, 2008).

² The classic study of the ‘Darien’ scheme is Insh, The Company of Scotland. See also Douglas Watt, The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and the Wealth of Nations (Edinburgh, 2007).

³ Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 3; Landsman, Scotland and its First American Colony.

⁴ Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies (London, 1904) [hereafter CSP] 1696–7, ‘An account of several things whereby illegal trade is encouraged … ’, 71–4; Quote from CSP 1697–8, Governor the Earl of Bellomont to the Lords of the Treasury, 239–40.

⁵ Andrew Mackillop, ‘Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain and the Asia Trade, 1695-c.1750’, Itinerario, 29, 3 (2005), 14–17; idem., ‘A Union for Empire? Scotland, the East India Company and the British Union’, Scottish Historical Review, 87 (2008) supplement, 122; McGilvary, East India Patronage, 20–1.

⁶ Mackillop, ‘A Union for Empire?’, 133.

⁷ McGilvary, East India Patronage, 13–15.

⁸ Ibid., 21.

⁹ David Eltis, ‘The Volume and Structure of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment’, William and Mary Quarterly, 58, 1 (2001), 43. See the data at www.slavevoyages.org

¹⁰ Devine, Tobacco Lords, vi.

¹¹ Fred Anderson, The Crucible of War: The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (London, 2001); Bruce Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, 1688–1783 (Harlow, 2001); Brendan Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat (London, 2008), 387–500; John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English state 1688–1783 (London, 1987); Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and the Seven Years War (Lincoln, NE, 2006).

¹² Gerald Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s Army in the Days of Clive and Hastings’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 6, 3 (1978), 203; idem., ‘Scots in India in the Eighteenth Century’, Scottish Historical Review, 64, 177 (1985), 23.

¹³ Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, 144, 234–5.

¹⁴ Douglas Hamilton, ‘Robert Melville and the Frontiers of Empire in the British West Indies, 1763–1771’, and Andrew Mackillop, ‘Fashioning a “British” Empire: Sir Archibald Campbell of Inverneil and Madras, 1785-9’, in A. Mackillop and S. Murdoch, eds., Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers c.1600–1800 (Leiden, 2003), 181–204, 205–31.

¹⁵ Mackillop, ‘Fashioning a “British” Empire’, 205–31.

¹⁶ Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation (London, 1994), 283–319.

¹⁷ Kenneth J. Logue, Popular Disturbances in Scotland, 1780–1815 (Edinburgh, 1979), 107–8, 116–18; Bryant, ‘Scots in India in the Eighteenth Century’, 25–6.

¹⁸ Linda Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1800 (London, 2002), 137–307; National Army Museum, London, NAM 6409–67–3, Robert Gordon, ‘Narrative or Journal of the Misfortunes of the Army captured at Bedanore by Tippo-Saheb, Sultan’, 21; NAM 6003/117, ‘Relation of a captivity among the Indians of North America by Major John Rutherfurd, AD 1763’, fol. 9v.

¹⁹ Colley, Captives, 269–73; Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, 256.

²⁰ Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740–1800 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World; Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 221–49. Perhaps seventeen thousand Scots went to the Caribbean between 1750 and 1800, Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 23–4.

²¹ Edward Long, The History of Jamaica, vol. 2 ([1774], London, 1970), 286–7, 316–19; Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 143–6.

²² For doctors see Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the West Indies (Cambridge, 1984), and Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 112–39; for attorneys, see B. W. Higman, Plantation Jamaica, 1750–1850: Capital and Control in a Colonial Economy (Kingston, Jamaica, 2005), 67–8, 77.

²³ Karras, Sojourners in the Sun, 3–6.

²⁴ Scots Magazine, 28 August 1766, 443.

²⁵ Hancock, Citizens of the World, 172–220; Daniel L. Schafer, ‘Family Ties that Bind: Anglo-African Slave Traders in Africa and Florida, John Fraser and his Descendants’, in G. Heuman and J. Walvin, eds., The Slavery Reader (London, 2005), 778–95.

²⁶ MacKenzie with Dalziel, The Scots in South Africa, 29–39.

²⁷ Bryant, ‘Scots in India in the Eighteenth Century’, 22–41.

²⁸ Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 108–9.

²⁹ Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution (New York, 1986). See especially 89–240.

³⁰ ‘List of passengers from 3d February. excl. to the 10th of February 1774 inclusive’, in V. R. Cameron, ed., Emigrants from Scotland to America 1774–1775 (Baltimore, 1965), 1–5.

³¹ Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 138–9.

³² J. M. Bumsted, ‘The Scottish Diaspora: Emigration to British North America, 1763–1815’, in Ned C. Landsman, ed., Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800 (Lewisburg, PA, 2001), 136–7.

³³ Colin Calloway, White People, Indians and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America (Oxford, 2008), 38.

³⁴ Calloway, White People, Indians and Highlanders; Stewart J. Brown, ‘William Robertson, Early Orientalism and the Historical Disquisition on India of 1791’, Scottish Historical Review, 88, 2 (2009), 289–312.

³⁵ The best study of the relationship between Scots and Native Americans is Calloway, White People, Indians and Highlanders, on which this section is based.

³⁶ Douglas Hamilton, ‘Scottish Trading in the Caribbean: The Rise and Fall of Houstoun and Company’, in Landsman, ed., Nation and Province, 94–126; Devine, Tobacco Lords.

³⁷ Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 74; McGilvary, East India Patronage, 339–45.

³⁸ McGilvary, East India Patronage, 18.

³⁹ Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), ed. K. Sutherland (Oxford, 1993), 355, 361.

⁴⁰ Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, NC, 1944). For an example of the debate, see R. B. Sheridan, ‘The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth Century’, Economic History Review, 18 (1965), 292–311; Robert Paul Thomas, ‘The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain’, Economic History Review, 21, 1 (1968), 30–45; R. B. Sheridan, ‘The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth Century: A Rejoinder’, Economic History Review, 21, 1 (1968), 46–61.

⁴¹ Sir John Sinclair, The Statistical Account of Scotland, 1791–99, eds. D. J. Withrington and I. R. Grant, 20 vols. (Wakefield, 1975–83), vol. 17, 96.

⁴² Devine, Tobacco Lords, 18–51; Bryant, ‘Scots in India in the Eighteenth Century’, 37–41; Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 195–221. Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 320–45, offers a broad survey.

⁴³ Glasgow City Archives T-SK 22/2, Stirling of Keir Papers, James Stirling to William Stirling, 5 September 1766.

⁴⁴ A. J. Durie, The Scottish Linen Industry (Edinburgh, 1979), 88, 152–3.

⁴⁵ J. Campbell, A Political Survey of Britain, 2 vols. (London, 1774), vol. 1, 213–15.

⁴⁶ McGilvary, East India Patronage, 184–202; Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 195–220; Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 320–45.

⁴⁷ Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 104–5; T. M. Devine, ‘Sources of Capital for the Glasgow Tobacco Trade, c. 1740—1780’, Business History, 16, 2 (1974), 124–5.

⁴⁸ Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 207–9.

⁴⁹ Wedderburn was voted as one of the 100 Great Black Britons in 2007: www.100greatblackbritons.com/list.html

⁵⁰ For example, Trevor Burnard, ‘Review of Hamilton, Scotland the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750–1820’, Slavery and Abolition, 27, 2 (2006), 309.